邱建 黃筱竑
[摘要] 目的 探討因?qū)m頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后繼發(fā)陰道上皮內(nèi)腫瘤(Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,VAIN)的臨床特征及相關(guān)風險因素。 方法 選取2010年1月~2018年12月間因?qū)m頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后繼發(fā)VAIN的患者共35例,分析VAIN的發(fā)生與患者年齡、宮頸病變嚴重程度、宮頸錐切術(shù)后切緣情況、子宮切除術(shù)后HPV感染情況及TCT結(jié)果的相關(guān)性,并觀察VAIN的發(fā)生時間及預后結(jié)局。 結(jié)果 隨著宮頸疾病嚴重程度的升高,VAIN的發(fā)生率明顯升高,且VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級患者既往宮頸病變的嚴重程度高于VAINⅠ級患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.017)。VAIN患者人乳頭瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)感染發(fā)生率為100.0%,其中高危型HPV感染率為88.6%;且VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級患者的高危型HPV感染率略高于VAINⅠ級患者的高危型HPV感染率,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.082)。VAIN大多發(fā)生在子宮切除術(shù)后5年內(nèi),占80%;VAINⅠ級患者治療后有4例持續(xù)存在,其中1例進展為VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級;VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級患者治療后有5例復發(fā),其中2例進展為陰道鱗狀上皮癌,復發(fā)及進展患者均存在高危型HPV持續(xù)感染。 結(jié)論 宮頸疾病行子宮切除術(shù)后繼發(fā)VAIN的發(fā)病與HPV感染及宮頸病變程度密切相關(guān),對存在以上因素的患者在行子宮切除術(shù)時應予以重視,建議術(shù)前陰道壁組織活檢術(shù)明確,以切除病變陰道壁組織減少VAIN的發(fā)生,術(shù)后需密切隨訪監(jiān)測以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)陰道病變并及時治療。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 陰道上皮內(nèi)腫瘤;宮頸上皮內(nèi)腫瘤;宮頸腫瘤;人乳頭瘤病毒
[中圖分類號] R737.3 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)31-0069-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical features and related risk factors of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) secondary to cervical diseases after surgical treatment. Methods A total of 35 patients with VAIN secondary to cervical diseases after surgical were collected. The correlation between VAIN occurrence and patients′ age, severity of cervical lesions,cutting edge after cervical conization, Human papillomavirus(HPV) infection after hysterectomy and TCT results were analyzed, and the occurrence time and prognosis of VAIN were observed. Results With the increase of the severity of cervical diseases, the incidence of VAIN increased significantly, and the severity of previous cervical lesions in VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients was higher than that in VAIN grade I patients, with statistically significant difference(P=0.017). The incidence of HPV infection in VAIN patients was 100%,in which the infection rate of high-risk HPV was 88.6%. Furthermore, the high-risk HPV infection rate of VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients was slightly higher than that of VAIN grade I patients, but the difference was not statistically significant(P=0.082).VAIN mostly occurred within 5 years after hysterectomy, accounting for 80%. After treatment, 4 patients with VAIN grade I persisted, and 1 patient progressed to VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ. After treatment, 5 patients with VAIN grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ relapsed, among which 2 patients advanced to vaginal squamous cell carcinoma.Both relapsed and advanced patients had high-risk HPV persistent infection. Conclusion The incidence of VAIN secondary to cervical diseases after hysterectomy is closely related to HPV infection and the degree of cervical lesions. Attention should be paid to patients with the above factors when undergoing hysterectomy. It is suggested that biopsy of vaginal wall should be clear before operation so as to cut off the diseased vaginal wall tissue and reduce the occurrence of VAIN. Close follow-up monitoring after surgery is needed to find vaginal lesions early and treat them in time.
2.2 VAIN患者結(jié)局分析
從全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)至診斷為VAIN的時間為7~81個月不等,平均為28.00個月,大部分患者在術(shù)后的2年及2~5年發(fā)病,占80%,見表2。35例VAIN患者診斷后隨訪截止時間2019年12月31日,隨訪時間11~73個月,中位隨訪45個月,11例VAINⅠ級患者經(jīng)過干擾素治療后7例病灶消失,4例病灶持續(xù)存在,其中1例進展為VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級后行陰道局部病灶切除術(shù)后病灶消失,24例VAINⅡ~Ⅲ級有8例行激光治療,其余16例行陰道病灶切除術(shù),在隨訪過程中19例無再發(fā)VAIN,5例出現(xiàn)復發(fā),其中2例進展為陰道鱗狀上皮癌,見表2。同時發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有VAIN患者隨訪過程中,病灶持續(xù)存在或再發(fā)及進展的患者均存在高危型HPV陽性,其中主要以HPV16陽性為主,占75%。
3 討論
近年來,由于宮頸病變的細胞學、病毒學及陰道鏡檢查等篩查手段的廣泛應用,陰道上皮內(nèi)瘤變的檢出率也呈逐年上升趨勢[8]。VAIN的發(fā)病原因目前認為與宮頸病變具有同源性,即與HPV感染有很大關(guān)系[9-10]。有關(guān)VAIN的起源有兩種觀點:其一,VAIN的發(fā)生獨立于宮頸病變,VAIN往往呈多灶性,與宮頸不連續(xù)[11];其二,VAIN并非子宮切除術(shù)后新發(fā)殘端VAIN所致,而是由于未引起臨床重視,導致手術(shù)切除范圍不足或病變遷延所致[12]。既往有CIN或浸潤性宮頸癌病史被認為是VAIN發(fā)生的重要發(fā)病風險因素[13]。Vinokurova等[14]檢測了既往患有CIN或?qū)m頸癌的VAIN患者的HPV類型及整合位點,通過使用HPV DNA整合位點作為克隆性標記,結(jié)果顯示VAIN患者的HPV類型及整合位點與既往CIN或?qū)m頸癌的發(fā)病模式一致,推測這些病變可能是同一克隆起源而來[14],且研究顯示,繼發(fā)于宮頸病變的VAIN往往病灶主要位于陰道上段[13],因此,基于以上觀點,有研究者提出在因?qū)m頸病變行全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)前有必要對患者陰道壁進行充分評估,尤其是陰道上段,必要時需行陰道壁活檢明確診斷。He等[15]的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著子宮頸病變程度的增加(從子宮頸癌前病變到子宮頸癌),合并VAIN的比例及VAIN的級別均增高,且術(shù)前未行陰道鏡陰道壁活檢的患者發(fā)生VAIN的比例顯著增高,因此建議對于Ⅰ期子宮頸癌或CINⅢ行子宮切除術(shù)的所有患者,術(shù)前均應常規(guī)進行陰道鏡下全面陰道壁活檢病理檢查以明確陰道病變范圍,尤其是陰道上段,從而更好地指導手術(shù)中陰道切除的范圍,減少因手術(shù)范圍不足導致VAIN的殘留[15]。除了手術(shù)因素外,HPV感染尤其是高危型HPV持續(xù)感染被認為是宮頸疾病術(shù)后繼發(fā)陰道及其他部位上皮內(nèi)病變的重要因素,這些患者往往存在清除HPV感染的能力下降,因此術(shù)后長期處于持續(xù)HPV感染狀態(tài),從而繼發(fā)其他部位HPV感染相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生[16-17]。本研究中,所有VAIN患者均存在HPV感染,且大部分患者為高危型HPV持續(xù)感染,隨著宮頸病變程度的增加,繼發(fā)VAIN的發(fā)生比例顯著升高,因此認為高危型HPV感染及子宮切除術(shù)前宮頸病變程度可能與VAIN的發(fā)病風險密切相關(guān),對于存在以上高危因素的患者應引起重視,特別是在因CINⅡ~Ⅲ行錐切術(shù)后時隔1~3個月待宮旁炎性增生消退再行子宮切除術(shù)時,術(shù)前有必要再次對陰道壁情況進行評估,必要時進行醋酸及碘試驗染色后陰道鏡下全面陰道壁活檢以明確診斷,如活檢結(jié)果提示同時合并陰道壁病變應在全子宮或廣泛全子宮切除術(shù)時注意陰道壁的切除范圍,盡可能多切除一部分陰道壁,以減少VAIN的發(fā)生及殘留。
鑒于宮頸疾病與VAIN發(fā)病的同源性,且術(shù)后持續(xù)高危型HPV感染被認為是VAIN的重要發(fā)病因素之一,術(shù)后密切隨訪在宮頸疾病行手術(shù)治療后具有重要作用[18-19]。已有的文獻報道,宮頸病變行子宮切除術(shù)后VAIN的發(fā)病大部分在子宮切除術(shù)后5年內(nèi),尤其是術(shù)后2年內(nèi)最易發(fā)病[4,20]。本研究統(tǒng)計結(jié)果顯示,42.9%的患者在子宮切除術(shù)后2年內(nèi)診斷為VAIN病變,37.1%的患者在術(shù)后2~5年內(nèi)診斷為VAIN病變,術(shù)后5年內(nèi)發(fā)病占80%,因此,對于宮頸病變行子宮切除術(shù)后的患者,建議進行密切隨訪至5年,排除高危因素后再轉(zhuǎn)為常規(guī)篩查。有研究通過多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),HPV感染是VAIN發(fā)生和預后的獨立危險因素[4,10],持續(xù)高危型HPV感染被認為是發(fā)展成高級別VAIN的必要條件。因此,有學者提出術(shù)后隨訪過程中高危型HPV檢測的重要性,其對于殘端VAIN的診斷及預測有指導意義[21],也可以驗證TCT篩查的準確性,可與TCT聯(lián)合作為殘端VAIN篩查及診斷的手段,尤其是既往有高危型HPV感染患者,可提高篩查及診斷的敏感度和特異度。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后發(fā)生VAIN的患者HPV感染率為100%,且高危型HPV感染陽性率占88.6%,而TCT的檢查異常率為85%,因此認為對于術(shù)后隨訪過程中存在HPV持續(xù)陽性尤其是高危型HPV持續(xù)陽性的患者無論TCT檢測結(jié)果如何,建議盡早行陰道鏡陰道壁組織活檢以明確診斷,以利于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)VAIN并給予及時治療。此外,本研究顯示,在VAIN持續(xù)存在及進展的患者中,其HPV感染主要以高危型HPV16陽性多見,與Bertoli等[17]的報道基本一致,持續(xù)HPV16感染可能是VAIN預后不良的因素,后期有待于更大樣本的數(shù)據(jù)做進一步研究證實。
綜上所述,因?qū)m頸病變行全子宮切除術(shù)后需警惕陰道上皮內(nèi)瘤變的發(fā)生,對于宮頸病變程度越重及存在持續(xù)高危型HPV感染的患者應引起重視,在行子宮全切術(shù)前應仔細檢查陰道壁有無病變,以減少因手術(shù)殘留所致的VAIN的發(fā)生,術(shù)后需密切隨訪至5年,對于術(shù)后HPV持續(xù)陽性或TCT異常的患者及時行陰道鏡下陰道壁全面活檢明確以盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)病變并進行早期處理,降低漏診率及惡變率,對于VINA患者持續(xù)存在高危型HPV感染尤其是HPV16型,應盡早明確診斷及治療,減少疾病進展的發(fā)生。
[參考文獻]
[1] Field A,Bhagat N,Clark S,et al. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia:A retrospective study of treatment and outcomes among a cohort of UK women[J].J Low Genit Tract Dis,2020,24(1):43-47.
[2] He Y,Zhao Q,Geng Y,et al. Clinical analysis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Medicine,2017,96(17):e6700.
[3] Liang Y,Chen M,Qin L,et al. A meta-analysis of the relationship between vaginal microecology,human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Infect Agent Cancer,2019,14:29.
[4] Alfonzo E,Holmberg E,Sparen P,et al. Risk of vaginal cancer among hysterectomised women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia:A population-based national cohort study[J].BJOG,2020,127(4):448-454.
[5] Mclaren J,Naguib N,Babarinsa I,et al. Outcome of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia following hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-vaginal cancer is rare[J].Int J Gynecol Cancer,2015,251(9):1664.
[6] Wang Y,Kong W,Wu Y,et al. Therapeutic effect of laser vaporization for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia following hysterectomy due to premalignant and malignant lesions[J].J Obstet Gynaecol Re,2014,40(6):1740-1747.
[7] Schockaert S,Poppe W,Arbyn M,et al. Incidence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia After hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A retrospective study[J].Obstet Gynecol Surv,2008,63(11):701-702.
[8] Chen L,Hu D,Xu S,et al. Clinical features,treatment and outcomes of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in a Chinese tertiary centre[J]. Irish J Med Sci,2016,185(1):111-114.
[9] Alemany L,Saunier M,Tinoco L,et al. Large contribution of human papillomavirus in vaginal neoplastic lesions:A worldwide study in 597 samples[J]. European Journal Of Cancer,2014,50(16):2846-2854.
[10] Ebisch R,Rutten D,Inthout J,et al. Long-lasting increased risk of human papillomavirus-related carcinomas and premalignancies after cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3:A population-based cohort study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2017, 35(22):2542-2550.
[11] Cong Q,Song Y,Wang Q,et al. A retrospective study of cytology,high-risk HPV, and colposcopy results of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia patients[J]. Biomed Res Int,2018,2018:5 894 801.
[12] 叢青,汪清,高蜀君,等. 2013-2015年陰道鏡下陰道上皮內(nèi)瘤變檢出率的變化趨勢[J]. 中華婦產(chǎn)科雜志,2017, (4):239-243.
[13] Kim MK,Lee IH,Lee KH. Clinical outcomes and risk of recurrence among patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia:A comprehensive analysis of 576 cases[J]. J Gynecol Oncol,2018,29(1):e6.
[14] Vinokurova S,Wentzensen N,Einenkel J,et al.Clonal history of papillomavirus-induced dysplasia in the female lower genital tract[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst,2005,97(24):1816-1821.
[15] He Y,Wu Y,Zhao Q,et al. Clinical analysis of patients underwent hysterectomy for stage I cervical cancer or high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia[J]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi,2015,50(7):516-521.
[16] Bogani G,Martinelli F,Ditto A,et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and HPV 31 predict the risk of recurrence in high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2017,210:157-165.
[17] Bertoli HK,Thomsen LT,Iftner T,et al. Risk of vulvar, vaginal and anal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer according to cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) status:A population-based prospective cohort study[J].Gynecol Oncol,2020,157(2):456-462.
[18] Hodeib M,Cohen JG,Mehta S,et al. Recurrence and risk of progression to lower genital tract malignancy in women with high grade VAIN[J]. Gynecol Oncol,2016,141(3):507-510.
[19] Buchanan TR,Zamorano AS,Massad LS,et al. Risk of cervical and vaginal dysplasia after surgery for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer:A 6 year follow-up study[J]. Gynecol Oncol,2019,155(1):88-92.
[20] Li H, Guo Y, Zhang J, et al. Risk factors for the development of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia[J]. Chinese Medical Journal,2012,125(7):1219-1223.
[21] Bertoli HK, Rasmussen CL, Sand FL, et al. Human papillomavirus and p16 in squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vagina[J]. Int J Cancer,2019, 145(1):78-86.
(收稿日期:2020-05-11)