郭吉兆 宋光富 劉克建 郭彥旭 王耀
摘??要:為了解烤煙煙梗中氨基酸含量和組成特點(diǎn),選擇了國(guó)內(nèi)18個(gè)代表性產(chǎn)地,對(duì)上、中、下部位烤煙煙梗和對(duì)應(yīng)葉片樣品氨基酸進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,比較了煙梗和葉片20種氨基酸含量差異,分析了煙梗與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量的相關(guān)性,并考察了不同部位煙梗氨基酸差異規(guī)律。結(jié)果顯示,煙梗中氨基酸總量略高于葉片,煙梗中異亮氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸等11種氨基酸含量顯著高于對(duì)應(yīng)葉片,色氨酸、組氨酸等4種氨基酸含量顯著低于葉片;不同煙梗間氨基酸含量變異性大于葉片間變異性;除纈氨酸、蘇氨酸和胱氨酸,煙梗其他氨基酸含量與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量有顯著相關(guān)性;上部煙梗氨基酸含量高于中部和下部煙梗。總之,煙梗與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量具有正相關(guān)性,但組成有顯著差異。
關(guān)鍵詞:煙梗;葉片;氨基酸;差異;相關(guān)性
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TS41+1 ?????????文章編號(hào):1007-5119(2019)05-0084-06 ?????DOI:10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2019.05.012
Abstract:In order to understand the content and composition characteristics of amino acids in stems of flue-cured tobacco?leaves,?20 kinds of amino acids in flue-cured tobacco stems and corresponding lamina?samples including upper/middle/lower stalk position from 18 representative domestic areas, were analyzed. With statistical analysis, the differences of amino acid contents between tobacco stems and laminas?were compared. The correlation between amino acid contents of tobacco stems and corresponding laminas?was analyzed, and the content differences of amino acid among tobacco stems of different stalk position were investigated. The results showed that the total amount of amino acids in tobacco stems was slightly higher than that in laminas, and the contents of 11 amino acids such as isoleucine, tyrosine and aspartic acid in tobacco stems were significantly higher than those in corresponding laminas, while the contents of 4 amino acids such as tryptophan and histidine in tobacco stems were significantly lower than those in?laminas; the variability of amino acid contents among different tobacco stems was greater than that among laminas; except valine, threonine and cystine, other amino acids?in tobacco stems were significantly related to laminas positively; the amino acid contents?of upper tobacco stems?were?higher than that of middle and lower stems. In summary, there was a positive correlation between amino acid content of tobacco stem and corresponding laminas, but there was significant difference in?amino acid?composition.
Keywords:tobacco stems; tobacco laminas; amino acids;?difference; correlation
煙梗約占煙葉全重的25%,煙梗制成的梗絲在卷煙配方中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。與葉絲相比,梗絲具有填充值高、焦油釋放量低的優(yōu)點(diǎn),是卷煙降焦和降低配方成本的重要手段。煙梗作為煙葉的主脈,承擔(dān)物理支撐和物質(zhì)傳輸功能,主要由韌皮細(xì)胞和導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞組成,其化學(xué)組成與葉片有較大差異。煙梗用于卷煙必然對(duì)配方化學(xué)成分和煙氣成分造成影響,研究煙梗的化學(xué)組成和其煙氣特性對(duì)于其配方應(yīng)用具有一定指導(dǎo)意義[1-4]。王月俠等[5]對(duì)煙梗常規(guī)成分分析表明,與煙葉相比,煙梗的總糖、煙堿和總氮含量較低,木質(zhì)素等細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)含量較高。彭黎明等[6]比較了煙梗與煙葉的精油成分,發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)煙梗中性、酸性和堿性香味成分含量均低于葉片。李炎強(qiáng)等[7-8]的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,葉片中苯甲醇、巨豆三烯酮、新植二烯、beta-大馬酮等大多數(shù)中性香味成分含量比煙梗高,而葉片中糠醛和苯乙醛等醛類(lèi)物質(zhì)比煙梗低;分子量較小、揮發(fā)性強(qiáng)的有機(jī)酸在葉片中含量較高,而分子量大、揮發(fā)性弱的脂肪酸在煙梗中含量較高。
煙草中的氨基酸與香吃味關(guān)系密切,適量的氨基酸有助于提高煙氣勁頭和增加豐滿(mǎn)度,過(guò)量則增加刺激性和苦味[9]。在調(diào)制、陳化和燃吸過(guò)程中,煙草中氨基酸和還原糖發(fā)生美拉德反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生多種香味物質(zhì),能夠去除煙草雜氣、賦予煙草特有香氣[10-12]。另外,氨基酸也是煙氣有害成分如氰化氫和氨的重要前體物[13-14],影響卷煙品質(zhì)。但目前對(duì)于煙草中氨基酸的研究主要集中于葉片,煙梗中氨基酸的含量水平、組成等均未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,本文采用初烤煙葉樣品,經(jīng)葉梗分離得到葉片與煙梗一一對(duì)應(yīng)的兩組樣品,進(jìn)行氨基酸分析。比較煙梗和葉片氨基酸差異,并分析二者的相關(guān)性,研究結(jié)果對(duì)于煙梗原料使用、理解梗絲對(duì)配方化學(xué)組成、卷煙煙氣的影響具有一定價(jià)值。
1 ?材料與方法
1.1 ?材料
選擇國(guó)內(nèi)主要烤煙產(chǎn)區(qū)18個(gè)代表性取樣點(diǎn)(云南宜良、云南師宗、云南寧洱、貴州興仁、四川會(huì)理、福建永定、貴州黔西、貴州貴定、貴州德江、湖北利川、重慶彭水、山東蒙陰、河南寶豐、廣東南雄、安徽宣州、湖南桂陽(yáng)、湖南江華、江西信豐),各選取B2F、C3F和X2F 3個(gè)部位等級(jí)的初烤煙葉樣品。
1.2 ?方法
1.2.1 ?樣品制備??初烤煙葉經(jīng)人工梗葉分離,煙梗和葉片分別混勻、粉碎并過(guò)40目篩,得到煙梗和對(duì)應(yīng)葉片粉末樣品各54個(gè)。
1.2.2 ?氨基酸測(cè)定??樣品氨基酸含量采用氨基酸分析儀進(jìn)行分析,檢測(cè)20種蛋白質(zhì)氨基酸。方法簡(jiǎn)述如下:準(zhǔn)確稱(chēng)取約1 g試樣于50 mL具塞錐形瓶中,準(zhǔn)確加入20 mL pH 2.20的緩沖溶液,振蕩萃取30 min。取2 mL萃取液,于10000 r/min離心10 min,上清液過(guò)0.22 mm水相濾膜,濾液采用氨基酸分析儀進(jìn)行定量分析。
1.2.3 ?統(tǒng)計(jì)分析??采用SPSS 20軟件對(duì)測(cè)定數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)分析煙梗與葉片氨基酸含量差異、煙梗與葉片氨基酸相關(guān)性。
2 ?結(jié)??果
2.1 ?煙梗與葉片氨基酸含量差異
對(duì)煙梗和對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量進(jìn)行配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。除了脯氨酸、天冬酰胺、丙氨酸和賴(lài)氨酸等4種氨基酸外,煙梗與葉片其他16種氨基酸以及氨基酸總量均存在顯著差異(p<0.05)。煙梗氨基酸總量略高于葉片。與葉片相比,煙梗中纈氨酸、谷酰胺、天冬氨酸、絲氨酸、蘇氨酸、苯丙氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸、異亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、甘氨酸等12種氨基酸含量均高于葉片。其中,煙梗中異亮氨酸、纈氨酸、天冬氨酸、蘇氨酸、胱氨酸、酪氨酸和蛋氨酸等含量達(dá)到葉片的2倍以上,異亮氨酸含量達(dá)到葉片的5倍。煙梗中谷氨酸、亮氨酸、組氨酸和色氨酸等4種氨基酸含量顯著低于葉片,其中色氨酸含量不足葉片的10%。
與葉片類(lèi)似,煙梗中脯氨酸含量最高,占氨基酸總量的50%以上。纈氨酸是煙梗中含量次高的氨基酸,其次是天冬酰胺和谷酰胺;而葉片中谷酰胺和天冬酰胺含量顯著高于纈氨酸。色氨酸是葉片中含量最低的氨基酸,占氨基酸總量中占比約1%,其在煙梗氨基酸中不足0.1%。
54個(gè)煙梗樣本氨基酸含量的變異系數(shù)在21%~104%,對(duì)應(yīng)葉片樣本氨基酸含量的變異系數(shù)在15%~77%。
2.2 ?煙梗與葉片氨基酸含量相關(guān)性
表2是54對(duì)煙梗與葉片氨基酸含量相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果??梢钥闯?,除纈氨酸、蘇氨酸和胱氨酸外,煙梗其他氨基酸含量與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量均正相關(guān),且相關(guān)性達(dá)到極顯著水平(p<0.01)。這一結(jié)果表明,氨基酸含量較高的葉片,對(duì)應(yīng)煙梗氨基酸含量也較高。
2.3??不同部位煙梗氨基酸含量差異
表3為上、中、下3個(gè)部位煙梗氨基酸含量均值。從氨基酸總量看,上部煙梗的氨基酸含量較高,約為中部和下部的1.5倍,中部和下部煙梗氨基酸總量相當(dāng)。從各氨基酸看,纈氨酸、天冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、胱氨酸等少數(shù)幾種氨基酸在不同部位煙梗中的含量差異較小;其他氨基酸在上部與中、下部煙梗中的含量相對(duì)偏差均大于10%,并且均為上部煙梗氨基酸含量高于中、下部煙梗,中部和下部煙梗氨基酸含量差異不大。其中,色氨酸、賴(lài)氨酸、天冬酰胺、組氨酸、甘氨酸等在不同部位煙梗間差異較大,上部煙梗中含量達(dá)到中部和下部煙梗的2倍以上。
3 ?討??論
雖然極少有涉及煙梗氨基酸的研究,但大量關(guān)于葉片氨基酸的研究結(jié)論有助于理解煙梗中氨基酸的形成和含量特點(diǎn)。烤后煙葉的氨基酸一方面來(lái)自新鮮煙葉自身含有的氨基酸;一方面來(lái)自烘烤調(diào)制過(guò)程。調(diào)制過(guò)程中蛋白質(zhì)酶解產(chǎn)生氨基酸,同時(shí)部分氨基酸發(fā)生非酶棕色化反應(yīng)被消耗,總體上,烤后煙葉游離氨基酸含量比烤前煙葉增加[15]??緹熑~片中含有大量的脯氨酸,歸因于烘烤過(guò)程中煙葉受干旱脅迫得以大量積累[16]。與葉片類(lèi)似,煙梗在烘烤過(guò)程中也經(jīng)受同樣的脅迫環(huán)境,因此,煙梗中氨基酸總量與葉片處于相近水平,且脯氨酸含量也達(dá)到氨基酸總量的50%以上。所不同的是,煙葉烘烤過(guò)程中,葉片和煙梗失水過(guò)程存在較大差異。在烘烤初期,葉組織細(xì)胞保持著水分轉(zhuǎn)移活性,煙梗中的水分向葉片轉(zhuǎn)移;當(dāng)煙葉失水到一定程度,水分輸導(dǎo)組織機(jī)能減退,葉片先于煙梗干燥。烘烤過(guò)程蛋白酶活性、非酶棕色化反應(yīng)速率均受水分含量影響[17],煙梗與煙葉在烘烤過(guò)程中的水分變化差異,可能是導(dǎo)致煙梗與葉片不同種類(lèi)氨基酸含量差異的一個(gè)重要原因。除此以外,新鮮煙梗必然含有一定含量的氨基酸以維持生命活動(dòng),其含量組成可能與葉片也存在差異,但目前還缺乏這方面的數(shù)據(jù)。
除了纈氨酸、蘇氨酸、胱氨酸外,煙梗中其他氨基酸含量與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸呈顯著正相關(guān)性;上部煙梗氨基酸高于中部和下部煙梗,這一點(diǎn)與不同部位葉片氨基酸含量差異也一致[18],表明煙梗與葉片氨基酸含量積累可能存在內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。葉片中氨基酸含量與生態(tài)條件[19]、栽培措施[20]、調(diào)制條件[21]相關(guān),受土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、鉀含量、氮肥、調(diào)制工藝等的影響。煙梗與葉片作為同一煙葉的不同組織,在生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中受到同樣的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和生態(tài)環(huán)境影響,在調(diào)制時(shí)受到同樣的烘烤過(guò)程,可能是煙梗氨基酸含量與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸含量呈正相關(guān)性的原因。
煙草氨基酸的含量、類(lèi)別對(duì)卷煙感官品質(zhì)有重要影響,但以往對(duì)于煙梗氨基酸缺乏了解。本研究顯示煙梗中氨基酸含量比對(duì)應(yīng)葉片略高,煙梗中異亮氨酸、纈氨酸等多種氨基酸含量達(dá)到葉片的2倍以上。因此,當(dāng)煙梗制成梗絲加入配方后,對(duì)配方中氨基酸組成的影響不可忽視。不同煙梗間氨基酸含量變異系數(shù)達(dá)到21%~104%。從穩(wěn)定配方的角度看,不同產(chǎn)地、部位的煙梗原料應(yīng)區(qū)分使用,形成化學(xué)成分穩(wěn)定的煙梗配方,以維護(hù)卷煙產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性。
4 ?結(jié)??論
結(jié)果表明,煙梗中氨基酸總量略高于葉片,煙梗中纈氨酸、谷酰胺、天冬氨酸等11種氨基酸含量均高于葉片,谷氨酸、亮氨酸、組氨酸和色氨酸等4種氨基酸含量顯著低于葉片。不同煙梗間氨基酸含量變異系數(shù)達(dá)到21%~104%,上部煙梗氨基酸含量高于中部和下部煙梗。卷煙配方中梗絲的使用對(duì)于配方氨基酸的含量和相對(duì)組成有不可忽視的影響,在卷煙中使用梗絲時(shí),應(yīng)對(duì)不同產(chǎn)地、部位的煙梗原料進(jìn)行區(qū)分。煙梗與對(duì)應(yīng)葉片氨基酸在含量上具有正相關(guān)性,組成上有顯著差異,這可能與煙葉生長(zhǎng)、調(diào)制環(huán)節(jié)中梗與葉片組織內(nèi)發(fā)生不同的生化過(guò)程、化學(xué)反應(yīng)相關(guān)。
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