易萍
[摘要]目的 探討超聲引導(dǎo)腹橫肌平面阻滯對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響。方法 選取2017年9月~2018年9月我院收治的88例婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中患者作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組,每組各44例。兩組患者實(shí)施麻醉誘導(dǎo)后,在超聲引導(dǎo)下實(shí)施腹橫肌平面阻滯,實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者注射0.75%的羅哌卡因25 ml,對(duì)照組患者注射注25 ml生理鹽水。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)(蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、芬太尼使用量)、拔管6、48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分以及麻醉期間不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 兩組患者拔管48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于拔管6 h后,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者拔管6、48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間均明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的芬太尼使用量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率為4.55%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的22.73%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 超聲引導(dǎo)腹橫肌平面阻滯對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果好,手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)情況良好,麻醉期間不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,患者預(yù)后康復(fù)效果更佳。
[關(guān)鍵詞]婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù);超聲引導(dǎo);腹橫肌平面阻滯;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)9(b)-0143-03
Effect of ultrasound-guided abdominal transverse plane block on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery
YI Ping
Department of Anesthesiology, Pingxiang People′s Hospital, Jiangxi Province, Pingxiang? ?337055, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided abdominal transverse plane block on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Methods Eighty-eight patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery admitted to our hospital from September 2017 to September 2018 were enrolled in the study. They were divided into experimental group and control group according to the random number table method, with 44 cases in each group. After anesthesia induction in both groups, the abdominal transverse plane block was performed under ultrasound guidance. The experimental group was injected with 0.75% Ropivacaine 25 ml, and the control group was injected with 25 ml normal saline. The surgical related indexes (awakening time, spontaneous breathing recovery time, extubation time, the dosage of Fentanyl), the pain scores after 6 and 48 hours of extubation, and the incidence of adverse reactions during anesthesia were compared in the two groups. Results The pain scores of the two groups after 48 hours of extubation were significantly lower than those after 6 hours of extubation, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The pain scores of the experimental group after 6 and 48 hours of extubation were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The awakening time, spontaneous breathing recovery time and extubation time in the experimental group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The dosage of Fentanyl in the experimental group was less than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total incidence rate of adverse reactions in the experimental group was 4.55%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (22.73%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided abdominal transverse plane block has a good effect on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. The surgical related indicators are good, the incidence rate of adverse reactions during anesthesia is low, and the prognosis of patients is better.
[Key words] Gynecologic laparoscopic surgery; Ultrasound-guidance; Abdominal transverse plane block; Postoperative analgesia
婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)比起傳充的開(kāi)腹手術(shù)而言,其對(duì)患者造成的創(chuàng)傷性較小,但其術(shù)后疼痛劇烈,由于腹腔鏡手術(shù)中需要采用CO2氣腹,該氣腹對(duì)整個(gè)腹壁腹膜帶來(lái)一定的刺激和影響,其對(duì)腹壁和壁腹膜造成牽拉性損害。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果影響著患者預(yù)后康復(fù),目前臨床中多采用腹橫肌平面神經(jīng)阻滯。腹橫肌平面阻滯主要于腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌間的腹橫筋膜層輸注麻藥,有效阻滯前腹壁神經(jīng),具有較好的腹壁鎮(zhèn)痛作用[1-2]。以往臨床中使用靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵來(lái)緩解患者術(shù)后疼痛,但易出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制和過(guò)度鎮(zhèn)靜的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫肌平面阻滯被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床各種腹部手術(shù)鎮(zhèn)痛中,其操作簡(jiǎn)便,不用通過(guò)硬膜外進(jìn)行穿刺,降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性[3-4]。本研究選取我院收治的88例婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中患者作為研究對(duì)象,旨在探討超聲引導(dǎo)腹橫肌平面阻滯對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2017年9月~2018年9月我院收治的88例婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)中患者作為研究對(duì)象,所有患者不存在嚴(yán)重臟器類疾病,無(wú)代謝性疾病以及慢性疼痛性疾病、精神障礙疾病,無(wú)語(yǔ)言溝通障礙,患者凝血功能檢查指標(biāo)不存在異常情況,腹壁穿刺部位皮膚不存在破損和感染情況。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組,每組各44例。對(duì)照組中,年齡22~52歲,平均(37.85±4.31)歲;體重40~74 kg。實(shí)驗(yàn)組中,年齡23~54歲,平均(39.14±3.72)歲;體重42~70 kg。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本次研究經(jīng)過(guò)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)同意,所有患者均知曉本研究情況并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2麻醉方法
兩組患者都實(shí)施婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù),術(shù)前實(shí)施腹橫肌平面阻滯,術(shù)前8 h禁食,術(shù)前6 h禁飲,兩組患者于術(shù)前進(jìn)行腹橫肌平面阻滯。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者注射0.75%的羅哌卡因(河北一品制藥股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20113463)25 ml,對(duì)照組患者注射注25 ml生理鹽水。在超聲引導(dǎo)下應(yīng)用兩點(diǎn)法進(jìn)行腹橫肌平面阻滯,患者呈仰臥位狀態(tài),對(duì)腹部阻滯區(qū)域全面消毒,使用無(wú)菌手術(shù)貼膜將超聲探頭全面包裹,探頭緊貼于前側(cè)腹壁腋中線部位,重直于身體,可見(jiàn)各位置平面圖像,超聲探頭一側(cè)進(jìn)針,突破腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌兩者間的筋膜空隙,回抽進(jìn)針觀察無(wú)血情況下輸注阻滯藥物,待阻滯成功后,可清晰獲取腹外斜肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌部位圖像,且低回聲梭形影。進(jìn)手術(shù)室后搭建靜脈通道,嚴(yán)格監(jiān)測(cè)各項(xiàng)生命體征。兩組患者實(shí)施全身麻醉,靜脈輸注芬太尼(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20143314)0.04 mg/kg、丙泊酚(廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20143355)2.5 mg/kg、羅庫(kù)溴銨(浙江仙琚制藥股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字 H20090070)0.6 mg/kg,麻醉誘導(dǎo)成功后行氣管插管,給予機(jī)械通氣,呼氣末二氧化碳分壓維持在30~40 mmHg。術(shù)畢待患者完全清醒后拔管。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①兩組患者拔管6、48 h后靜息狀態(tài)下采用視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法對(duì)疼痛進(jìn)行評(píng)估,0分表示無(wú)痛,10分表示疼痛劇烈。②比較兩組患者的手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo),包括蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間以及芬太尼使用量。③比較兩組患者的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。詳細(xì)記錄兩組患者在麻醉期間出現(xiàn)頭暈、胸悶、寒戰(zhàn)以及皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者拔管6、48 h后疼痛評(píng)分的比較
兩組患者拔管48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于拔管6 h后,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者拔管6、48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間均明顯短于對(duì)照組,芬太尼使用量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者麻醉期間不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率的比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率為4.55%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的22.73%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
3討論
腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷性小、術(shù)中出血量少、并發(fā)癥少、康復(fù)快的特點(diǎn),被廣泛應(yīng)用到婦科臨床治療中[5-7]。腹腔鏡術(shù)患者易發(fā)生上腹部脹痛、肋間刺痛以及肩部酸痛的情況,屬于腹腔鏡術(shù)后疼痛綜合征,術(shù)后疼痛的程度超過(guò)了切口本身的疼痛[8-9]。人體前腹壁的疼痛感由低位胸神經(jīng)(T7~T12)和第一對(duì)腰神經(jīng)(L1)支配,而這些神經(jīng)束與腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌均處于腹橫肌平面。若能對(duì)這些神經(jīng)束進(jìn)行阻滯將切斷婦科腹腔鏡患者疼痛感,幫助患者以平穩(wěn)的生命體征渡過(guò)手術(shù)期[10]。當(dāng)前臨床中對(duì)麻醉與鎮(zhèn)痛效果要求越來(lái)越高,外周神經(jīng)阻滯技能更加完善,將清晰可見(jiàn)的超聲技術(shù)和麻醉相聯(lián)合,阻滯成功率提高,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,改善患者術(shù)后疼痛,麻醉更加安全高效,給腹橫肌平面阻滯的實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造了條件[11]。
腹橫肌平面阻滯主要對(duì)腹橫肌平面位置輸注麻醉藥物,對(duì)前腹壁神經(jīng)以及腹壁起到鎮(zhèn)痛效果[12]。在超聲引導(dǎo)下可時(shí)實(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)地對(duì)進(jìn)針?lè)较蜻M(jìn)行觀察,清晰可見(jiàn)解剖局部結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)針部位,減少對(duì)血管和組織的損傷,對(duì)局部麻藥擴(kuò)散情況便于觀察,有效降低血管內(nèi)注射用藥量,有效保障局部麻醉準(zhǔn)確輸注,阻滯成功率更高[13]。同時(shí),在超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫平面阻滯可有效改善患者疼痛,減少炎性反應(yīng),主要因超聲引導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行腹橫平面阻滯可直接到痛覺(jué)初級(jí)傳導(dǎo)纖維,降低交感神經(jīng)和感覺(jué)神經(jīng)誘發(fā)興奮,對(duì)炎性因子釋放起到作用,減少中樞神經(jīng)疼痛敏感度,使應(yīng)激反應(yīng)減小[14-15]。羅哌卡因具有良好的感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)分離特點(diǎn),而且藥物過(guò)程中對(duì)心臟的毒性也較少,具有良好的用藥安全性[16-17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者拔管48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于拔管6 h后,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者拔管6、48 h后的疼痛評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的蘇醒時(shí)間、自主呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間均明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的芬太尼使用量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者的不良反應(yīng)總發(fā)生率為4.55%,明顯低于對(duì)照組的22.73%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。提示于術(shù)前超前進(jìn)行腹橫肌平面阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛并聯(lián)合靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛相聯(lián)合,減少患者對(duì)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷的敏感性,促進(jìn)康復(fù)效果。
綜上所述,超聲引導(dǎo)腹橫肌平面阻滯對(duì)婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果好,手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)情況良好,麻醉期間不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,患者預(yù)后康復(fù)效果更佳。
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(收稿日期:2019-02-21? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)