謝紅輝 王麗萍 吳耿寰
摘 要:可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.)是一種全球性的土傳病原真菌,其寄主廣泛,可引起多種植物病害,病害癥狀多樣化??煽擅呤且环N弱寄生菌,引發(fā)的病害多與氣候環(huán)境、傷口、植株生長勢和品種有關(guān),病菌生長對于光照的需求與否存在較大爭議。綜合利用生物防治、物理防治和化學(xué)防治是病害防治的重要途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞:可可毛色二孢 發(fā)病規(guī)律 綜合防治
Abstract:Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a global soil-borne pathogenic fungi with a wide range of hosts,can cause many plant diseases with different symptoms. These diseases are related to climate, wounds, plant growth vigor and variety, but not sure whether related to light. Comprehensive utilization of biological control, physical control and chemical control is an important way for disease control.
Key words:Lasiodiplodia theobromae;occurrence regularity;integrated control
可可毛色二孢(Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.)是子囊菌門(Ascomycota)盤菌亞門(Pezizomycotina)座囊菌綱(Dothideomycetes)葡萄座腔菌目(Botryospaerials)葡萄座腔菌科(Botryospheriaceae)葡萄座腔菌屬(Botryosphaeria)葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria rhodina)的無性態(tài),它最先由Saccardo于1890年從厄瓜多爾的腐爛的可可豆上分離并描述[1]。L. theobromae是一種在熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)廣泛存在的具有多型性、多寄主的土傳病原真菌[2],可寄生于熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)的500多種植物[3],并能引起包括大田作物、蔬菜、水果和林木在內(nèi)的280多種植物的田間和貯藏病害,且在不同的寄主上引起的癥狀不相同[4]。L. theobromae引起的病害癥狀主要有梢枯、枝枯、根腐、果腐、葉斑、潰瘍、流膠、變色、壞死和鬼帚病等類型[3]。了解L. theobromae的生物學(xué)特性及其所致病害的發(fā)生規(guī)律和防治措施對于開展病害綜合治理具有重要意義。
1 生物學(xué)特性研究
有關(guān)光照,溫度,pH值,碳源、氮源和維生素等對L. theobromae菌絲生長、分生孢子器和分生孢子形成等的影響的研究有很多。L. theobromae生長的溫度范圍為20~45 ℃,低于15 ℃不能生長[5],最適溫度為28~30 ℃;可生長pH值為2.5~11.7,以pH5.5 最適宜,其中,pH 3~4有利于病原菌分生孢子產(chǎn)生;能有效利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉等14種供試碳源,但以葡萄糖最好;能利用DL-丙氨酸、硝酸鈉、DL-甲硫氨酸等10種供試氮源,但以DL-丙氨酸最適合。菌絲體的致死溫度為52℃。分生孢子的致死溫度為53℃。在連續(xù)光照的燕麥培養(yǎng)基(OMA)上,該菌產(chǎn)孢較快較多。分生孢子在水滴中的萌發(fā)率為90.8 %,而在1 %葡萄糖和蔗糖溶液中均為96 %左右[6]。同樣的萌發(fā)條件下,未成熟的L. theobromae孢子萌發(fā)率比成熟孢子的萌發(fā)率高約3個百分點[7]。
關(guān)于L. theobromae菌絲生長和產(chǎn)孢是否需要光照,有許多學(xué)者做了相關(guān)研究,但眾說紛紜。有研究表明連續(xù)光照有利于L. theobromae分生孢子器和分生孢子的產(chǎn)生[8]。Kausar等[9]研究表明,L. theobromae在PDA培養(yǎng)基上生長速度快,相比連續(xù)黑暗24 h、12 h光照加12 h黑暗,連續(xù)光照24 h更有利于菌絲生長。也有很多研究認為光照對L. theobromae的菌絲生長、分生孢子器和分生孢子的形成沒有影響[10]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)光照和黑暗對桑毛色二孢根腐病菌L. theobromae的菌絲生長和分生孢子萌發(fā)沒有顯著影響,但持續(xù)光照有利于L. theobromae分生孢子器和分生孢子的產(chǎn)生[11]。 L. theobromae對光照的需求特性可能與其寄主來源有關(guān)。
2 L. theobromae相關(guān)病害的發(fā)生規(guī)律
L. theobromae被認為是一種弱寄生菌,經(jīng)常被描述為傷口寄生或者第2病原菌[12]。肉桂枝枯病與肉桂泡盾盲蝽(Pseudodoniella chinensis)和可可毛色二孢(L. theobromae)有關(guān)。泡盾盲蝽攜帶有L. theobromae菌,在吸食肉桂枝條的汁液時會造成許多細微的傷口,從而使肉桂枝條容易感染L. theobromae菌,造成皮層壞死,引發(fā)極嚴重的枝枯病[13]。王智立和謝鴻業(yè)[14]從枯萎的番石榴(Psidium guajava L.)靠接苗的接合部、干枯的果柄和新梢等部位分離出大量的L. theobromae,從而認定這些部位為病菌的侵入點。L. theobromae定殖馬占相思(Acacia mangium)后不一定立即表現(xiàn)癥狀,但高溫和干旱條件有利于病害發(fā)生[15]。Mbenoun等[16]指出由L. theobromae引起的椰子梢枯病在干旱季節(jié)發(fā)生非常嚴重。Botryosphaeria各個種的毒力和癥狀因寄主和地理位置不同而有差異[17]。L. theobromae引起芒果衰退和死亡因品種和樹齡而有差異,某些品種在特定的樹齡下有一定抗病力,而不同品種不同樹齡病害發(fā)生率的不同可能歸因于自然忍受力[18]。L. theobromae侵染桑樹根部引起根腐病,發(fā)病率和嚴重度與桑樹樹齡、根結(jié)線蟲為害及桑樹品種有關(guān),即樹齡越大,病害發(fā)生越嚴重;根結(jié)線蟲(主要是南方根結(jié)線蟲)為害根部造成的傷口為病原菌的侵染提供便利;不同桑樹品種間的抗病性差異明顯[11]。
3 L. theobromae相關(guān)病害的防治
3.1 生物防治
關(guān)于L. theobromae相關(guān)病害生物防治的報道已經(jīng)有很多。Florence和Sharma[19]報道了枯草芽孢桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)能有效抑制L. theobromae的菌絲生長,最大抑菌帶寬度達18 mm。此外,B. subtilis還能抑制L. theobromae 的孢子萌發(fā)[20]。有報道提出芽孢桿菌產(chǎn)生抗生素,該抗生素作為表面活性劑,能破壞菌絲細胞膜的選擇滲透性[21]。離體培養(yǎng)時,B. subtilis最能有效阻止L. theobromae病菌侵染種子和幼苗[22]。有研究認為B. subtilis和B. cereus對L. theobromae的拮抗作用是暫時的[23]。
Ikotun和Adekunle[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)2株對 L. theobromae有拮抗效果的放線菌,并且其拮抗效果要優(yōu)于B. subtilis和B. cereus,大田防治試驗表明該放線菌能有效防治木薯根部和莖桿腐爛病害。卞光凱等[25]從南方紅豆杉根際土壤中分離到一個弗吉尼亞鏈霉菌(Streptomyces virginiae)菌株,該菌株對L. theobromae具有高度拮抗能力,其發(fā)酵液稀釋300倍后仍有較強的抑制作用(抑制率為41.64 %)。Trejo等[26]從土壤中分離出一個放線菌菌株YCED9,它能夠產(chǎn)生3種抗真菌的抗生素和2種水解酶。Houssam[27]報道抗生物鏈球菌Az-z710能夠產(chǎn)生對青霉菌、白色鏈珠菌等多種病原真菌具有顯著拮抗作用的mycangimycin類抗生素。
在離體培養(yǎng)和活體接種時,哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、綠色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、綠色粘帚霉(Gliocladium virens)和黑色葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys atra)均能在L. theobromae侵染葫蘆幼苗前后表現(xiàn)出顯著地抑制效果。其中,在活體接種時G. virens最能有效抑制病菌感染種子和根部;顯微鏡觀察顯示T. harzianum和T. viride直接寄生和纏繞L. theobromae的菌絲,導(dǎo)致菌絲膨脹、變形、縮短或細胞變圓;2株木霉與L. theobromae對峙培養(yǎng)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)L. theobromae細胞質(zhì)顆粒化和菌絲細胞壁缺損[28]。Aigbe和Ikotun研究了自土壤中分離的長枝木霉(T. longibrachiatum)、圓弧青霉(Penicillium cyclopium)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黃曲霉(A. flavus)、溜曲霉(A. tamari)、臘葉芽枝霉(Cladosporium harbarum)、粉紅粘帚霉(G. roseum)和半裸鐮孢菌(Fusarium semitectum)等8種拮抗微生物在PDA培養(yǎng)基上與L. theobromae對峙培養(yǎng)時,對L. theobromae的拮抗作用。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),以T. longibrachyatum的拮抗效果最好,T. longibrachyatum、A. niger、C. harbarum和G. roseum 能對L. theobromae產(chǎn)生永久性地拮抗作用,而其余拮抗微生物的拮抗作用是暫時的。Aigbe和Ikotun分析以上拮抗微生物的作用機制可能是產(chǎn)生有毒物質(zhì)和對L. theobromae進行重寄生[23]。利用熒光假單胞菌、枯草芽孢桿菌和植物源性脂氧合酶揮發(fā)性化合物己醛搭配處理芒果,可以誘導(dǎo)提高果實的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧物歧化酶和過氧化氫酶活性,從而降低芒果蒂腐病的發(fā)病率[29]。在溫室條件下,利用熒光假單胞菌、枯草芽孢桿菌和深綠木霉濾液混合物處理夜來香植株,可以顯著提高植株病程相關(guān)蛋白酶、幾丁質(zhì)酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、過氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等的活性,從而降低夜來香花??菸“l(fā)病率達85 %以上,且能顯著提高產(chǎn)量[30]。利用桉樹、橡膠樹和竹子生產(chǎn)木炭時的副產(chǎn)物—焦木質(zhì)酸可以顯著抑制可可毛色二孢的生長[31]。
Kumar等[32]從假黃皮(Clausena excavata Burm. f.)的葉片中分離出一種新的γ-內(nèi)酯香豆素,該物質(zhì)對L. theobromae的拮抗作用要高于化學(xué)抗菌劑。Barros等[33]研究了海油樹(Coccoloba mollis L.)的蒽醌衍生物和根、葉的乙醇提取物對L. theobromae和鐮孢菌(Fusarium spp.)的抗菌作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)提取物和蒽醌衍生物均能有效抑制參試菌株的生長,其效果優(yōu)于化學(xué)殺菌劑。
3.2 物理防治
將受感染的植物組織進行熱處理能有效控制植物病害的發(fā)生。把香蕉種子浸沒在75 ℃的熱水中10 min,能有效除去種子上的L. theobromae菌,將香蕉果實于50 ℃熱水中浸泡20 min,能顯著減輕香蕉冠腐病的發(fā)生。處理7 d后,冠腐病的發(fā)生率降低50 %,14 d后降低33 %[34]。熱水處理不能殺死休眠孢子,但能有效抑制菌絲生長和分生孢子萌發(fā)。夏季曬土2個星期能有效降低L. theobromae的種群密度和分生孢子的活力[5]。
3.3 化學(xué)防治
許多學(xué)者研究了化學(xué)藥劑對L. theobromae的防治作用。Mittal[35]指出RH 2161(一種化學(xué)藥劑)對L. theobromae所引起的林木種子病害有顯著效果。代森錳鋅(Dithane M-45)和氯化甲氧基乙基汞(Emisan 6)能有效殺滅花生種子上的病菌[36]。Sharma等[37]研究了15種殺菌劑對L. theobromae的抑制作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)Bavastin和Tecto控制桉樹田間根莖潰瘍病的發(fā)生效果顯著。Shelar 等[38]通過離體培養(yǎng)評估了7種殺菌劑對L. theobromae的抑制作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)不論是在液體培養(yǎng)基還是固體培養(yǎng)基上,苯菌靈(0.1 %)、克菌丹(0.2 %)、多菌靈(0.1 %)和甲基托布津(0.25 %)均能有效抑制L. theobromae生長。利用克菌丹1.125 g、五氯硝基苯0.375 g和萎銹靈0.25 g混合處理花生種子能顯著降低種子的帶菌率,抑制病害發(fā)生和提高產(chǎn)量,但不能根除病菌[39]。刑嘉琪[40]研究了4種防霉劑對我國藤材主導(dǎo)霉菌的抑制作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)防霉劑DDAC對L. theobromae的抑制效果最好。Mahmood等[41]研究認為,20 ppm和100 ppm的甲基托布津和苯菌靈能有效抑制L. theobromae菌絲生長。許多研究結(jié)果顯示多菌靈和甲基托布津?qū). theobeomae有很好的抑制效果。400 ppm和450 ppm的多菌靈和甲基托布津能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生長。多菌靈和甲基托布津均屬于苯并咪唑類藥劑,而苯并咪唑類的藥劑即使在低濃度下也能很好地抑制L. theobeomae[42]。Khanzada等[5]報道了濃度為1 ppm的多菌靈和甲基托布津能有效抑制L. theobeomae菌絲生長,多菌靈在大田的防治效果明顯優(yōu)于甲基托布津和其他藥劑。Shahbaz等[43]則表明濃度為50 ppm和100 ppm的甲基托布津、多菌靈和(甲基托布津+乙霉威)能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生長。50 ppm的多菌靈和甲基托布津、100 ppm的疫霜靈、苯菌靈、甲霜錳鋅和萎銹靈等能完全抑制L. theobeomae的生長。將多菌靈、甲基托布津、疫霜靈和苯菌靈以3 g/kg的濃度拌種,能提高葫蘆種子萌發(fā)率,降低病菌感染率[28]。
4 總結(jié)
本文介紹了L. theobeomae侵染所致部分病害的發(fā)生規(guī)律和防治技術(shù),但由于L. theobeomae的寄主植物范圍廣,引發(fā)的病害癥狀多種多樣,因此生產(chǎn)上應(yīng)針對不同的寄主和病害類型采取行之有效的防治措施,同時注意防治技術(shù)的多元化,多種措施并舉,實行綜合防治。
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