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中老年男性吸煙決策行為偏好研究

2019-09-10 07:22李蕾魯玉潔李亞鈴張敏王志宏郭宗君
關(guān)鍵詞:吸煙行為決策

李蕾 魯玉潔 李亞鈴 張敏 王志宏 郭宗君

[摘要]目的探討中老年男性吸煙者在香煙選擇決策過(guò)程中的行為偏好模式。方法52例吸煙者和48例非吸煙者完成E-Prime 2.0軟件編制的以香煙及錢(qián)幣為線索的決策任務(wù)。任務(wù)分為兩個(gè),其中任務(wù)一為電腦屏幕上隨機(jī)呈現(xiàn)一張香煙或錢(qián)幣圖片,受試者按鍵確定是否選取該圖片,其中無(wú)論按選取鍵還是放棄鍵,受試者均可在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)連續(xù)按鍵,以顯示其對(duì)物品圖片的偏好以及獲取或規(guī)避的總數(shù)量;任務(wù)二為電腦屏幕上同時(shí)左右隨機(jī)呈現(xiàn)第一個(gè)任務(wù)中看到的香煙和錢(qián)幣圖片,要求受試者在這兩張圖片中選擇一張,在進(jìn)行任務(wù)的同時(shí)記錄受試者的選擇模式、選擇次數(shù)、選擇結(jié)果等。結(jié)果與對(duì)照組比較,任務(wù)一中吸煙組香煙選擇次數(shù)、錢(qián)幣選擇次數(shù)、香煙選擇總次數(shù)、錢(qián)幣選擇總次數(shù)均顯著增多,差異有顯著意義(t=2.834~6.517,P<0.05)。任務(wù)二中吸煙組和對(duì)照組對(duì)錢(qián)幣的選擇次數(shù)均顯著大于對(duì)香煙的選擇次數(shù)(t=15.484~35.883,P<0.01);但兩組對(duì)錢(qián)幣和香煙選擇次數(shù)比較差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。任務(wù)一和任務(wù)二中吸煙組對(duì)香煙的選擇次數(shù)與尼古丁依賴程度、吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間和每日吸煙量均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(r=0.013~0.238,P>0.05)。結(jié)論中老年男性吸煙者對(duì)香煙選擇存在決策偏好效用。

[關(guān)鍵詞]吸煙;決策;偏依;行為

[中圖分類號(hào)]R163[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2019)03-0295-04

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the behavioral preference patterns of middle-aged and elderly male smokers during decision-making for cigarette selection. MethodsA total of 52 smokers (smoking group) and 48 non-smokers (control group) participated in the decision-making task based on cigarette and money developed by E-Prime 2.0 software. The task was divided into two parts. In part 1, a picture of cigarette or money was randomly displayed on a computer screen, and the subject used a button to determine whether to select the picture; the subject could press the selection key or the abandonment key continuously within the specified time to show his preference for the item in the picture and the total number of times of acquisition or avoidance. In part 2, both pictures of the cigarette and money in part 1 were displayed on the computer screen, and the subject was required to select one picture; selection mode, number of selections, and selection results were recorded. ResultsIn part 1 of the task, compared with the control group, the smoking group had significant increases in the numbers of times of cigarette selection and money selection and the total numbers of pressings of cigarette button and money button (t=2.834-6.517,P<0.05). In part 2 of the task, the number of times of money selection was significantly higher than that of cigarette selection in both groups (t=15.484-35.883,P<0.01), but there were no significant differences in the numbers of times of money selection and cigarette selection between the two groups (P>0.05). In the smoking group, the number of times of cigarette selection in the two parts of the task was not signi-ficantly correlated with the degree of nicotine dependence, duration of smoking, and daily smoking amount (r=0.013-0.238,P>0.05). ConclusionMiddle-aged and elderly male smokers have preference in decision-making for cigarette selection.

[KEY WORDS]smoking; decision making; bias; behavior

吸煙是最常見(jiàn)的有害健康的行為之一,為何吸煙者常持續(xù)吸煙,且難以有效戒煙呢[1-2]?雙過(guò)程模型認(rèn)為,這種行為與熟慮系統(tǒng)和沖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的不平衡有關(guān)[1,3-6]。吸煙者在吸煙以及頻繁暴露于尼古丁相關(guān)的提示線索中,會(huì)使自動(dòng)沖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的敏感性增強(qiáng),熟慮系統(tǒng)的敏感性減弱,導(dǎo)致反復(fù)吸煙行為。而且沖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的敏感性增強(qiáng)將使吸煙者表現(xiàn)出對(duì)香煙相關(guān)的或尼古丁相關(guān)的刺激的自動(dòng)趨近傾向[1,7]。成癮研究表明,成癮者在某種渴求物或某種行為面前,常常需要做出“是”或“否”的行為決策[8]。而決策作為一種高級(jí)的認(rèn)知活動(dòng),對(duì)人類的生存和適應(yīng)有重要的意義[8]。預(yù)期效用理論認(rèn)為,呈現(xiàn)獎(jiǎng)賞效應(yīng)時(shí),人們產(chǎn)生正性體驗(yàn),行為激活系統(tǒng)被激活,出現(xiàn)趨向選擇行為;當(dāng)呈現(xiàn)懲罰或損失效應(yīng)時(shí),人們本能的損失厭惡,行為抑制系統(tǒng)被激活,出現(xiàn)抑制和放棄行為[9-12]。那么吸煙者是否會(huì)對(duì)香煙做出沖動(dòng)性的決策趨近行為,而成為香煙依賴的主要原因呢?本文設(shè)計(jì)以香煙、錢(qián)幣為線索的決策任務(wù),觀察吸煙者的決策選擇模式,為進(jìn)一步探討吸煙決策認(rèn)知與某些疾病發(fā)生是否存在相關(guān)關(guān)系提供研究基礎(chǔ)。

1資料與方法

1.1研究對(duì)象

本文采用隨機(jī)抽樣方式對(duì)某社區(qū)中老年男性100例進(jìn)行研究。將受試者分為2組。吸煙組[13]:現(xiàn)在吸煙,每天吸煙3支及以上,時(shí)間≥1年,共52例;對(duì)照組:到實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止,總吸煙量低于5支,共48例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥55周歲;②均為右利手,具有正常的視、聽(tīng)力和語(yǔ)言理解、表達(dá)能力;③能夠配合檢查及完成決策任務(wù);④獲得知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有心、肺、肝、腎、腦等嚴(yán)重疾病;②認(rèn)知功能障礙,簡(jiǎn)易精神評(píng)定量表(MMSE)得分<27分;③有精神疾?。ㄈ缫钟簟⒔箲]、精神分裂癥等)及精神活動(dòng)性物質(zhì)使用史;④有乙醇、藥物濫用史或賭博、網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲等成癮史。本研究得到青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有受試者或其家屬均簽署知情同意書(shū)。

1.2研究方法

1.2.1神經(jīng)心理評(píng)估由經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)的老年醫(yī)學(xué)科醫(yī)師應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)易精神評(píng)定量表(MMSE)對(duì)受試者的認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行快速篩查,MMSE得分<27分視為認(rèn)知功能障礙。

1.2.2吸煙情況評(píng)估包括開(kāi)始吸煙的年齡,吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間,每日吸煙量和尼古丁依賴水平。尼古丁依賴水平應(yīng)用尼古丁依賴檢測(cè)量表(FTND)測(cè)試。

1.2.3決策任務(wù)應(yīng)用E-Prime 2.0軟件編制決策任務(wù)。①任務(wù)一:香煙或錢(qián)幣決策任務(wù),香煙或錢(qián)幣圖片每次一張隨機(jī)呈現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕上,受試者按鍵確定是否選取該圖片。其中,無(wú)論按選取鍵還是放棄鍵,受試者均可在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)連續(xù)按鍵,以顯示其對(duì)物品圖片的偏好以及獲取或規(guī)避的總數(shù)量,按鍵結(jié)束后呈現(xiàn)選取的結(jié)果,包括獲取或放棄的物品種類、總數(shù)量(按鍵總次數(shù)×每次按鍵的香煙或錢(qián)幣數(shù)量)。放棄按鍵無(wú)獎(jiǎng)賞或損失。選取按1鍵,放棄按3鍵。每張圖片重復(fù)呈現(xiàn)15次。電腦自動(dòng)記錄被試者的選擇模式、次數(shù)和選取的結(jié)果。②任務(wù)二:香煙錢(qián)幣決策任務(wù),電腦屏幕上同時(shí)左右隨機(jī)呈現(xiàn)第一個(gè)任務(wù)中看到的香煙和錢(qián)幣圖片,要求受試者在這兩張圖片中選擇一張,選左邊的圖片按1鍵,選右邊的圖片按4鍵。共重復(fù)呈現(xiàn)14次。每次選擇后無(wú)結(jié)果反饋。電腦自動(dòng)記錄受試者的選擇模式。任務(wù)一和任務(wù)二均完成后,根據(jù)其選擇香煙或錢(qián)幣的總數(shù)量,以實(shí)物和錢(qián)幣獎(jiǎng)賞的方式作為被試費(fèi)給受試者。

1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)和百分比表示,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以±s形式表示,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性采用Pearson相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組一般資料比較

吸煙組與對(duì)照組年齡、受教育程度比較差異均無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。吸煙組開(kāi)始吸煙的年齡為(18.461±3.801)歲;吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間30~50年,平均(40.346±5.854)年;每日吸煙量10~40只,平均(18.923±7.366)支,每日吸煙量超過(guò)15支者占76.9%。FTND平均分為(7.038±0.949)分。

2.2兩組行為選擇結(jié)果比較

決策任務(wù)一結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,吸煙組香煙選擇次數(shù)、錢(qián)幣選擇次數(shù)、香煙按鍵總次數(shù)、錢(qián)幣按鍵總次數(shù)均顯著增多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.834~6.517,P<0.05)。決策任務(wù)二結(jié)果顯示,吸煙組和對(duì)照組對(duì)錢(qián)幣的選擇次數(shù)均顯著大于對(duì)香煙的選擇次數(shù)(t=15.484~35.883,P<0.001);與對(duì)照組比較,吸煙組錢(qián)幣選擇次數(shù)和香煙選擇次數(shù)差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2、3。

2.3吸煙組香煙選擇次數(shù)與吸煙情況相關(guān)性

任務(wù)一吸煙組香煙選擇次數(shù)與尼古丁依賴程度(r=0.059,P>0.05)、吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間(r=0.013,P>0.05)、每日吸煙量(r=0.178,P>0.05)之間均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。

任務(wù)二吸煙組香煙選擇次數(shù)與尼古丁依賴程度(r=0.238,P>0.05)、吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間(r=0.028,P>0.05)、每日吸煙量(r=0.125,P>0.05)之間均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。

3討論

吸煙者常具有明知吸煙的危害而仍然保持吸煙行為的特點(diǎn)[8],其原因可能是吸煙者對(duì)香煙線索引發(fā)的再次吸煙的沖動(dòng)控制障礙[14],但吸煙者是否會(huì)在決策過(guò)程中對(duì)香煙相關(guān)線索產(chǎn)生決策偏好進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)趨近或規(guī)避的行為呢?目前這方面的研究報(bào)道較少。本文設(shè)計(jì)香煙、錢(qián)幣為線索的決策任務(wù),觀察了吸煙者的決策選擇模式。本文決策任務(wù)一的結(jié)果顯示,中老年男性吸煙者(吸煙組)比非吸煙者(對(duì)照組)香煙選擇次數(shù)顯著增多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明中老年男性吸煙者對(duì)香煙具有明顯的趨近偏好效用。這與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究結(jié)果一致[1,15-16]。相關(guān)研究用趨近-規(guī)避任務(wù)來(lái)研究吸煙者對(duì)香煙線索選擇的趨近偏好,結(jié)果表明吸煙者對(duì)香煙線索具有自動(dòng)趨近趨勢(shì),且吸煙者表現(xiàn)出沖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的敏感性增強(qiáng)從而使其對(duì)香煙相關(guān)或尼古丁相關(guān)的刺激存在自動(dòng)趨近趨向[1,15,17-18]。吸煙者對(duì)香煙具有明顯的趨近偏好效用可能與大腦邊緣區(qū)以及與行為相關(guān)的腦區(qū)激活增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[19],而這些腦區(qū)的激活增強(qiáng)會(huì)促使吸煙者對(duì)香煙相關(guān)線索存在趨近偏好[6,22-23]。任務(wù)一結(jié)果還表明,吸煙組和對(duì)照組對(duì)于錢(qián)幣都存在趨近偏好效用,且吸煙組對(duì)于錢(qián)幣的趨近偏好要明顯大于對(duì)照組,表明錢(qián)幣作為商品交換的通用流通物始終具有獎(jiǎng)賞作用,故所有受試者均表現(xiàn)出趨近效能[9-11,24]。而吸煙者對(duì)錢(qián)幣趨近效能更明顯,可能與其沖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)過(guò)于激活有關(guān),有研究用愛(ài)荷華賭博任務(wù)研究吸煙者在決策中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尋求,結(jié)果表明吸煙者不能抵抗即刻的獎(jiǎng)賞誘惑,對(duì)即刻的錢(qián)幣獎(jiǎng)賞存在選擇沖動(dòng)[25-27]。

本文決策任務(wù)二研究結(jié)果顯示,吸煙組和對(duì)照組對(duì)錢(qián)幣選擇次數(shù)大于對(duì)香煙的選擇次數(shù),且兩組間對(duì)錢(qián)幣和香煙的選擇次數(shù)差異無(wú)顯著性。這一結(jié)果與BUHLER等[28]的研究結(jié)果不一致。BUHLE等[28]用動(dòng)機(jī)任務(wù)來(lái)研究吸煙者和非吸煙者在預(yù)測(cè)錢(qián)幣和香煙獎(jiǎng)賞時(shí)的行為反應(yīng)以及腦區(qū)激活情況,結(jié)果表明兩組對(duì)于錢(qián)幣的反應(yīng)差異無(wú)顯著性。有研究認(rèn)為吸煙者中腦皮質(zhì)邊緣區(qū)對(duì)于香煙線索的反應(yīng)增強(qiáng),對(duì)于中性線索(例如錢(qián)幣)的反應(yīng)減弱,因此吸煙者表現(xiàn)出對(duì)香煙線索的注意和趨近行為增強(qiáng),對(duì)中性線索的注意和趨近行為減低[28-29]。BAKER等[30]也認(rèn)為吸煙者對(duì)于金錢(qián)獎(jiǎng)賞這一反饋刺激的積極性要弱于非吸煙者。但參與以上研究的吸煙者在進(jìn)行任務(wù)之前都進(jìn)行了一段時(shí)間(24 h或36 h)的戒煙行為,這可能使得吸煙者對(duì)于香煙的渴求增強(qiáng),從而對(duì)于香煙線索的注意和趨近行為也增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[30]。本文受試者實(shí)驗(yàn)前沒(méi)有進(jìn)行戒煙行為,故與上述研究結(jié)果不太一致,其具體機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步研究。本文任務(wù)一與任務(wù)二的結(jié)果顯示,吸煙者對(duì)香煙的趨近偏好與尼古丁依賴程度、吸煙持續(xù)時(shí)間及每日吸煙量無(wú)關(guān),原因可能是本研究所納入的吸煙者絕大多數(shù)(76.9%)每日吸煙量超過(guò)15支,接近于依賴性的最高限度[1],所以對(duì)香煙的趨近偏好與尼古丁依賴程度和每日吸煙量無(wú)關(guān)。本研究觀察到吸煙者對(duì)香煙線索具有偏好決策效應(yīng),間接說(shuō)明了吸煙習(xí)慣行為的心理模式,將對(duì)不良習(xí)慣與疾病方面的進(jìn)一步研究有一定的啟示意義。但本研究納入的研究對(duì)象較少,并且只研究了現(xiàn)在吸煙者和不吸煙者的決策模式,對(duì)于曾經(jīng)吸煙者的決策模式并沒(méi)有探討,未來(lái)可對(duì)此進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。

綜上所述,吸煙者對(duì)香煙線索具有偏好決策效應(yīng),吸煙者的這種偏好效應(yīng)可能是香煙依賴的一個(gè)原因。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))

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