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扶桑綿粉蚧寄主選擇行為及其與寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量的相關(guān)性

2019-09-10 07:22陳紅松黃立飛姜建軍周忠實(shí)王偉蘭孟醒楊朗
關(guān)鍵詞:相關(guān)性

陳紅松 黃立飛 姜建軍 周忠實(shí) 王偉蘭 孟醒 楊朗

摘要:【目的】研究扶桑綿粉蚧的寄主選擇行為及其取食選擇行為與寄主葉片部分生化物質(zhì)含量的相關(guān)性,為預(yù)測(cè)該害蟲(chóng)在廣西的發(fā)生為害趨勢(shì)及綜合防控提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā坎捎米杂蛇x擇法,測(cè)定接蟲(chóng)24、48和72 h后不同蟲(chóng)齡(1、2和3齡若蟲(chóng))或蟲(chóng)態(tài)(雌成蟲(chóng))扶桑綿粉蚧在7種寄主植物(朱槿、棉花、懸鈴花、馬鈴薯、番茄、紅薯和三葉鬼針草)上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量,比較同一時(shí)間不同寄主間蟲(chóng)口百分率的差異;測(cè)定寄主植物葉片生化物質(zhì)(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸)的含量,分析扶桑綿粉蚧寄主選擇行為與生化物質(zhì)含量的相關(guān)性?!窘Y(jié)果】不同蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)扶桑綿粉蚧喜食寄主存在一定差異,1齡若蟲(chóng)3個(gè)時(shí)段(接蟲(chóng)24、48和72 h)在同一寄主上的蟲(chóng)口百分率較接近,其偏好三葉鬼針草、棉花、懸鈴花和馬鈴薯;2齡若蟲(chóng)在同一寄主上的蟲(chóng)口百分率隨接蟲(chóng)時(shí)間而改變,且在不同寄主上的蟲(chóng)口百分率差異顯著(P<0.05,下同),總體上偏好棉花、懸鈴花、三葉鬼針草和番茄;3齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)的喜食寄主基本相同,為棉花、懸鈴花、朱槿和三葉鬼針草。朱槿、棉花和馬鈴薯葉片中可溶性糖含量較高,三葉鬼針草、馬鈴薯和紅薯葉片中可溶性蛋白含量較高,棉花、紅薯和朱槿葉片中單寧酸含量相對(duì)較高。2齡若蟲(chóng)的取食選擇行為與寄主葉片可溶性蛋白含量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與單寧酸含量顯著正相關(guān);雌成蟲(chóng)取食選擇行為與寄主葉片可溶性糖含量顯著正相關(guān);多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡的取食選擇行為與寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(P>0.05)?!窘Y(jié)論】棉花、懸鈴花和三葉鬼針草為扶桑綿粉蚧喜食寄主;不同寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量大多存在顯著差異,扶桑綿粉蚧多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)的寄主選擇行為與寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。

關(guān)鍵詞: 扶桑綿粉蚧;取食選擇;寄主植物;生化物質(zhì);相關(guān)性

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): S436.81? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號(hào):2095-1191(2019)04-0768-07

Abstract:【Objective】In the present study, the feeding preference of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley to different hosts, the correlations between the contents of biochemical substances in host leaves and host selection were studied to provide reference for prediction of the occurrence tendency and comprehensive prevention of the pest in Guangxi. 【Method】The number of the P. solenopsis at different stages or instars(first-instar nymph, second-instar nymph, third-instar nymph and adult female) in seven host plants(Hibiscus rosa-chinensis,Gossypium hirsutum,Malvaviscus arboreus, Solanum tuberosum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Ipomoea batatas and Bidens pilosa) was measured by free choice test after infected 24,48 and 72 h, and the population proportion of P. solenopsis among different hosts at the same time was compared. The contents of biochemical substances(soluble sugar, soluble protein and tannin) in host plants leaves were determined, the further correlations between the host selection of the P. solenopsis and the contents of biochemical substances were analyzed. 【Result】Every different stage or instar of P. solenopsis had their own preferred host. The population proportions of first-instar nymph in the three periods(infected 24, 48 and 72 h) on the same host were close, their preferred hosts were B. pilosa, G. hirsutum, M. arboreus and S. tuberosum. The population proportions of second-instar nymph on the same host varied with infected time, and the population proportions on different hosts were significantly different(P<0.05, the same as below). Overall, the preferred hosts of second-instar nymph were G. hirsutum, B. pilosa, M. arboreus and L. esculentum. Third-instar nymph and adult female shared the similar preferred hosts: G. hirsutum, B. pilosa, H. rosa-chinensis and M. arboreus. The contents of soluble sugar were high in the leaves of H. rosa-chinensis, G. hirsutum and S. tuberosum. The soluble protein contents were high in the leaves of B. pilosa, S. tuberosum and I. batatas. The tannin contents were high in the leaves of G. hirsutum, I. batatas and H. rosa-chinensis. There was a significant negative correlation between the feeding selection behavior of second-instar nymph and the content of soluble protein in host leaves, while tannin content was significantly positively correlative with the feeding selection behavior of second-instar nymph. Feeding selection behavior of adult females was significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content in host leaves, whereas, there was no significant correlation between the feeding selection behavior of most stages and the contents of biochemi-cal substances in the host leaves(P>0.05). 【Conclusion】G. hirsutum,M. arboreus and B. pilosa are the preferred hosts of P. solenopsis. The contents of biochemical substances in leaves among different hosts are significantly different. There are no significant correlations between the host selection of most P. solenopsis instars and the contents of biochemical substances in host leaves.

Key words: Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley; feeding preference; host plant; biological substance; correlation

0 引言

【研究意義】扶桑綿粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley)是一種在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛分布的惡性入侵害蟲(chóng),為我國(guó)入境檢疫對(duì)象(Chen et al.,2015)。該害蟲(chóng)于2008年傳入我國(guó),現(xiàn)已分布至包括廣西在內(nèi)的12個(gè)省、自治區(qū)或直轄市(張潤(rùn)志和王福祥,2010;趙新寧等,2012),目前已成為我國(guó)南方重要的入侵物種(Zhou et al.,2014),嚴(yán)重威脅入侵地農(nóng)作物和園林綠化植物等的生長(zhǎng)。扶桑綿粉蚧以刺吸式口器插入寄主植物韌皮部或葉肉吸取營(yíng)養(yǎng),并注入有毒物質(zhì),導(dǎo)致寄主萎黃、發(fā)育不良、扭曲變形、甚至死亡,排泄蜜露導(dǎo)致寄主發(fā)生煤煙病,降低植物光合作用,嚴(yán)重時(shí)出現(xiàn)火燒癥狀,降低植物產(chǎn)品如水果等的可售性;作為出入境檢疫對(duì)象,被其侵染的貨物需進(jìn)行無(wú)害化處理或徹底銷(xiāo)毀,增加了貿(mào)易風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和成本(Culik et al.,2006;Nagrare et al.,2009,2018)。扶桑綿粉蚧食性較雜,寄主種類(lèi)多,包括57科149屬207種植物,以錦葵科、茄科、菊科和豆科為主(張潤(rùn)志和王福祥,2010),涵蓋觀賞植物、蔬菜、樹(shù)木、果樹(shù)和大田作物等(Nagrare et al.,2018),不同寄主的受害程度不同(Arif et al.,2009)。扶桑綿粉蚧在入侵地對(duì)寄主植物的喜好程度影響其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、繁殖和存活(張潤(rùn)志和王福祥,2010),是其危害嚴(yán)重與否的關(guān)鍵決定因子。入侵地寄主易受感染,是粉蚧暴發(fā)成災(zāi)的主要原因之一(Muniappan et al.,2006; Nakahira and Arakawa,2006; Roltsch et al.,2006; 孫丹萍等,2018)。亞熱帶氣候非常利于扶桑綿粉蚧生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育(Fand and Suroshe,2015),廣西為其高度適生區(qū)(馬駿等,2011),一年可發(fā)生8~10代,遭受?chē)?yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高(Chen et al.,2015)。因此,研究扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)不同寄主的取食喜好及其生理機(jī)制,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)扶桑綿粉蚧的發(fā)生趨勢(shì)及有效防控具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前的研究多集中于扶桑綿粉蚧的寄主范圍(Abbas et al.,2010;曹婧等,2013)及取食不同寄主后的發(fā)育適合度(Dogar et al.,2018; Nagrare et al.,2018),關(guān)于扶桑綿粉蚧取食選擇的信息相對(duì)較少(Shahid et al.,2017)。張妮等(2013)研究了新菠蘿灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes)1齡若蟲(chóng)的寄主選擇行為及其與寄主主要組分的相關(guān)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)新菠蘿灰粉蚧最喜食劍麻(Agave sisalana),該粉蚧寄主選擇行為與寄主單寧酸含量負(fù)相關(guān),與寄主可溶性蛋白含量正相關(guān)。Karar等(2015)報(bào)道了另一種粉蚧——芒果粉蚧(Drosicha mangiferae)的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量密度因芒果品種而異,不同芒果品種化學(xué)物質(zhì)含量各異,芒果粉蚧的取食行為與寄主糖類(lèi)含量密切相關(guān)。馬彩亮等(2016)測(cè)試了扶桑綿粉蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)對(duì)11科24種蔬菜的取食選擇行為,發(fā)現(xiàn)扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)、馬鈴薯(Solanum tuberosum)和芋艿(Colocasia esculenta)具有較強(qiáng)的取食選擇性。Shahid等(2017)測(cè)定了扶桑綿粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)對(duì)25種寄主植物的取食選擇行為,并試圖解析其中的部分生理機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)朱槿(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)和馬齒莧(Trianthema portulacastrum)具有較強(qiáng)的取食選擇,寄主植物所含化學(xué)物質(zhì)影響其對(duì)扶桑綿粉蚧的吸引力,其中氮、總糖和還原性糖含量與吸引力正相關(guān),磷、鈉、鉀的含量與吸引力負(fù)相關(guān)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】廣西氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn),適宜動(dòng)植物生長(zhǎng),植被多樣性較高,存在多種扶桑綿粉蚧的適宜寄主。扶桑綿粉蚧已在廣西成功定殖,并隨朱槿的種植廣泛分布,嚴(yán)重威脅本地農(nóng)作物和園藝植物的生長(zhǎng),但關(guān)于扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)廣西本地寄主的取食選擇及其與寄主體內(nèi)生化物質(zhì)的相關(guān)性尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】選取廣西本地常見(jiàn)的7種寄主植物,調(diào)查不同蟲(chóng)齡的扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)寄主的取食選擇,并分析寄主植物葉片生化物質(zhì)(可溶性總糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸)含量與扶桑綿粉蚧取食喜好的相關(guān)性,為分析該害蟲(chóng)在廣西的發(fā)生為害趨勢(shì)及綜合防控提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗(yàn)材料

1. 1. 1 供試蟲(chóng)源 扶桑綿粉蚧采自南寧市西鄉(xiāng)塘區(qū)街道綠化植物朱槿上,于室外網(wǎng)室以朱槿苗木飼養(yǎng)10代以上種群供試。

1. 1. 2 供試寄主 7種廣西常見(jiàn)植物:錦葵科的朱槿(品種為紅龍)、棉花(常規(guī)棉G08)和懸鈴花(Malvaviscus arboreus),茄科的馬鈴薯和番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)(品種為以色列208),旋花科的紅薯(Ipomoea batatas),菊科的三葉鬼針草(Bidens pilosa)。朱槿和懸鈴花購(gòu)于花卉市場(chǎng),株高30 cm,室外網(wǎng)室培育30 d,正常施肥澆水,不噴施任何農(nóng)藥;棉花、馬鈴薯、番茄和紅薯的種子或種苗購(gòu)自農(nóng)業(yè)科技市場(chǎng);三葉鬼針草種子采集于野外,室外網(wǎng)室培育50 d,正常施肥澆水,不噴施任何農(nóng)藥。

1. 2 試驗(yàn)方法

1. 2. 1 寄主取食選擇性測(cè)定 于2016年6月中旬在廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所進(jìn)行測(cè)定。參考王偉蘭(2014)的方法,挑選健康無(wú)病、蟲(chóng)侵染的7種寄主葉片各1片(連葉柄剪下),葉柄基部用脫脂棉纏繞,脫脂棉吸滿水以保持葉片活力和舒展度,將葉片放入塑料圓盆(直徑60 cm、高10 cm)內(nèi)部邊緣,7張葉片隨機(jī)均勻相間排列成一圈,葉片之間用塑料板隔離以減輕干擾,置于室內(nèi)[溫度(28±2)℃,相對(duì)濕度(70±5)%]。于每盆中央接扶桑綿粉蚧100頭任其自由選擇寄主,盆口用200目紗網(wǎng)籠罩以防試蟲(chóng)逃逸。24、48和72 h后檢查7種寄主葉片上扶桑綿粉蚧的數(shù)量,計(jì)算各種寄主上蟲(chóng)口所占百分率。1、2、3齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)各為一個(gè)處理,每處理5次重復(fù)。

1. 2. 2 可溶性糖含量測(cè)定 采用蒽酮比色法(李合生,2000),用分析純葡萄糖作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。取7種無(wú)病蟲(chóng)健康寄主葉片鮮樣1.00 g,按文獻(xiàn)所述方法水浴提取、消解,處以蒸餾水為對(duì)照,于620 nm測(cè)吸光值(OD)。每種寄主重復(fù)3次(1.2.3和1.2.4同)。

1. 2. 3 可溶性蛋白含量測(cè)定 采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)G-250染色法(李合生,2000),用牛血清蛋白(分析純)繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。取7種無(wú)病蟲(chóng)健康寄主葉片鮮樣0.50 g,按文獻(xiàn)所述方法研磨、離心、提取上清液,以蒸餾水為對(duì)照,于595 nm處測(cè)定OD。

1. 2. 4 單寧酸含量測(cè)定 采用磷鉬酸—磷鎢酸比色法(F-D法)(龐保平等,2006),用單寧酸(分析純)繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。取7種無(wú)病蟲(chóng)健康寄主新鮮葉片1.0 g,按文獻(xiàn)所述方法過(guò)夜浸提、與F-D試劑反應(yīng)、水浴,以蒸餾水為對(duì)照,于760 nm處測(cè)定OD。

1. 3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用OriginPro 2017對(duì)7種不同寄主葉片上扶桑綿粉蚧的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),并以LSD法比較不同處理間平均值的差異程度(P=0.05),用OriginPro 2017 Plot Column制圖。

運(yùn)用OriginPro 2017 Linear Fit對(duì)葡萄糖、牛血清蛋白和單寧酸的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線進(jìn)行擬合,求出回歸方程。將待測(cè)液OD代入回歸方程求出不同寄主葉片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸含量,用OriginPro 2017 Plot Column制圖。同時(shí),采用OriginPro 2017 Pearson Correlation分析扶桑綿粉蚧取食選擇行為與寄主葉片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸含量的相關(guān)性。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)不同寄主的取食選擇性測(cè)定結(jié)果

由圖1-A可知,扶桑綿粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)對(duì)7種寄主的取食喜好差異顯著(P<0.05,下同),接蟲(chóng)24、48和72 h后同一寄主上蟲(chóng)口百分率較接近,無(wú)外界干擾情況下,24 h內(nèi)1齡若蟲(chóng)即可選定寄主并定居,表明1齡若蟲(chóng)一旦選定寄主一般不轉(zhuǎn)移至其他植物上。3個(gè)不同時(shí)段在三葉鬼針草上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量均最多,說(shuō)明三葉鬼針草為1齡若蟲(chóng)最喜食寄主;棉花上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量與三葉鬼針草相近,其次為懸鈴花和馬鈴薯,表明1齡若蟲(chóng)也喜歡取食棉花、懸鈴花和馬鈴薯;紅薯和朱槿上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量較少;番茄上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量最少,僅為6.44%,說(shuō)明番茄為1齡若蟲(chóng)最不喜食寄主。

由圖1-B可知,扶桑綿粉蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)在同一寄主上的蟲(chóng)口百分率隨接蟲(chóng)時(shí)間而改變,且在不同寄主上的蟲(chóng)口百分率差異明顯。其中,接蟲(chóng)24 h后番茄上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量最多,顯著多于其他6種寄主,其次為三葉鬼針草,紅薯和朱槿上的最少;接蟲(chóng)72 h后各寄主上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量變化較大,棉花上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量最多,顯著多于其他寄主,其次為懸鈴花,而番茄從接蟲(chóng)24 h的23.23%降到12.31%。表明2齡若蟲(chóng)對(duì)寄主選擇有個(gè)試探過(guò)程,在無(wú)外界干擾情況下72 h后可選定寄主。

由圖1-C可知,接蟲(chóng)后3個(gè)不同時(shí)段,扶桑綿粉蚧3齡若蟲(chóng)在棉花和懸鈴花上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量均多于其他寄主,表明棉花和懸鈴花為3齡若蟲(chóng)最喜食寄主;朱槿和三葉鬼針草上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量也較多,表明朱槿和三葉鬼針草也是3齡若蟲(chóng)喜食的寄主。3齡若蟲(chóng)在懸鈴花和朱槿上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量逐日遞增,而在番茄和紅薯上逐日遞減,且在紅薯上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量始終最少,表明3齡若蟲(chóng)從番茄和紅薯葉上轉(zhuǎn)移至懸鈴花和朱槿上,番茄和紅薯是3齡若蟲(chóng)最不喜食寄主。

由圖1-D可知,接蟲(chóng)后3個(gè)不同時(shí)段,扶桑綿粉蚧雌成蟲(chóng)的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量在棉花、懸鈴花和三葉鬼針草上較高,且變化較小,說(shuō)明這3種寄主為雌成蟲(chóng)喜食寄主,其中棉花上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量在3個(gè)時(shí)段一直最高,表明棉花為雌成蟲(chóng)最喜食寄主;隨著時(shí)間的推移,朱槿上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量不斷增加,至接蟲(chóng)72 h時(shí)蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量高于其他寄主,說(shuō)明朱槿也是其喜食寄主;在番茄和紅薯上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量在接蟲(chóng)24、48和72 h后均最少,且逐日遞減,至接蟲(chóng)72 h時(shí)分別僅剩3.16%和3.25%,減少的粉蚧大多轉(zhuǎn)移至朱槿上,表明番茄和紅薯是雌成蟲(chóng)最不喜食寄主。

2. 2 不同寄主葉片中生化物質(zhì)含量測(cè)定結(jié)果

由圖2可知,朱槿中可溶性糖的含量最高,且顯著高于其他6種寄主,其次為棉花和馬鈴薯,二者的可溶性糖含量差異不顯著(P>0.05,下同),番茄中的可溶性糖含量最低;三葉鬼針草的可溶性蛋白含量最高,且顯著高于其他6種寄主,其次是馬鈴薯和紅薯,棉花中的可溶性蛋白含量最低;供試7種寄主葉片中單寧酸含量均較低,其中棉花的單寧酸含量最高,為10.97 mg/g,其次為紅薯和朱槿,番茄最低,僅1.80 mg/g。

2. 3 扶桑綿粉蚧取食選擇與寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果

由表1可知,扶桑綿粉蚧1和3齡若蟲(chóng)取食選擇均與寄主葉片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸含量無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性;2齡若蟲(chóng)取食選擇與可溶性糖含量的相關(guān)性不顯著,與可溶性蛋白含量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與單寧酸含量顯著正相關(guān);雌成蟲(chóng)取食選擇與可溶性糖含量顯著正相關(guān),與可溶性蛋白和單寧酸含量的相關(guān)性均不顯著。

3 討論

扶桑綿粉蚧不同蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)的取食選擇行為存在一定差異。1齡若蟲(chóng)可在釋放后快速選定寄主,接蟲(chóng)24、48和72 h后各寄主上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量較接近;三葉鬼針草、棉花、懸鈴花和馬鈴薯為1齡若蟲(chóng)喜食寄主,番茄和朱槿為1齡若蟲(chóng)最不喜食寄主。2齡若蟲(chóng)接蟲(chóng)后,隨時(shí)間推移在大多數(shù)寄主上蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量波動(dòng)明顯,說(shuō)明其對(duì)寄主可能有個(gè)試探過(guò)程,通過(guò)刺探和轉(zhuǎn)移寄主以尋找合適的寄主植物;從接蟲(chóng)72 h后的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量來(lái)看,2齡若蟲(chóng)最喜歡取食棉花,其次為番茄、懸鈴花和三葉鬼針草。接蟲(chóng)后3個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi),3齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)以棉花、懸鈴花、朱槿和三葉鬼針草為喜食寄主,番茄和紅薯上的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量逐日減少,說(shuō)明3齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)均不喜歡取食番茄和紅薯。目前關(guān)于扶桑綿粉蚧取食選擇行為的報(bào)道相對(duì)較少,且局限于某個(gè)特定蟲(chóng)齡。馬彩亮等(2016)報(bào)道扶桑綿粉蚧2齡若蟲(chóng)較嗜好茄科和菊科蔬菜,與本研究結(jié)果一致,但其嗜好旋花科紫薯(Solanum tuberdsm)與本研究在紅薯上的結(jié)果相反,可能是所用品種不同所致。Shahid等(2017)報(bào)道棉花為扶桑綿粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)的喜食寄主,與本研究結(jié)果一致,但其報(bào)道的朱槿為扶桑綿粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)最喜食寄主的結(jié)果與本研究結(jié)果相反,可能是植物氣味物質(zhì)互相干擾,影響了扶桑綿粉蚧1齡若蟲(chóng)的判斷。雖然朱槿并非低齡粉蚧的喜食寄主,但高齡粉蚧對(duì)朱槿的喜食性明顯增加,是3齡若蟲(chóng)和雌成蟲(chóng)的主要喜食寄主之一。朱槿作為南寧市市花在廣西廣泛種植,其作為常綠植物可全年持續(xù)不斷為扶桑綿粉蚧提供食物,是扶桑綿粉蚧傳向其他寄主的穩(wěn)固傳染源(Arif et al.,2009),隨著朱槿的調(diào)運(yùn),扶桑綿粉蚧也四散傳播,這或許是扶桑綿粉蚧成為南方重要入侵害蟲(chóng)的主要原因之一。扶桑綿粉蚧偏好棉花、朱槿和懸鈴花,表明其對(duì)我國(guó)棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)、園藝觀賞植物的潛在威脅巨大,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)這幾種寄主上扶桑綿粉蚧的監(jiān)控。各齡粉蚧喜好三葉鬼針草的特性為扶桑綿粉蚧的防控提供了新思路,或可在扶桑綿粉蚧為害嚴(yán)重地區(qū)種植三葉鬼針草誘集該粉蚧,然后集中銷(xiāo)毀。寄主植物不僅影響昆蟲(chóng)的寄主選擇行為,還決定了昆蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、分布范圍、發(fā)生為害程度,因此在害蟲(chóng)暴發(fā)成災(zāi)中發(fā)揮著重要作用(Umbanhowar and Hastings,2002; 王涌等,2017)。扶桑綿粉蚧在不同寄主上的發(fā)育適合度通常存在差異(Dogar et al.,2018; Nagrare et al.,2018),廣西存在扶桑綿粉蚧的多種寄主,因此選取更多有經(jīng)濟(jì)或觀賞價(jià)值的寄主植物,并研究扶桑綿粉蚧在這些寄主上的發(fā)育適合度,以便更準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)扶桑綿粉蚧在廣西的發(fā)生趨勢(shì)及其對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的潛在危害性。

本研究中,供試寄主葉片中生化物質(zhì)(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸)含量存在顯著差異,但僅2齡若蟲(chóng)的取食選擇行為與可溶性蛋白含量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與單寧酸含量顯著正相關(guān),雌成蟲(chóng)取食選擇與可溶性糖含量顯著正相關(guān),多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡的取食選擇行為與寄主葉片中生化物質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,表明上述相關(guān)性存在一定的隨機(jī)性。供試寄主葉片中生化物質(zhì)含量不影響扶桑綿粉蚧多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡對(duì)測(cè)試寄主的選擇,接蟲(chóng)一段時(shí)間后扶桑綿粉蚧會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移寄主,或許是對(duì)寄主葉片理化性狀不適所引起,是昆蟲(chóng)趨利避害的一種自我保護(hù)行為。張妮等(2013)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新菠蘿灰粉蚧的寄主選擇行為與寄主植物體內(nèi)單寧酸含量負(fù)相關(guān),與可溶性蛋白含量正相關(guān),也許與蛋白質(zhì)為昆蟲(chóng)提供氨基酸等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)(Ahmed,1994)、單寧酸為植物抗蟲(chóng)性物質(zhì)(Ghule et al.,2011)的特性有關(guān)。芒果粉蚧在含糖量高的芒果品種上蟲(chóng)口密度高的現(xiàn)象(Karar et al.,2015),可能與糖為昆蟲(chóng)提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)有關(guān)(Shahid et al.,2017)。Shahid等(2017)報(bào)道扶桑綿粉蚧的寄主選擇行為與寄主葉片中氮、總糖和還原性糖含量正相關(guān),與磷、鈉和鉀含量負(fù)相關(guān),可能是所選用的寄主或試驗(yàn)方法不同所致。寄主選擇性與植物葉片單寧酸含量負(fù)相關(guān),與葉片中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量相關(guān)性不顯著的現(xiàn)象在南美斑潛蠅中也有報(bào)道(韓靖玲等,2005a,2005b; 龐保平等,2006)。但本研究中扶桑綿粉蚧多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡的取食選擇行為與供試寄主植物葉片中生化物質(zhì)含量均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。一般認(rèn)為,植物揮發(fā)物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是植食性昆蟲(chóng)識(shí)別和定位寄主植物的重要信息物質(zhì)(Schiestl,2010; Sollai et al.,2018),植食性昆蟲(chóng)依靠這些揮發(fā)物來(lái)識(shí)別、定位寄主(Schiestl,2010),同時(shí)植物葉片的顏色、結(jié)構(gòu)、理化性質(zhì)等也影響昆蟲(chóng)的取食選擇行為(Finch and Collier,2000; Braccini et al.,2013)。本研究中,供試寄主葉片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和單寧酸含量與扶桑綿粉蚧多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)的寄主選擇行為并無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,因此對(duì)寄主植物揮發(fā)物進(jìn)行定性、定量和生物活性分析,并研究植物與昆蟲(chóng)互作的化學(xué)通訊機(jī)制,對(duì)研發(fā)扶桑綿粉蚧的誘殺劑、預(yù)測(cè)扶桑綿粉蚧對(duì)不同寄主的危害潛能及有效防控具有重要意義。

扶桑綿粉蚧已在廣西成功定殖,危害本地農(nóng)林業(yè)生產(chǎn)。廣西作為東盟國(guó)家貨物進(jìn)入內(nèi)地最重要的窗口,與內(nèi)地的交流日益頻繁,扶桑綿粉蚧通過(guò)朱槿等苗木調(diào)運(yùn)傳播至內(nèi)地并擴(kuò)散蔓延的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。因此,明確扶桑綿粉蚧在廣西的寄主選擇行為,并探明其機(jī)制,對(duì)廣西乃至全國(guó)扶桑綿粉蚧的防控均具有重要意義。

4 結(jié)論

不同蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)扶桑綿粉蚧喜好寄主不同,總體上,棉花、懸鈴花和三葉鬼針草為扶桑綿粉蚧喜食寄主,番茄和紅薯為其最不喜食寄主;不同寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量大多存在顯著差異,扶桑綿粉蚧多數(shù)蟲(chóng)齡或蟲(chóng)態(tài)的取食選擇行為與寄主葉片生化物質(zhì)含量無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。

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(責(zé)任編輯 麻小燕)

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