文蕾
摘要:從品種選擇、整地施肥、灌足冬水、起壟播種、覆膜、放苗、田間管理、病蟲害防治、適時(shí)收獲等方面總結(jié)了臨洮縣胡蘿卜全膜微壟溝栽培技術(shù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:胡蘿卜;微壟溝;全膜;栽培技術(shù);臨洮縣
中圖分類號(hào):S631.2? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:B? ? ?文章編號(hào):1001-1463(2019)08-0063-02
Abstract:BF999, the main cultivar of local oilsunflower, was used as the control. The adaptability, high yield and the correlation between main agronomic characters and yield of 18 oil sunflower cultivars in Dingxi Anding district of Dingxi City were studied. The results showed that the the growth period of testing cultivars from 113 to 123 days,, difference is not big, in the local can fully mature;All cultivars are medium or high of plant height,? medium type disc diameter, stem diameter, leaf number, hundred grain weight and disc seeds weight are medium type. The average yield of Syn0011, Syn0002 and Syn0004 was outstanding, which was 24.6%, 22.01% and 15.23% higher than that of CK BF999, respectively. They were suitable for planting in the drought and cold regions of Dingxi. In addition, from the correlation analysis between the six main agronomic traits and yield, we can see that the grain weight and stem diameter per disc are significantly positively correlated with yield, and the disk diameter is significantly positively correlated with yield, indicating that the heavier the grain weight per disc, the thicker the stem diameter, the bigger the disk diameter, the higher the yield. Single disc grain weight, stem diameter and disc diameter can be used as field investigation indexes for high yield breeding of oil sunflower. In the selection of high-yielding cultivars, attention should be paid to the selection of single disc grain weight, stem diameter and disc diameter.
Key words:Drought and cold regions;Oil sunflower;Yield;Agronomic characters
胡蘿卜是雙子葉植物傘形科胡蘿卜屬的二年生植物[1 ],直根中富含蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉以及胡蘿卜素和鈣鐵等人體所需的多種營養(yǎng)元素,素有“小人參”的稱號(hào)[2 - 3 ]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長期食用可降低血液中膽固醇的含量,還能有效預(yù)防心腦血管疾病和腫瘤[4 - 5 ],是營養(yǎng)豐富的蔬菜。臨洮縣胡蘿卜種植歷史悠久,2017年胡蘿卜種植積3 000 hm2,總產(chǎn)量l8萬kg,總產(chǎn)值超過2.25億元,目前已成為全縣“四大品牌蔬菜”之一,目前,臨洮縣胡蘿卜種植主要集中在新添、辛店、太石3鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。我們根據(jù)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐,總結(jié)出胡蘿卜全膜微壟溝種植技術(shù),具有單位效益好、操作簡(jiǎn)單易行的特點(diǎn)。
1? ?品種選擇
選用對(duì)春化要求不嚴(yán)格、耐抽薹、耐熱性較強(qiáng)且中早熟胡蘿卜斯卡娜、早熟北海道七寸紅、四季紅、日本新黑田五寸人參等品種。
2? ?整地施肥
胡蘿卜直根入土深,適宜在土壤空隙度高、pH 5~8的土壤中生長。地塊選擇以壤土、砂壤土為宜,忌選通透性較差的粘土。
胡蘿卜種子小,發(fā)芽困難,幼苗生長緩慢。前茬作物收獲后及時(shí)滅茬,深耕翻土,做到無大土塊,表土疏松,地面平整?;室允┯棉r(nóng)家肥為主,一般結(jié)合整地施優(yōu)質(zhì)腐熟農(nóng)家肥45 000 kg/hm2、尿素150~225 kg/hm2、磷酸二銨225~300 kg/hm2、硫酸鉀150 kg/hm2。
3? ?灌足冬水
為保證春季播種土壤濕度較高,一般于立冬前后進(jìn)行冬灌為宜。灌溉時(shí)要小水慢灌,保證灌水均勻且充足。
4? ?起壟播種
“立春”前后,土壤解凍10 cm左右時(shí),用行距15 cm的3行或5行小尖鋤開8 cm左右小溝,形成微壟溝。在溝內(nèi)按照株距13~15 cm,精量均勻擺放胡蘿卜種子1粒,用手指壓實(shí),并覆蓋細(xì)土1 cm左右。播后用33%二甲戊靈乳油1 500~2 250 mL/hm2兌水225~300 kg對(duì)表土進(jìn)行噴霧,以防除苗期雜草。
5? ?覆膜
起壟播種后用1.5 m或3.0 m地膜全地面覆蓋,膜間不留空隙。對(duì)地面平整度較差地塊按照地膜走向劃成小畦,以便后期灌溉。
6? ?放苗
當(dāng)胡蘿卜幼苗頂?shù)侥っ鏁r(shí),選擇無風(fēng)晴天用竹簽破膜后鉤取頂葉露出膜面完成放苗。
7? ?田間管理
7.1? ?及時(shí)除草
對(duì)部分未殺除的雜草及時(shí)盡早拔除,避免雜草生長過旺,與胡蘿卜爭(zhēng)水爭(zhēng)肥。
7.2? ?及時(shí)灌水
為保證胡蘿卜優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn),應(yīng)在胡蘿卜放苗后10~20 d視土壤水分情況進(jìn)行灌溉,土壤濕度保持在25%~40%為宜。4月上旬灌催苗水;4月中下旬胡蘿卜進(jìn)入旺盛生長期,應(yīng)適當(dāng)控制水分蹲苗,以促進(jìn)地上、地下部均衡生長;4月下旬至5月上旬,胡蘿卜進(jìn)入肉質(zhì)根肥大期時(shí)及時(shí)澆水,保持土壤濕潤。結(jié)合澆水沖施50%辛硫磷乳油1 500 mL/hm2,以防治蠐螬等地下害蟲。收獲前7 d進(jìn)行最后1次灌水。灌水時(shí)應(yīng)避開高溫天氣,以防裂根,造成根腐病的發(fā)生和流行。
8? ?病蟲害防治
黑斑病和黑腐病發(fā)病初期用75%百菌清可濕性粉劑600倍液,或50%速克靈可濕性粉劑1 500~2 000倍液,或50%撲海因可濕性粉劑1 000~1 500倍液噴霧防治,每隔7~10 d噴1次,連續(xù)防治2~3次,采收前15 d停止用藥。
蠐螬等地下害蟲,用50%辛硫磷乳油? ?2 500~3 000倍液,或48%樂斯本乳油2 000倍液隨澆水灌根[6 ]。蚜蟲用5%蟲螨克乳油? ? ? 1 500倍液,或10%吡蟲啉可濕性粉劑1 500倍液噴霧防治。
9? ?適時(shí)收獲
6月下旬至7月上旬,當(dāng)胡蘿卜肉質(zhì)根充分膨大,葉片不再生長,下部葉片變黃時(shí)即可收獲。收獲時(shí)清除泥塊,包裝出售。
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(本文責(zé)編:陳? ? 偉)