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神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞與嗅鞘細(xì)胞聯(lián)合移植對(duì)PD大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)及非運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的影響

2019-09-10 15:56周囡囡王友翠黃玉菊謝俊霞
關(guān)鍵詞:帕金森病

周囡囡 王友翠 黃玉菊 謝俊霞

[摘要]?目的?探討神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(NSCs)與嗅鞘細(xì)胞(OECs)聯(lián)合移植對(duì)帕金森?。≒D)大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)行為及非運(yùn)動(dòng)行為的影響。

方法取孕11~12 d胎鼠中腦組織培養(yǎng)NSCs并鑒定,取出生1~3 d乳鼠嗅球培養(yǎng)OECs并鑒定。采用內(nèi)側(cè)前腦束與黑質(zhì)注射6-羥多巴胺(6-OHDA)的方法制備PD大鼠模型。將大鼠隨機(jī)分為Sham組(生理鹽水代替6-OHDA)、PD對(duì)照組、NSCs移植組、OECs移植組、NSCs與OECs聯(lián)合移植組。移植1周后各組進(jìn)行阿撲嗎啡誘導(dǎo)的旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)和曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

結(jié)果與PD對(duì)照組相比,聯(lián)合移植組旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)中旋轉(zhuǎn)圈速更低(F=23.48,q=3.90,P<0.05),曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中運(yùn)動(dòng)距離更長(zhǎng)(F=4.59,q=4.16,P<0.05),曠場(chǎng)中心區(qū)域活動(dòng)時(shí)間和周?chē)鷧^(qū)域活動(dòng)時(shí)間比值也更低(F=3.72,q=4.65,P<0.05);NSCs和OECs單獨(dú)移植組上述指標(biāo)與PD對(duì)照組相比差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

結(jié)論胚胎中腦組織來(lái)源的NSCs與OECs聯(lián)合移植可以改善PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)及非運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。

[關(guān)鍵詞]?帕金森病;神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞;嗅鞘細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞移植;大鼠

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]?R338.2;R742.5

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A

[文章編號(hào)]??2096-5532(2019)01-0017-05

EFFECT OF COMBINED TRANSPLANTATION OF NEURAL STEM CELLS AND OLFACTORY ENSHEATHING CELLS ON MOTOR AND NON-MOTOR BEHAVIORS IN RATS WITH PARKINSONS DISEASE

ZHOU Nannan, WANG Youcui, HUANG Yuju, XIE Junxia

(Department of Physiology, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266071, China)

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of combined transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on motor and non-motor behaviors in rats with Parkinsons disease (PD).

MethodsNSCs were collec-ted from the mid-brain tissue of fetal rats aged 11-12 d and were then cultured and identified. OECs were collected from the olfactory bulbs of neonatal rats aged 1-3 d and were then cultured and identified. A rat model of PD was established by injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle and the substantia nigra. The rats were randomly divided into Sham group (6-OHDA was replaced by normal saline), PD control group, NSCs transplantation group, OECs transplantation group, and NSCs-OECs combined with transplantation group. At one week after transplantation, the apomorphine-induced rotation test and the open field test were performed for each group.

ResultsCompared with the PD control group, the NSCs-OECs combined with transplantation group had a significantly lower rotational speed in the rotation test (F=23.48,q=3.90,P<0.05), a significantly longer movement distance in the open field test (F=4.59,q=4.16,P<0.05), and a significantly lower ratio of the activity time in the central area to the activity time in the surrounding area (F=3.72,q=4.65,P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the above indices between the NSCs transplantation group/OECs transplantation group and the PD control group (P>0.05).

ConclusionCombined transplantation of NSCs derived from the embryonic mid-brain tissue and OECs can improve the motor and non-motor beha-viors of PD rats.

[KEY WORDS]Parkinson disease; neural stem cells; olfactory ensheathing cells; cell transplantation; rats

帕金森病(PD)現(xiàn)已成為僅次于阿爾茲海默病的第二大神經(jīng)退行性疾病[1]。近年來(lái),我國(guó)PD病人數(shù)量隨著人口老齡化的加劇而急劇上升,但目前該病仍無(wú)有效治療方法。近30年來(lái),干細(xì)胞研究所取得的成就為PD治療帶來(lái)了新的希望[2]。PD主要的病理學(xué)特征是中腦黑質(zhì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元(DNs)的漸進(jìn)性丟失,導(dǎo)致紋狀體內(nèi)多巴胺(DA)消耗殆盡[3]。理論上,通過(guò)向受損區(qū)域補(bǔ)充DNs就有可能恢復(fù)或重建原有的功能。近年來(lái),研究人員在使用神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(NSCs)移植治療PD方面進(jìn)行了大量

的研究[4]。最近的研究結(jié)果表明,人胚胎干細(xì)胞來(lái)源的NSCs移植到PD大鼠的紋狀體后能夠分化成具有功能的DNs[5],而人孤雌干細(xì)胞來(lái)源的NSCs移植治療PD病人也具有良好的組織相容性和低致瘤性[6]。但受損的黑質(zhì)和紋狀體系統(tǒng)缺乏DNs存活和發(fā)育所需的微環(huán)境,如神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(NTFs)匱乏[7],DNs變性死亡導(dǎo)致小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞大量活化并產(chǎn)生大量炎癥因子,導(dǎo)致NSCs存活率低,且不利于NSCs向DNs方向分化[8-9]。因此,優(yōu)化NSCs移植條件,為NSCs提供良好的局部微環(huán)境,具有非常重要的意義。嗅鞘細(xì)胞(OECs)是一種介于施旺細(xì)胞與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間的特殊類(lèi)型的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[10],可分泌多種促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元發(fā)育和存活的NTFs,還可分泌多種細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白[11]。有研究證實(shí),OECs與胚胎中腦組織聯(lián)合移植8周后能明顯改善6-羥多巴胺(6-OHDA)誘導(dǎo)的PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能[12]。然而,短時(shí)間內(nèi)NSCs與OECs聯(lián)合移植是否對(duì)PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)及非運(yùn)動(dòng)行為產(chǎn)生影響鮮有報(bào)道,本研究對(duì)此進(jìn)行了探討。

1?材料與方法

1.1?實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

SPF級(jí)成年雄性Wistar大鼠70只,體質(zhì)量為(250±10)g,由濟(jì)南朋悅實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育有限公司提供。孕鼠和出生1~3 d乳鼠由青島大任富城公司提供。將成年雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為Sham組(A組)、PD對(duì)照組(B組)、NSCs移植組(C組)、OECs移植組(D組)和NSCs與OECs聯(lián)合移植組(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)聯(lián)合移植組,E組)。

1.2?藥物和試劑

鹽酸阿撲嗎啡(APO)、6-OHDA(Sigma公司),DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液、DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液(Hyclone公司),青鏈霉素混合液(Solarbio公司),表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(EGF)、堿性成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)、胎牛血清和B-27supplement(Gibco公司),小鼠源Nestin單克隆抗體(Millipore公司),即用型山羊血清(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司),兔源P75NTR單克隆抗體(Abcam公司),兔抗鼠IgG熒光二抗(Invitrogen公司),驢抗兔IgG熒光二抗(Life technologies公司),4,6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)細(xì)胞核染色液(碧云天公司)。

1.3?NSCs的培養(yǎng)與鑒定

取孕11~12 d大鼠胚胎中腦組織,剔除表面的腦膜,吹打均勻,用200目篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾離心后進(jìn)行無(wú)菌培養(yǎng),用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.02 B-27supplement、10 g/L青鏈霉素混合液、20 μg/L EGF、10 μg/L bFGF的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)液進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。NSCs培養(yǎng)5~7 d時(shí)進(jìn)行傳代,傳至第3代時(shí)用于鑒定和移植。NSCs經(jīng)40 g/L多聚甲醛固定10 min,即用型山羊血清封閉,加入小鼠源Nestin單克隆抗體(1∶200),4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜;洗脫后加兔抗小鼠IgG熒光二抗(1∶500)室溫下孵育2 h,加入DAPI室溫下染色細(xì)胞核5 min后洗脫并封片拍照。

1.4?OECs的培養(yǎng)與鑒定

取出生1~3 d乳鼠嗅球,剔除表面的腦膜,吹打均勻,加入2.5 g/L胰酶37 ℃消化10~15 min,用200目篩網(wǎng)過(guò)濾離心后進(jìn)行無(wú)菌培養(yǎng),再用含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10胎牛血清、10 g/L 青鏈霉素混合液的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。采用Nash差速貼壁法[13]純化OECs。OECs培養(yǎng)4~5 d時(shí)進(jìn)行換液。將OECs接種于多聚賴(lài)氨酸包被的玻片上,4~5 d進(jìn)行全量換液。培養(yǎng)10 d左右的OECs用兔源P75NTR單克隆抗體(1∶50)行免疫鑒定(同NSCs)。

1.5?PD大鼠模型的制備

在右側(cè)內(nèi)側(cè)前腦束和黑質(zhì)兩點(diǎn)注射6-OHDA制備PD大鼠模型。參照以往的文獻(xiàn)[14],采用大鼠腦立體定位圖譜進(jìn)行定位,并注射3.6 g/L的6-OHDA。注射藥液體積和坐標(biāo)如下:A點(diǎn)3 μL(前囟后-4.4 mm,旁開(kāi)-1.2 mm,深度-7.8 mm);B點(diǎn)2.5 μL(前囟后-4.0 mm,旁開(kāi)-0.8 mm,深度-8.0 mm)[15]。Sham組則以等體積的生理鹽水代替。在6-OHDA造模手術(shù)后28 d,對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行APO(0.1 mg/kg)頸部皮下注射,連續(xù)檢測(cè)30 min大鼠由損毀側(cè)向健康側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)總?cè)?shù)[16],并計(jì)算旋轉(zhuǎn)速度,若旋轉(zhuǎn)速度>7 r/min,則證明PD模型構(gòu)建成功。

1.6?細(xì)胞移植

在6-OHDA造模手術(shù)后28 d,選擇PD模型大鼠進(jìn)行細(xì)胞移植,移植坐標(biāo)為前囟后+0.5 mm、旁開(kāi)-2.0 mm、深度-5.0 mm。細(xì)胞移植各組在上述坐標(biāo)注入新鮮制備的細(xì)胞密度為2.5×1011/L的細(xì)胞懸液2 μL。PD對(duì)照組用2 μL的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液替代細(xì)胞懸液。聯(lián)合移植組NSCs與OECs的細(xì)胞數(shù)之比為1∶1。

1.7?旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)

細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后7 d,對(duì)大鼠進(jìn)行APO(0.1 mg/kg)頸部皮下注射,連續(xù)檢測(cè)30 min大鼠由損毀側(cè)向健康側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)總?cè)?shù),并計(jì)算旋轉(zhuǎn)速度。

1.8?曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)

細(xì)胞移植術(shù)后7 d,將待測(cè)大鼠輕輕放置在曠場(chǎng)中心區(qū)域,通過(guò)視頻捕獲分析系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)記錄大鼠自主活動(dòng)10 min。采用Ethvision XT軟件自動(dòng)獲取每只大鼠在曠場(chǎng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)距離及在中心區(qū)域活動(dòng)時(shí)間(Pt)和周?chē)鷧^(qū)域活動(dòng)時(shí)間(Ct)[17]。以大鼠在曠場(chǎng)中的運(yùn)動(dòng)距離反映其運(yùn)動(dòng)行為能力;以Pt/Ct反映大鼠的焦慮程度,比值越高說(shuō)明焦慮程度越高,反之則越低[18]。

1.9?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

應(yīng)用SPSS和GraphPad Prism軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以[AKx-D]±s形式表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA檢驗(yàn)),以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2?結(jié)??果

2.1?NSCs與OECs的鑒定

培養(yǎng)至第3代的NSCs的免疫熒光染色顯示,細(xì)胞球內(nèi)的NSCs呈Nestin陽(yáng)性,說(shuō)明培養(yǎng)后細(xì)胞球能保持NSCs的增殖特性。OECs的免疫熒光染色顯示,生物標(biāo)記物P75NTR呈陽(yáng)性,說(shuō)明貼壁的絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞為OECs。

2.2?行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

旋轉(zhuǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與Sham組相比,其余4組大鼠的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度均明顯增加(F=23.48,q=6.81~12.81,P<0.01);與PD組相比,聯(lián)合移植組的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度明顯降低(q=3.90,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

曠場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與Sham組相比,PD對(duì)照組和OECs移植組的曠場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離較短(F=4.59,q=5.03、4.20,P<0.05);與PD對(duì)照組相比,NSCs移植組和OECs移植組的曠場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離雖有升高,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而聯(lián)合移植組的曠場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離明顯增加(q=4.16,P<0.05);聯(lián)合移植組的曠場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)距離與兩個(gè)單獨(dú)移植組相比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。PD對(duì)照組的Pt/Ct較Sham組明顯增高(F=3.72,q=4.75,P<0.05),OECs移植組和聯(lián)合移植組的Pt/Ct較PD對(duì)照組明顯降低(q=4.73、4.65,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。

3?討??論

當(dāng)改善病人的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,這拉開(kāi)了細(xì)胞替代治療PD的序幕。但目前也有研究顯示,NSCs移植治療PD還存在很多問(wèn)題,如細(xì)胞存活率低[20],這與移植宿主的局部微環(huán)境息息相關(guān)[21],而受損的黑質(zhì)紋狀體系統(tǒng)顯然不利于NSCs的存活、增殖與分化[22]。研究表明,OECs能分泌大量的NTFs和細(xì)胞因子,可改善局部微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)NSCs向DNs方向分化,并為殘存的神經(jīng)元提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持[23]。這為NSCs分化為更多的DNs以替代退行性病變丟失的神經(jīng)元和恢復(fù)神經(jīng)功能奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

JOHANSSON等[12]將胚胎VM與OECs聯(lián)合移植入PD大鼠,2、3、7、8周后,與對(duì)照組相比,單獨(dú)VM或OECs移植組與二者聯(lián)合移植組的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能均有明顯改善,但與單獨(dú)OECs或VM移植組相比較,聯(lián)合移植組的改善效果更好,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而兩個(gè)單獨(dú)移植組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。本研究結(jié)果顯示,NSCs與OECs聯(lián)合移植1周后,PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能明顯改善,與PD對(duì)照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;聯(lián)合移植組與單獨(dú)移植組相比以及單獨(dú)移植組與PD對(duì)照組相比較雖有改善,但差異卻無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。推測(cè)聯(lián)合移植組之所以能夠改善PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,可能是由于OECs分泌的NTFs和各種細(xì)胞因子改善了NSCs所處的局部微環(huán)境,提高了移植后NSCs存活率和分化成DNs的能力;而單獨(dú)移植后的NSCs存活率較低,NSCs分化成DNs的數(shù)量較少,且OECs分泌各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子來(lái)發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用與促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的成熟均需要時(shí)間,致使NSCs與OECs單獨(dú)移植1周不能顯著改善PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能。另有研究表明,單獨(dú)OECs移植24周后PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能沒(méi)有改善,這也許是由于隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),OECs的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用逐漸喪失;但OECs與NSCs聯(lián)合移植確實(shí)比NSCs單獨(dú)移植更能改善PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[24],這可能是由于OECs保護(hù)更多的NSCs存活下來(lái),并促進(jìn)其分化成具有功能的DNs,

故而產(chǎn)生更好且穩(wěn)定地促進(jìn)PD大鼠運(yùn)動(dòng)功能改善的作用。由此可見(jiàn),OECs體內(nèi)移植時(shí),其神經(jīng)保護(hù)功能在初期發(fā)揮巨大作用,但保持穩(wěn)定而持久的改善作用還需NSCs分化的DNs替代退行性病變丟失的神經(jīng)元,故OECs與NSCs聯(lián)合移植治療PD是一種具有很大開(kāi)發(fā)潛力的方法。

既往研究多關(guān)注NSCs移植促進(jìn)PD模型動(dòng)物運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的改善,而鮮少關(guān)注對(duì)非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的影響。本研究結(jié)果表明,OECs與NSCs聯(lián)合移植1周后,PD大鼠的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀明顯改善,即二者聯(lián)合移植可以緩解PD大鼠的焦慮癥狀;單獨(dú)移植OECs也可顯著降低PD大鼠的焦慮程度。推測(cè)OECs移植組或聯(lián)合移植組之所以能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)改善PD大鼠的焦慮程度,可能均得益于OECs的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,故單獨(dú)移植NSCs組沒(méi)有明顯的改善效果。

馮蕾等[25]的研究結(jié)果表明,將OECs條件培養(yǎng)基用于培養(yǎng)6-OHDA損傷的PC12細(xì)胞,可顯著提高PC12細(xì)胞BCL2/Bax的表達(dá)比率,從而降低6-OHDA對(duì)PC12的損傷。體內(nèi)研究顯示,OECs與NSCs聯(lián)合移植治療創(chuàng)傷性腦外傷模型大鼠時(shí)可抑制炎癥因子腫瘤壞死因子α和白細(xì)胞介素6的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)TBI大鼠神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)[26]。然而目前OECs與NSCs聯(lián)合移植促進(jìn)PD動(dòng)物模型運(yùn)動(dòng)功能改善的作用機(jī)制還不清楚,需進(jìn)一步探究。

綜上所述,NSCs和OECs兩種細(xì)胞聯(lián)合移植能夠在短期內(nèi)改善PD大鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng)功能與焦慮癥狀,為細(xì)胞治療PD提供了新的實(shí)驗(yàn)支持,但相關(guān)機(jī)制還不清楚,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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