谷雨 王皓田 苗悅 王曉雯 孫佳文 陳文芳
[摘要]?目的?探討淫羊藿總黃酮(HEP)對脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)的作用。
方法?常規(guī)培養(yǎng)BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,將其分為對照組、LPS組、20 mg/L HEP+LPS組、40 mg/L HEP+LPS組、60 mg/L HEP+LPS組,后3組先用相應(yīng)濃度HEP預(yù)保護(hù)1 h,再給予1 mg/L的LPS處理細(xì)胞6 h。采用四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)法檢測各組細(xì)胞活力,實(shí)時(shí)反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)檢測白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA的表達(dá)。
結(jié)果1 mg/L的LPS和20、40、60 mg/L的HEP對BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活力沒有影響(F=0.59,P>0.05)。LPS可明顯上調(diào)BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥因子IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)水平(F=28.94、53.28,q=5.908、20.930,P<0.01);與LPS組相比,20、40、60 mg/L的HEP預(yù)處理均能明顯抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)(q=5.097~7.669,P<0.01)。
結(jié)論HEP可明顯抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞IL-1β 和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá),提示其可能具有抗炎作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]?淫羊藿;黃酮類;小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞;脂多糖類;炎癥
[中圖分類號]?Q426;R592;R364.5
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]?A
[文章編號]??2096-5532(2019)01-0006-04
EFFECT OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS OF HERBA EPIMEDII AGAINST LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN BV2 MICROGLIAL CELLS
GU Yu, WANG Haotian, MIAO Yue, Wang Xiaowen, SUN Jiawen, CHEN Wenfang
(Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Herba Epimedii (HEP) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in BV2 microglial cells.
MethodsBV2 microglial cells were cultured using conventional methods and then divided into control group, LPS group, 20 mg/L HEP+LPS group, 40 mg/L HEP+LPS group, and 60 mg/L HEP+LPS group. The cells in the latter three groups were pretreated with HEP for 1 hour and then treated with 1 mg/L LPS for 6 hours. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability, and real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). ResultsLPS at a concentration of 1 mg/L and HEP at concentrations of 20,40, and 60 mg/L had no influence on the viability of BV2 microglial cells (F=0.59,P>0.05). LPS significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α in BV2 microglial cells (F=28.94 and 53.28,q=5.908 and 20.930,P<0.01). Compared with the LPS group, the 20,40, and 60 mg/L HEP+LPS groups had significant reductions in the mRNA expression of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by LPS (q=5.097-7.669,P<0.01).
ConclusionHEP can significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by LPS in BV2 microglial cells, suggesting that HEP may have an anti-inflammatory effect.
[KEY WORDS]Epimedium Brevicornum; flavones; microglia; lipopolysaccharides; inflammation
越來越多的臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明,慢性炎癥與神經(jīng)退行性疾病如帕金森病和老年癡呆等的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)[1-4]。在各種致炎因子的作用下,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞過度激活,釋放腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)等炎性因子,這些炎性因子可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元的損傷[5]。因此,有效抑制小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),將為神經(jīng)退行性疾病的治療提供有益思路。淫羊藿作為一種傳統(tǒng)中藥[6],400多年前已被廣泛應(yīng)用于多種配方中,被認(rèn)為能夠“滋腎臟,強(qiáng)壯陽”[7]。淫羊藿總黃酮(HEP)是淫羊藿的主要活性成分,具有明顯的抗衰老、抗炎、抗骨質(zhì)疏松[8]、改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[9]等作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室在前期工作中,從淫羊藿總提取物中分離獲得了HEP,并分離鑒定了21種黃酮類化合物,指認(rèn)了HEP活性餾分中的主要色譜峰[10]。應(yīng)用帕金森病小鼠模型和離體細(xì)胞模型研究結(jié)果均證實(shí)HEP能夠?qū)股窠?jīng)毒素1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氫吡啶(MPTP)對多巴胺(DA)能神經(jīng)元的損傷[11]。有研究表明,HEP能夠通過抑制MAPK/NF-κB信號通路,減輕自然衰老大鼠腦組織的炎癥反應(yīng)[12]。但HEP對小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)的作用尚未見報(bào)道。本研究應(yīng)用脂多糖(LPS)制備BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥模型,
旨在探討HEP能否對抗LPS誘導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng),以期為神經(jīng)退行性疾病的治療提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1?材料與方法
1.1?主要試劑及其來源
HEP購于上海同田生物公司;DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基購自美國Hyclone公司;LPS由Sigma公司提供;四甲基偶氮唑藍(lán)(MTT)由Duchefa公司提供;PCR逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購自Roche公司;SYBR Green購自美國Takara公司。
1.2?細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.10 CellMax胎牛血清、100 kU/L青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素混合雙抗的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基中,在37 ℃、體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2條件下培養(yǎng)。
1.3?MTT法檢測藥物對細(xì)胞活力的影響
將BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞接種于96孔板中,每孔細(xì)胞數(shù)為8×103個(gè)。當(dāng)細(xì)胞均勻貼壁生長時(shí),用HEP處理細(xì)胞24 h后去除培養(yǎng)液,加入5 g/L的MTT溶液,置于37 ℃、含體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h,每孔加入二甲基亞砜(DMSO)溶液100 μL,震蕩混勻后用酶標(biāo)儀檢測波長490 nm處的吸光度(A)值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞存活率[13]。
1.4實(shí)時(shí)反轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-PCR)檢測IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)
將傳代細(xì)胞接種于12孔板中,分為對照組(A組)、LPS組(B組)、20 mg/L HEP+LPS組(C組)、40 mg/L HEP+LPS組(D組)和60 mg/L HEP+LPS組(E組)。后3組細(xì)胞先用相應(yīng)濃度HEP預(yù)保護(hù)1 h,再給予1 mg/L的LPS處理細(xì)胞6 h。采用Trizol法冰上裂解各組細(xì)胞10~20 min,小心從細(xì)胞中提取總RNA,取2 μg總RNA加入1 μL錨定的寡聚(dT)18引物,用RNA free water補(bǔ)至13 μL,55 ℃變性10 min;隨后向上述反應(yīng)物中加入7 μL的反應(yīng)體系(內(nèi)含逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶0.5 μL、RNase抑制劑0.5 μL、緩沖液4.0 μL以及dNTP 2.0 μL),55 ℃作用30 min,繼以85 ℃作用5 min逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA[14]。采用SYBR Green染料法相對定量檢測IL-1β、TNF-α和GAPDH mRNA表達(dá)。RT-PCR 檢測所用引物及其序列見表1。應(yīng)用2-△△CT法計(jì)算目的基因相對表達(dá)量。
1.5?統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)所得計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以[AKx-D]±s形式表示,應(yīng)用GraphPad Prism 5.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),并繼以Tukey法進(jìn)行兩兩比較。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2?結(jié)??果
2.1LPS和不同濃度HEP對BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活力的影響
用LPS(1 mg/L)和不同濃度的HEP(20、40、60 mg/L)分別處理細(xì)胞24 h,4組細(xì)胞存活率分別為0.989±0.058、1.053±0.108、1.006±0.136和1.094±0.184,與對照組(1.000±0.110)相比差異無顯著性(F=0.59,P>0.05)。表明1 mg/L的LPS和20、40、60 mg/L的HEP對BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活力沒有明顯影響,本研究選用的藥物濃度對細(xì)胞沒有毒性。
2.2HEP對LPS誘導(dǎo)的BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞IL-1β 和TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)的作用
與對照組相比,LPS處理BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞6 h,可使炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)分別升高11.49和5.73倍(F=28.94、53.28,q=16.520、20.550,P<0.01)。應(yīng)用20、40、60 mg/L的HEP預(yù)處理均能明顯抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá),與LPS組相比,IL-1β mRNA表達(dá)分別下降了29%、31%和41%(q=5.278~5.629,P<0.01),TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)分別下降了17%、20%和39%(q=5.097~7.669,P<0.01)。見表2。
3?討??論
HEP作為淫羊藿的主要活性成分,具有多種藥理作用。大量研究表明,HEP具有抗骨質(zhì)疏松和神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,能夠促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞的生成,明顯對抗MPTP誘導(dǎo)的帕金森病模型小鼠黑質(zhì)紋狀體系統(tǒng)DA能神經(jīng)元的損傷[15-20];HEP可通過直接增加免疫細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,促進(jìn)免疫細(xì)胞分泌淋巴因子,從而提高免疫力[21];HEP及其主要活性成分淫羊藿苷預(yù)保護(hù),可以通過AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB信號通路,減輕自然衰老大鼠睪丸組織炎癥反應(yīng)[22]。此外,有研究表明,HEP能通過下調(diào)促炎細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)以及上調(diào)抗炎因子表達(dá)干預(yù)老年大鼠海馬炎性衰老[23]。近年來炎癥反應(yīng)在神經(jīng)退行性疾病發(fā)病過程中的作用越來越受到人們的重視。尸檢結(jié)果表明,帕金森病病人的黑質(zhì)含有大量的反應(yīng)性小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,過度激活的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致了DA能神經(jīng)元的損傷和丟失。因此,阻止炎性因子的產(chǎn)生、抑制炎癥反應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是治療中樞炎癥反應(yīng)性疾病的一條有效途徑。
LPS為革蘭陰性菌細(xì)胞壁的組成成分,被廣泛用于炎癥反應(yīng)的誘導(dǎo)[24]。本研究應(yīng)用LPS制備了BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞系炎癥模型,通過檢測炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的水平,探討了不同濃度HEP對炎性反應(yīng)中小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化的抑制作用。IL-1β是由活化的巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一種細(xì)胞因子,可作用于白細(xì)胞或免疫細(xì)胞,在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。TNF-α主要由單核巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,與炎癥反應(yīng)的誘導(dǎo)及維持有密切關(guān)系。本文結(jié)果顯示,LPS處理可明顯上調(diào)BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá),應(yīng)用20~60 mg/L的HEP預(yù)保護(hù)對LPS誘導(dǎo)的IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA表達(dá)均有明顯抑制作用,其中以60 mg/L HEP的抗炎作用最明顯。提示HEP能夠抑制LPS誘導(dǎo)的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HEP中的主要活性成分能夠選擇性激活雌激素受體,刺激成骨細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[10]。HEP及其主要活性成分是否能夠通過雌激素受體發(fā)揮抗炎作用,我們將在后續(xù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中進(jìn)一步探討。
綜上所述,HEP能明顯對抗LPS誘導(dǎo)的BV2小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),抑制炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表達(dá)。本文研究結(jié)果為HEP對抗中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]LONG-SMITH C M, SULLIVAN A M, NOLAN Y M. The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinsons di-sease[J]. ?Prog Neurobiol, 2009,89(3):277-287.
[2]DE WAAL G M, ENGELBRECHT L, DAVIS T, et al. ?Correlative light-electron microscopy detects lipopolysaccharide and its association with fibrin fibers in Parkinsons disease,Alzheimers disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. ?Scientific Reports, 2018,8(1):16798.
[3]GUO Y S, LIANG P Z, LU S Z, et al. ?Extracellular αB-crystallin modulates the inflammatory responses[J]. ?Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2019,508(1):282-288.
[4]HENEKA M T, KUMMER M P, LATZ E. Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease[J]. ?Nature Reviews Immunology, 2014,14(7):463-477.
[5]LIDDELOW S A, GUTTENPLAN K A, LARKE L E, et al. ?Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia[J]. ?Nature, 2017,541(7638):481-487.
[6]CHEN Meixia, WU Jinfeng, LUO Qingli, et al. ?The anticancer properties of herba epimedii and its main bioactive componentsicariin and icariside Ⅱ[J]. ?Nutrients, 2016,8(9):563.
[7]SZE S C, TONG Y, NG T B, et al. ?Herba epimedii:anti-oxidative properties and its medical implications[J]. ?Molecules, 2010,15(11):7861-7870.
[8]ZHANG D W, ZHANG J C, FONG C, et al. ?Herba epimedii flavonoids suppress osteoclastic differentiation and bone resorption by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis[J]. ?Biochi-mie, 2012,94(12):2514-2522.
[9]鄧煒,鄭民強(qiáng),張靜,等. 兩種黔產(chǎn)淫羊藿總黃酮對癡呆大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶的影響[J]. ?中國藥理學(xué)通報(bào), 2011,27(6):868-871.
[10]XIAO H H, FUNG C Y, MOK S K, et al. ?Flavonoids from Herba epimedii selectively activate estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and stimulate ER-dependent osteoblastic functions in UMR-106 cells[J]. ?Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Mole-cular Biology, 2014,143:141-151.
[11]WU Lin, DU Zhongrui, XU Aili, et al. ?Neuroprotective effects of total flavonoid fraction of the Epimedium koreanum Nakai extract on dopaminergic neurons:in vivo and in vitro[J]. ?Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2017,91:656-663.
[12]宋來新,張長城,王婷,等. 淫羊藿總黃酮通過抑制MAPK/NF-κB信號通路減輕自然衰老大鼠腦組織炎癥反應(yīng)[J]. ?中國藥理學(xué)通報(bào), 2017,33(1):84-90.
[13]馮曉慶,袁良杰,惠雅,等. E2對MPP+誘導(dǎo)SH-SY5Y細(xì)胞損傷保護(hù)作用及G15的阻斷效應(yīng)[J]. ?青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版), 2018,54(1):6-9.
[14]張學(xué)杰,任曉璠,陳文芳. Rg1對膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞iNOS基因表達(dá)的抑制作用及RU486對其影響[J]. ?青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2017,53(2):133-135,139.
[15]WANG Lili, LI Yu, GUO Yubo, et al. ?Herba epimedii:an ancient Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis[J]. ?Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2016,22(3):328-349.
[16]CHEN W F, MOK S K, WANG X L, et al. ?Total flavonoid fraction of the Herba epimedii extract suppresses urinary cal-cium excretion and improves bone properties in ovariectomised mice[J]. ?British Journal of Nutrition, 2011,105(2):180-189.
[17]MOK S K, CHEN W F, LAI W P, et al. ?Icariin protects against bone loss induced by oestrogen deficiency and activates oestrogen receptor-dependent osteoblastic functions in UMR 106 cells[J]. ?British Journal of Pharmacology, 2010,159(4):939-949.
[18]ZHANG Jinfang, LI Guo, MENG Chunling, et al. ?Total flavonoids of Herba Epimedii improves osteogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells[J]. ?Phytomedicine, 2009,16(6/7):521-529.
[19]LIU Yiheng, ZANG Hongmin, ZHANG Haiying, ?et al. ?Effect of herba epimedii flavone on expression of OPG and RANKL in rat osteoblasts[J]. ?Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materiales, 2005,28(12):1076-1078.
[20]吳林,薛丹丹,楊晶,等. 淫羊藿總黃酮對帕金森病模型小鼠多巴胺能神經(jīng)元保護(hù)作用[J]. ?青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2013,49(1):4-6.
[21]WANG Chengcheng, SU Jiayan, CAI Jiyan, et al. ?Response surface analysis for the optimization of extraction condition for polysaccharides from Epimedium polysaccharides and studies on its tumor immune activities[J]. ?Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2016,51(9):1464-1471.
[22]韓貴芳,張長城,陳茜,等. 淫羊藿總黃酮通過AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB信號通路減輕自然衰老大鼠睪丸組織炎癥反應(yīng)[J]. ?天然產(chǎn)物研究與開發(fā), 2018,30(9):1489-1493.
[23]夏世金,沈自尹,俞卓偉,等. 基于基因表達(dá)譜研究淫羊藿總黃酮干預(yù)老年大鼠海馬炎性衰老的效果與機(jī)制[J]. ?實(shí)用老年醫(yī)學(xué), 2010,24(1):24-27.
[24]LIU Mei, BING Guoying. Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinsons disease[J]. ?Parkinsons Disease, 2011,2011:327089.