★代詞it, one, that的用法區(qū)別
1. 它們均作代詞指代前文提到的名詞。但it所指的是同名同物,one和that所指是同名異物。
◇例如:
I like the bike, but I have no enough money to buy it. (我喜歡這輛自行車,但我沒有足夠的錢買它。)
I like bicycles, but I cant afford to buy one. (我喜歡自行車,但我買不起一輛。)
The bike which I want to buy is more beautiful than that he has. (我想買的那輛自行車比他的那輛更好看。)
2. it可以替名詞性從句、動(dòng)名詞和不定式短語,作形式主語或形式賓語,而one和that無此用法。
◇例如:
If you take a bus at the airport, it will take you half an hour to get there. (如果你乘公交車去機(jī)場(chǎng),那要花半個(gè)小時(shí)。)
It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month. (眾所周知月亮每月繞地球一周。)
3. one與that可用來指代同名異物時(shí)區(qū)別如下:
(1) one為泛指,相當(dāng)于a/an+名詞;that為特指,相當(dāng)于the+名詞。所以one所指代的名詞的修飾語一般為a/an/some/any;that所指代的名詞的修飾語往往是the/this/that。
◇例如:
A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. (鐵制的椅子比木頭制的更結(jié)實(shí)。)[該句中one可以換成a chair。]
The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot. (杯子里的水比壺里的更熱。) [該句中that可以換成the water。]
(2) one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用ones;that既可以代替不可數(shù)名詞也可以代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用those。
◇例如:
I like this pen more than that one. (比起那支筆,我更喜歡這支。) [one代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)pen。]
There were a few young people and some older ones in the house. (屋子里有幾個(gè)年輕人和一些年長(zhǎng)者。) [ones代替名詞people。]
Marys handwriting is far better than that of Peter. (馬莉的字比彼得寫得好多了。) [that代替不可數(shù)名詞handwriting。]
These pictures are more beautiful than those. (這些圖片比那些漂亮多了。) [those代替可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)pictures。]
(3) one既可代替事物,也可代替人,that只能代替事物而不能代替人。
◇例如
The one/That on the table is mine. (桌上的那個(gè)是我的。) [該句中The one代替事物,并且也可以用That。]
He is a teacher, the one who is loved by the students. (他是個(gè)老師,深受學(xué)生們喜愛。) [該句中the one代替人,不能用that。]
★連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞(即系動(dòng)詞)用于連接主語和表語,說明主語的狀態(tài),性質(zhì),特征或身份。表語通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng),用來說明主語是什么或怎么樣。常見的連系動(dòng)詞是be,它的變化形式為:am/is/are/was/were。除了be動(dòng)詞,其它的連系動(dòng)詞大致可分為三類:
1. 感觀類連系動(dòng)詞
與感覺器官相關(guān)的動(dòng)詞,常見的有:look (看起來)、feel (摸上去)、smell (聞起來)、taste (嘗起來)、sound (聽起來)等。
◇例如:
The song sounds beautiful, but its difficult to sing. (這首歌聽起來很悅耳,但是很難唱。)
Those oranges taste good. (那些橘子嘗起來不錯(cuò)。)
She looks much younger in her red dress. (她穿紅色裙子看上去年輕多了。)
Your hands feel very cold. Whats wrong? (你的手摸著很冷。你怎么了?)
2. 狀態(tài)持續(xù)類連系動(dòng)詞
表示主語持續(xù)某種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,常見的有:remain (依然)、keep (保持)、stay (保持)、lie (呈……狀態(tài),置于)、continue (繼續(xù)、仍舊)等。
◇例如:
The vegetables stayed fresh when I took them out of the fridge. (當(dāng)我把這些蔬菜從冰箱里拿出來的時(shí)候,它們還保持著新鮮。)
The book lay open on the desk. (書打開著放在桌上。)
I cant taste the soup right now because it remains hot. (湯太燙了,我現(xiàn)在還嘗不了。)
Few people remained calm when they heard the exciting news. (當(dāng)聽到這個(gè)令人興奮的消息時(shí),沒有幾個(gè)人能保持平靜。)
3. 狀態(tài)變化類連系動(dòng)詞
表示主語從一種狀態(tài)變化成另一種狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,常見的有:become、turn、grow、go、come、fall、get等。
◇例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather. (把魚放到冰箱里,不然熱天里會(huì)變壞。)
She fell ill while she was on holiday. (她在度假時(shí)病倒了。)
My poor mother, your hair has gone white completely?。ㄎ铱蓱z的母親,您的頭發(fā)全變白了。)
Now my dream has come true. (現(xiàn)在我的夢(mèng)想已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。)
★形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
1. 幾個(gè)常用重點(diǎn)句型
(1) as+形容詞或副詞原級(jí)+as (……和……一樣……)
◇例如:
Tom is as honest as Jack. (Tom和Jack一樣誠(chéng)實(shí)。)
注意:
① 在否定句或疑問句中可用so...as...。
◇例如:
The weather here is not as/so cool as that in Harbin. (這里的天氣不像在哈爾濱那樣冷。)
② 用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其它程度副詞做修飾語時(shí),放在as的前面。
◇例如:
This room is twice as big as that one. (這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩倍大。)
Your room is the same size as mine. (你的房間和我的一樣大。)
(2) the+比較級(jí)..., the+比較級(jí) (……越……,就越……)
◇例如:
The harder you work, the greater progress youll make. (你學(xué)習(xí)越努力,進(jìn)步就越大。)
(3) 比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí) (越來越……)
◇例如:
As your salary increases in the company, it becomes more and more difficult to quit. (隨著你在公司薪水的增加,辭職的難度越來越大。)
China becomes stronger and stronger. (中國(guó)變得越來越強(qiáng)大了。)
2. 幾個(gè)注意事項(xiàng)
(1) 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞有:a bit、a little、 a lot、rather、much、far、any、still、even等,very、so、too、quite不能修飾比較級(jí)。
(2) “否定詞語+比較級(jí)”與“否定詞語+so...as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。
◇例如:
Nothing is so easy as this. (沒什么和這個(gè)一樣簡(jiǎn)單的了。)
=Nothing is easier than this. (沒什么比這個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的了。)
=This is the easiest thing. (這個(gè)是最簡(jiǎn)單的了。)
(3) old有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式:older,oldest和elder,eldest。elder,eldest多用于長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。
◇例如:
My elder brother is an engineer. (我哥哥是個(gè)工程師。)
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. (瑪麗是三姐妹中年齡最大的。)
(4) far也有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式:
farther,farthest和further,furthest。farther表示“更遠(yuǎn)”;further表示“更進(jìn)一步,更深一層”。
◇例如:
She had walked for two hours and couldnt go any farther. (她已經(jīng)走了兩個(gè)小時(shí),再也走不動(dòng)了。)
Tom is going to college for further study. (湯姆要讀大學(xué)深造。)
3. 相關(guān)短語辨析
(1) no more than...與not more than...
no more than (=only)表示“僅僅”、“只有”,強(qiáng)調(diào)少;而not more than (=at most)表示“不多于”、“至多”。
◇例如:
He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. (他只不過是個(gè)普通的英文老師。)
He has no more than three children. (他只有3個(gè)孩子。)
He has not more than three children. (他最多有3個(gè)孩子。) [或許有還不到3個(gè)之意。]
(2) no more...than與not more...than
用于比較兩件事物時(shí),no more...than(=neither...nor)表示對(duì)兩者都否定,意為“同……一樣不;都不”;而not more...than(=not so...as)指兩者雖都具有某種特征,但程度不同,意為“不如;不及;不比……更”。
◇例如:
He is no more a writer than a painter. (他不是畫家,也不是作家。)
=He is neither a painter nor a writer.
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. (馬不是魚,鯨也不是魚。)
=Neither a horse nor a whale is a fish.
She is not more clever than he is. (她不如他聰明。)
=She is not so clever as he is.
★情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法
1. can
(1) “(表示能力)能……;會(huì)……”
◇例如:
She can drive, but she cant ride a bicycle. (她會(huì)駕車,但是不會(huì)騎自行車。)
(2) “(表示許可)能夠……;可以……”
◇例如:
—Can I use your telephone? (我可以用一下你的電話嗎?)
—Yes, of course you can. (當(dāng)然可以。)
You cant park your car in this street. (你不能把車停在這條街上。)
注意:can可作“有時(shí)候會(huì)……”解,以描述特有的行為或情形,指平時(shí)或大部分時(shí)間不是這樣子,只是偶爾發(fā)生的事情。
◇例如:
She can be very forgetful. (她有時(shí)很健忘。)
Jogging can be harmful to the health. (慢跑有時(shí)候會(huì)對(duì)身體健康有害。)
(3) “(用以提出建議)請(qǐng)做……;得……”
◇例如:
Ill do the cooking, and you can do the washing. (我來做飯,請(qǐng)你去洗衣服。)
(4) “(用于疑問句中,表請(qǐng)求)能不能……;要不要……”
◇例如:
Can you give me a lift to the station? (能讓我搭你的車到車站去嗎?)
Cant you feed the cat? (你喂喂貓好嗎?)
(5) “(用于疑問句中,表驚訝、懷疑等)到底可能;居然會(huì),竟至于”
◇例如:
Can he be serious? (他真是這個(gè)意思嗎?)
How can you be so stupid? (你怎么會(huì)那么傻?)
(6) 構(gòu)成下列特殊句式:
① can not/never...too...;cannot...enough “無論怎么……也不過分;越……越好;非?!?/p>
◇例如:
One cannot be too careful. (越認(rèn)真越好。)
I cannot thank you enough. (我對(duì)你感激不盡。)
② cannot help doing...;cannot help but do...;cannot but do... “禁不住;不由得;不得不”
◇例如:
I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it. (不管什么時(shí)候看到這幅畫,我都禁不住要欣賞它。)
When a close friend dies, you cannot but feel sad. (親密的朋友去世時(shí),你會(huì)忍不住感到悲傷。)
2. may
(1) “(表準(zhǔn)許、許可)可以……”
◇例如:
You may go home now, Susan. (蘇珊,你現(xiàn)在可以回家了。)
May I have a word with you, please? (我可以跟你說句話嗎?)
(2) “(表愿望、祝福)但愿;祝……”
注意:此時(shí)句子要用倒裝語序。
◇例如:
May you succeed?。ㄗD愠晒Γ。?/p>
(3) “(用于表示可能)也許;可能”
◇例如:
That may or may not be true. (那可能是實(shí)情,也可能不是。)
3. must
(1) “(表義務(wù)、必要性、命令)必須,得,要”
◇例如:
—Must I wash the dishes at once? (我得立刻洗這些盤子嗎?)
—No, you neednt. (不,不必。)
Animals must eat to live. (為了活下去,動(dòng)物必須吃東西。)
(2) “(表必然性,做出邏輯推斷)必定”
◇例如:
You must be hungry. (你一定餓了吧。)
(3) “(表堅(jiān)持等)偏偏;硬要;偏要”
◇例如:
Must you make so much noise? (你就非得弄出這么大聲嗎?)
(4) 注意:mustnt表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”。
◇例如:
You mustnt play with the knife. You may hurt yourself. (不準(zhǔn)玩刀子,你會(huì)把自己割傷的。)
4. shall
(1) “(表示預(yù)言)能……;會(huì)……”
◇例如:
Shall we be there in time for supper? (我們能及時(shí)趕到那吃飯嗎?)
(2) 表示“說話人的命令、警告、強(qiáng)制、意愿、威脅或決心”等
◇例如:
Dont worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon. (不要焦急,今天下午你就會(huì)得到答復(fù)。) [允諾]
He shall be sorry one day. I tell you. (我告訴你,他早晚有一天會(huì)后悔的。) [警告]
(3) “(用于法律、規(guī)則等條文中)應(yīng)……,須……,得……”
◇例如:
The fine shall be given in cash. (罰款應(yīng)以現(xiàn)金繳納。)
(4) Shall I和Shall we用于提出意見或建議
◇例如:
Shall I have a look? (要我看一下嗎?)
5. should
(1) “(表義務(wù)、責(zé)任)應(yīng)該……”
◇例如:
We should attend the meeting. (我們應(yīng)該參加這次會(huì)議。)
(2) “(表預(yù)期)應(yīng)該會(huì),想必會(huì),一定會(huì)……吧”
◇例如:
The concert should be great fun. (音樂會(huì)一定會(huì)很有意思。)
(3) 用在anxious、sorry、happy、glad等形容詞后接的that從句中。
◇例如:
Im glad that your story should have won the first prize. (我很高興你的小說居然贏得第一名。)
(4) “(與疑問詞連用,表示意外、納悶、驚訝等)究竟是;到底;竟然”
◇例如:
Who should come in but my old friend Betty?。ㄎ耶?dāng)是誰進(jìn)來了呢,原來是我的老朋友貝蒂呀?。?/p>
Why should he think that? (他為什么那么想呢?)
6. would
(1) “(will的過去式,表過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作)(從前)常常;經(jīng)?!?/p>
◇例如:
We would stay up all night talking about our future. (那時(shí)候,我們常常徹夜談?wù)撐覀兊膶?。?/p>
(2) “(用以評(píng)論特有的行為)老是;偏要”
◇例如:
Thats exactly like Susie. She would come to me just when I was busy. (蘇西就是那個(gè)樣子。她老是在我忙的時(shí)候來找我。)
(3) “(用以表示推測(cè)、設(shè)想事情的結(jié)果或動(dòng)作、傾向)也許,大概,要,該”
◇例如:
That window wouldnt open. (那扇窗戶打不開。)
(4) “表示請(qǐng)求或個(gè)人的想法、看法(語氣委婉)”
◇例如:
Would you mind if I opened the window? (我打開窗戶你不介意吧?)
二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)
1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,can/could,may/might可以用來表示對(duì)事情的推測(cè)。
(1) must
表推測(cè)時(shí)只能用于肯定句,是對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過去的事情進(jìn)行的推測(cè),不能表對(duì)將來事情的推測(cè),語氣非??隙?,表示最大的可能性,意為“一定……”。其否定形式為cant/couldnt。
(2) can/could
表推測(cè)時(shí)一般用于否定句或疑問句,是對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過去的事情進(jìn)行推測(cè),表示很大的可能性,但could偶爾可用于肯定推測(cè)。cant/couldnt為語氣最強(qiáng)的否定推測(cè),意為“不可能,一定不(是)”。
(3) may/might
表推測(cè)時(shí)一般用于肯定句或否定句,可對(duì)現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)淼氖虑檫M(jìn)行推測(cè),語氣不很肯定,譯為“可能……”。其否定形式may/might not意為“可能不……”
2. “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be/do”和“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”
(1) “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be/do”結(jié)構(gòu)通常用來對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臓顩r進(jìn)行推測(cè)。
◇例如:
The light is still on. He must be working in the office now. (燈還亮著,他現(xiàn)在一定還在辦公室工作著。)
Michael cant be a policeman, for hes much too short. (麥克不可能是警察,因?yàn)樗?。?/p>
(2) “情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done”結(jié)構(gòu)用于對(duì)過去事情的推測(cè)。
◇例如:
I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. (我當(dāng)時(shí)沒有聽到電話響,我一定是睡著了。)
Tom hasnt come back yet. He may have missed the bus again. (湯姆還沒有回來,他可能又沒趕上班車。)
★so和neither引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
1. 辨析:“so+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”和“so+主語+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”
(1) 在表示“……也是如此”時(shí)用“so+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”。[該句主語和前一句的主語不是同一個(gè)。]
◇例如:
—He goes to school every day. —So do I. (“他每天上學(xué)?!薄拔乙踩绱??!保?/p>
—He is fourteen. —So am I. (“他十四歲?!薄拔乙彩臍q?!保?/p>
—I will go there tomorrow. —So will she. (“我明天去那里?!薄八矔?huì)去?!保?/p>
(2) 在表示對(duì)前一句的認(rèn)同時(shí)用“so+主語+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。[該句主語和前一句的主語是同一個(gè)。]
◇例如:
—The students work hard. —So they do. (“同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)努力?!薄八麄兇_實(shí)努力。”)
—He is good at maths. —So he is. (“他擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)?!薄八_實(shí)擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)?!保?/p>
—It was very cold yesterday. —So it was. (“昨天很冷。”“的確如此?!保?/p>
2. 辨析:“neither+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”和“neither+主語+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”
(1) 在表示“……也不”時(shí)用“neither+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”。[該句主語和前一句的主語不是同一個(gè)。]
◇例如:
—Tom doesnt study hard. —Neither does Linda. (“湯姆學(xué)習(xí)不努力?!薄傲者_(dá)學(xué)習(xí)也不努力?!保?/p>
(2) 在表示對(duì)前一句的認(rèn)同時(shí)用“neither+主語+be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”。[該句主語和前一句的主語是同一個(gè)。]
◇例如:
—He doesnt study hard. —Neither he does. (“他學(xué)習(xí)不努力?!薄暗拇_如此/他學(xué)習(xí)真的不努力。”)
★賓語從句
賓語從句是名詞性從句的一種。在主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語,位于及物動(dòng)詞、介詞或復(fù)合謂語之后的從句稱為賓語從句。
1. 連接詞
(1) 連接詞that
引導(dǎo)陳述句用that。that無實(shí)際意義,在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,只起連接主從句的作用;如that引導(dǎo)賓語從句,??墒÷浴?/p>
◇例如:
We believe (that) he is honest. (我們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。)
(2) 連接詞whether和if
引導(dǎo)一般疑問句用whether或if。但要注意,在下列幾種情況通常使用whether:
①在具有選擇意義又有or或or not時(shí),尤其是直接與or not連用時(shí),往往用whether;
②在介詞之后用whether;
③在不定式前用whether等。
◇例如:
I dont know whether hell arrive in time or not. (我不知道他是否能及時(shí)到。)
She didnt say if he was still in Wuhan. (她沒說他是否還在武漢。)
(3) 引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句,只需用原來的特殊疑問詞。
◇例如:
He asked why he had to go alone. (他問為什么他必須一個(gè)人去。)
Id like to know when they will let him out. (我很想知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)放他出來。)
I asked how he was getting on. (我問他情況怎樣。)
2. 語序
在含賓語從句的復(fù)合句中,不管主句是陳述句還是疑問句,從句一律是用“連接詞+陳述句語序”,其標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)由主句來決定。
◇例如:
Where is the Peoples Park? (人民公園在哪里?)
→Excuse me, could you tell me where the Peoples Park is? (打擾了,能告訴我人民公園在哪里嗎?)
3. 時(shí)態(tài)
①如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)可視情況使用任何一種相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。
②如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài),賓語從句必須使用過去相應(yīng)的某一種時(shí)態(tài)。
③如果賓語從句表示的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作等,不管主句是用什么時(shí)態(tài),從句時(shí)態(tài)習(xí)慣上都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
◇例如:
—What did your teacher say to you just now? (剛才老師跟你說了些什么?)
—He asked me if I had got ready for the exam. (他問我是否已經(jīng)做好了考試的準(zhǔn)備。)
4. 否定轉(zhuǎn)移
當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱,且主句的及物動(dòng)詞為表示感知的動(dòng)詞,例如:think、suppose、guess、say、imagine、expect、believe等時(shí),常把對(duì)賓語從句的否定放在主句中。
◇例如:
I dont think its going to rain this afternoon. (我認(rèn)為今天下午不會(huì)下雨。)
5. 簡(jiǎn)化
賓語從句在一定條件下,可以簡(jiǎn)化為“特殊疑問詞+不定式”、“it+形容詞+不定式短語”、復(fù)合賓語、動(dòng)詞不定式、(名詞、動(dòng)名詞、形容詞或副詞、過去分詞)短語、名詞和過去分詞等。
◇例如:
I dont know what I should do with the letter. (我不知道該拿這封信怎么辦。)
=I dont know what to do with the letter.
當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是know、learn、forget、remember等,其后接疑問詞(連接代詞/副詞)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,且該從句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí),賓語從句可簡(jiǎn)化成“疑問詞(連接代詞/副詞)+不定式(短語)”結(jié)構(gòu),故賓語從句what I should do可以簡(jiǎn)化成what to do。
6. 注意
if/when既可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句,應(yīng)注意它們?cè)趦煞N從句中的意思和用法的不同。if/when引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí),意思分別為“是否”和“何時(shí)”,此時(shí)從句的時(shí)態(tài)根據(jù)具體情況而定。if和when引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí),意思分別為“如果”和“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”,此時(shí)如果主句是一般將來時(shí),從句部分則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
◇例如:
Were not sure if it _______ tomorrow. If it _______, we wont climb the South Hill.
A. will snow; snows
B. will snow; will snow
C. snows; snows
D. snows; will snow
[答案] A
[解析] 題干中前句if引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句根據(jù)句意及時(shí)間狀語tomorrow,應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí)(will snow)。后句if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句,主句為一般將來時(shí)(wont climb),從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(snows),因此正確答案為A。
★初中非謂語動(dòng)詞的部分用法歸納
1. 只能后接不定式的動(dòng)詞和短語
初中階段,大部分實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或短語后接非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí),都只能接動(dòng)詞不定式。這種情況屬于非謂語動(dòng)詞的最普通、最常見的用法。
◇例如:
tell sb. to do sth. 告訴某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事
teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事
能夠構(gòu)成這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞還有:
ask、plan、mean (打算)、manage、learn、hope、expect、want、wish、agree、promise、decide、choose、offer、fail、prepare、pretend、refuse、happen、afford等等。
能夠構(gòu)成這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞短語有:
would like、make sure、make a decision、make up ones mind、be willing、take ones turn、cant wait、be supposed等等。
2. 只能接 ing形式的動(dòng)詞和短語
只能接動(dòng)名詞而不能接不定式的動(dòng)詞有:
allow、consider、suggest、advice、finish、 imagine、practise、enjoy、miss (錯(cuò)過;懷念)、
prevent、include、excuse (原諒)、dislike、discuss、mind等等。
只能接動(dòng)名詞而不能接不定式的動(dòng)詞短語有:
cant stand、feel like、stick to、dream of、think of、keep on、put off、give up、be busy、be worth、cant stand、cant help、be interested in、be afraid of、be good at、get/be used to、be proud of、be tired of、look forward to、thank sb. for、succeed in等等。
3. 既可接不定式又可接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞
(1) 后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞且含義相同的動(dòng)詞有:like、love、hate、prefer、begin、start、continue等。
◇例如:
He likes travelling/to travel alone. (他喜歡獨(dú)自旅行。)
He began doing/to do this job last year. (他去年開始做這份工作。)
(2) 動(dòng)詞forget、remember、regret等接不定式時(shí),表示非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后(即還未做);接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),表示非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前(即已做)。
◇例如:
I forgot to tell you about it. (我忘記要告訴你那件事了。)
I remembered giving the book to Li Lei, but he said I didnt. (我記得我把書給李雷了,但是他說我沒有給。)
(3) 動(dòng)詞mean接不定式時(shí),表示一種意圖,意思是“打算做,想要做”;接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),表示解釋,意思是“意味著,意思是”。
◇例如:
I didnt mean to bother you. (我本來不想打擾你。)
What he said means going there by air. (他的話的意思是坐飛機(jī)去那兒。)
(4) try接不定式時(shí),表示一種決心,意思是“設(shè)法做,盡力做”;try接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),表示嘗試,意思是“試著做”。
◇例如:
Ill try to catch up with my class. (我將盡力趕上同學(xué)們。)
I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary. (我試著閱讀課文時(shí)不查詞典。)
(5) need,require等后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞語態(tài)不同。
need,require等表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞均可,但是接動(dòng)名詞可用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義,而接不定式則用被動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
◇例如:
The flowers need watering every day. (花兒需要每天澆水。)
=The flowers need to be watered every day.
注意:若need,require等后接非謂動(dòng)詞為句子主語所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作,則只能用不定式,不能用動(dòng)名詞。
◇例如:
I need to water the flowers every day. (我需要每天給花澆水。)
(6) go on和stop
go on to do sth. 做完某事后繼續(xù)做另一事
go on doing 繼續(xù)做一直在做的事
stop to do sth. 停下正在做的事去做另一事
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事
◇例如:
After they had read the text, the students went on to do the exercises. (讀完課文后,學(xué)生們繼續(xù)做練習(xí)。)
The students went on talking and laughing all the way. (學(xué)生們一路上一直有說有笑。)
I stopped reading the book when my mother asked me to have supper. (當(dāng)媽媽叫我去吃晚飯時(shí),我停止了讀書。)
I was watching TV just now. When I heard my mother come into the room, I stopped to read my book. (剛剛我在看電視,當(dāng)聽到媽媽走近房間時(shí),我馬上停下來,然后去看書了。)
4. 可接動(dòng)詞原形做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞
(1) 只能接動(dòng)詞原形的動(dòng)詞和短語
① 使役動(dòng)詞make和let
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
let sb. do sth. 讓某人做某事
◇例如:
The music teacher made the students sing the song together. (音樂老師讓學(xué)生們齊唱那首歌。)
Let me help you wash your clothes. (讓我?guī)湍阆匆路?。?/p>
② 只能接動(dòng)詞原形的短語
had better do 最好做……
Why not do...? 為什么不……?
would rather do 寧愿……
rather than do 不愿……等
③ 后接動(dòng)詞原形和不定式意義不一樣的動(dòng)詞(感官動(dòng)詞)有:see、watch、hear、notice、feel等。
see sb. do sth. 看見某人做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過程
see sb. doing sth. 看見某人正在做某事,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行
其它的的感官動(dòng)詞hear、notice、watch、listen to、feel的用法與see類似。
◇例如:
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. (昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。)[強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見了”這個(gè)事實(shí)。]
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (昨天我見他正在花園里干活。)[強(qiáng)調(diào)“他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作。]
◇例如:
They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood.
A. grow? ? ? ? B. grew
C. was growing? D. to grow
[答案] A
[解析] 題意為“他們看著她長(zhǎng)大”,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過程,而不是正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作,因此用see sb. do sth.的句型。
The missing boy was last seen _______ near the river.
A. playing? ? ? B. to be playing
C. play? ? ? ? D. to play
[答案] A
[解析] 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作“正在河邊玩”,應(yīng)用see sb. doing sth.句型。