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大型同步發(fā)電機(jī)調(diào)速控制的場-路-網(wǎng)耦合法非全相工況下定子電流特性研究

2019-07-22 04:38戈寶軍殷繼偉陶大軍岳守俊

戈寶軍 殷繼偉 陶大軍 岳守俊

關(guān)鍵詞:非全相;定子電流;場路網(wǎng)耦合;負(fù)序電流;轉(zhuǎn)速控制

DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000

中圖分類號(hào)文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00

Abstract:In order to accurately analyze the stator current of the generator under openphase condition, the fieldcircuitnetwork model with the speed control suitable for the generator running under grid connected condition was established. And then, the stator current was calculated under the two kinds of openphase conditions, which the one phase or two phases of the YNd11 transformations high voltage(HV) side were off, when the generator was running at rated grid connection connected condition. The relationship between the stator currents were revealed under different phaseopen conditions. Also the dynamic influence of the speed control to the fault current was presented. The steady negativesequence current was calculated under two kinds of fault conditions. The influence of nonlinear factors on the simulation results was considered under openphase condition. In order to actually simulate the generator running at gridconnected condition, the fieldcircuitnetwork model contains the speed control system, and the generator and the infinite system were connected by the transformer and parallel twoway overhead power transmission lines, which was more close to the engineering practice. At last comparing with the result of analytical method, the validity of the method was proved in this paper.

Keywords:openphase; stator current; fieldcircuitnetwork; negativesequence current; speed control

0 引 言

發(fā)電機(jī)經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生不對(duì)稱運(yùn)行,當(dāng)發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)運(yùn)行時(shí),如果發(fā)生不對(duì)稱運(yùn)行,則會(huì)危及到發(fā)電機(jī)和整個(gè)電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的安全運(yùn)行。而發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行屬于一種特殊的不對(duì)稱運(yùn)行,當(dāng)發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行時(shí),定子電流中會(huì)出現(xiàn)負(fù)序分量,該負(fù)分量會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)序旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場,當(dāng)電機(jī)同步運(yùn)行時(shí),該負(fù)序旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場便會(huì)以2倍于基波的角速度切割轉(zhuǎn)子,在轉(zhuǎn)子繞組中產(chǎn)生感應(yīng)電勢和電流,感生出的電流頻率2倍于基波頻率[1]。由于頻率較高和集膚效應(yīng)的存在,感應(yīng)電流將集中在轉(zhuǎn)子本體和其各部件的表層中,引起轉(zhuǎn)子表面的附加損耗增加,電機(jī)的溫升就會(huì)隨之增大。所以如何準(zhǔn)確地分析確定發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)定子各相電流之間的關(guān)系以及計(jì)算出負(fù)序電流大小,對(duì)系統(tǒng)非全相故障的預(yù)判以及整個(gè)電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)能否安全運(yùn)行會(huì)產(chǎn)生至關(guān)重要的影響。同時(shí)由于在工程實(shí)際中,發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)運(yùn)行發(fā)生故障時(shí),其發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速會(huì)發(fā)生波動(dòng),這種波動(dòng)會(huì)使故障后定子電流發(fā)生相應(yīng)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,所以如何準(zhǔn)確模擬和分析轉(zhuǎn)速這一波動(dòng)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)電流的動(dòng)態(tài)影響顯得至關(guān)重要。

國內(nèi)外學(xué)者在發(fā)電機(jī)不對(duì)稱運(yùn)行方面的研究取得了較多成果,早在1937年學(xué)者米勒和威爾分析了單相對(duì)地短路和相間短路2種不對(duì)稱情況下電機(jī)定子電樞電流,對(duì)比分析了有無系統(tǒng)電阻時(shí),上述2種不對(duì)稱情況下定子電流諧波特性的不同[2]。1975年學(xué)者費(fèi)萊特采用路的方法給出了交流電機(jī)在不對(duì)稱短路情況下的時(shí)間常數(shù)的計(jì)算公式[3]。文獻(xiàn)[4]采用有限元的方法對(duì)一臺(tái)大型水輪發(fā)電機(jī)暫態(tài)和次暫態(tài)阻抗進(jìn)行了仿真計(jì)算,并且計(jì)算結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相吻合。文獻(xiàn)[5]給出了同步發(fā)電機(jī)突然短路時(shí)定子電流各序分量的解析表達(dá)式,同時(shí)通過對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)子各序電流的分析,得出在電機(jī)發(fā)生不對(duì)稱短路故障時(shí)除負(fù)序分量外,轉(zhuǎn)子感應(yīng)電流中的正序和零序分量對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)子的危害也必須加以考慮。文獻(xiàn)[6]研究勵(lì)磁繞組匝間短路情況下,定轉(zhuǎn)子電流的諧波特性,并且分析出影響諧波特性的主要因素是定子三相繞組的連接方式與分布,而勵(lì)磁繞組匝間短路的短路匝數(shù)、位置、極對(duì)數(shù)也會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響,并通過實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了研究方法的正確性。文獻(xiàn)[7]推導(dǎo)了發(fā)電機(jī)勵(lì)磁繞組匝間短路情況下,發(fā)電機(jī)勵(lì)磁電動(dòng)勢、氣隙磁密和定子空載電勢等物理量的表達(dá)式,分析出定子空載電勢的奇次諧波變化量的比值與勵(lì)磁線圈匝間短路位置有著一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了發(fā)電機(jī)勵(lì)磁繞組匝間短路的診斷方法,通過該方法可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)故障位置的準(zhǔn)確定位。文獻(xiàn)[8]以一臺(tái)1 400 MW汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)為例,采用有限元法對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)在不對(duì)稱負(fù)載情況下,電機(jī)內(nèi)磁場進(jìn)行了分析,分析表明,發(fā)電機(jī)在不對(duì)稱情況下,電機(jī)內(nèi)磁場出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的畸變,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)電樞磁密和電樞電壓也出現(xiàn)了明顯變化。文獻(xiàn)[9]分析了3種不對(duì)稱短路情況下,同步電機(jī)穩(wěn)態(tài)短路電流之間的大小關(guān)系。文獻(xiàn)[10]將多回路法與有限元法相結(jié)合,對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)不對(duì)稱短路和內(nèi)部繞組不對(duì)稱故障等暫態(tài)過程進(jìn)行了仿真計(jì)算,并且考慮了磁極、齒槽等因素的影響,將仿真結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證了數(shù)學(xué)模型的正確性。文獻(xiàn)[11]采用場路耦合法計(jì)算了在極端不對(duì)稱工況下,水輪發(fā)電機(jī)阻尼條電流,并與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證了方法的正確性。文獻(xiàn)[12]建立了適用于汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)分析的場路耦合時(shí)步有限元模型,采用該模型對(duì)汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)空載運(yùn)行時(shí)單相對(duì)地短路、相間短路以及兩相對(duì)地短路各電氣量進(jìn)行了計(jì)算。

關(guān)于發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行,學(xué)者進(jìn)行了一定的研究,文獻(xiàn)[13-14]采用相量法分析了電力系統(tǒng)非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)電流各序分量之間的關(guān)系,并且給出了電力系統(tǒng)非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)一些注意事項(xiàng)和非全相故障的一些處理方法。文獻(xiàn)[15]對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)失磁和未失磁情況下發(fā)電機(jī)定子電流進(jìn)行了分析。文獻(xiàn)[16]針對(duì)一起非全相運(yùn)行事故進(jìn)行了理論計(jì)算分析,將計(jì)算結(jié)果與現(xiàn)場結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,結(jié)果一致。文獻(xiàn)[17]對(duì)發(fā)變組變壓器高壓側(cè)發(fā)生短路故障切除后重合閘過程和主變壓器高壓側(cè)一相或者兩相斷開的發(fā)電機(jī)非全相狀態(tài)進(jìn)行狀態(tài)下發(fā)電機(jī)端電壓、定子三相電流的特征,并與實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的錄波數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比驗(yàn)證,同時(shí)根據(jù)分析結(jié)果,提出了發(fā)變阻非全相運(yùn)行時(shí)的防范措施。

以上關(guān)于發(fā)電機(jī)不對(duì)稱運(yùn)行的研究多數(shù)集中于對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)內(nèi)部和外部短路的研究,而對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行相關(guān)問題的研究較少,在原有關(guān)于發(fā)電機(jī)不對(duì)稱動(dòng)態(tài)分析的研究中,多是采用解析法和有限元法進(jìn)行分析。解析法無法考慮磁場飽和、畸變等非線性因素的影響,而有限元法雖然考慮了非線性因素的影響,但研究中多是針對(duì)單機(jī)負(fù)載進(jìn)行研究,而沒有將電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)考慮進(jìn)去,即不是對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)運(yùn)行情況下,不對(duì)稱問題進(jìn)行研究,這樣無法考慮故障后機(jī)網(wǎng)之間的相互影響,同時(shí)在發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)生故障后,認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)速恒定不變,沒有將故障后轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)考慮進(jìn)去。而在發(fā)電機(jī)非全相運(yùn)行相關(guān)的研究中,都是采用傳統(tǒng)解析法對(duì)非全相運(yùn)行后發(fā)電機(jī)定子電流進(jìn)行研究,同時(shí)對(duì)于系統(tǒng)的負(fù)序電抗而言,其值還與故障類型有關(guān),而隨著發(fā)電機(jī)自身的旋轉(zhuǎn),其自身負(fù)序電抗也會(huì)發(fā)生變化。但在采用傳統(tǒng)解析法進(jìn)行計(jì)算時(shí),發(fā)電機(jī)各序電抗一般取近似值,并且忽略了磁場飽和、畸變等非線性因素對(duì)電抗的影響。

本文則建立了含有調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的適用于發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的場路網(wǎng)耦合時(shí)步有限元模型,充分考慮了磁場飽和、畸變等非線性因素對(duì)電機(jī)的影響,以及故障后轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)定子電流的動(dòng)態(tài)影響。首先,采用該模型分析了變壓器采用YNd11接線時(shí)發(fā)電機(jī)非全相工況下,定子三相電流之間的關(guān)系,并計(jì)算了故障后穩(wěn)態(tài)負(fù)序電流,然后,分析了故障后轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)對(duì)故障電流的動(dòng)態(tài)影響,最后,與解析法計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證了所建模型的正確性。

3 結(jié) 論

本文在考慮轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng)的情況下,通過對(duì)1 407 MVA汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)并網(wǎng)非全相工況下定子電流特性的研究,得出如下結(jié)論:

1)采用場路網(wǎng)耦合法對(duì)發(fā)電機(jī)額定運(yùn)行時(shí),連接方式為YNd11的變壓器高壓側(cè)斷路器一相和兩相斷開的非全相工況進(jìn)行了仿真計(jì)算,得出一相(A相)斷開時(shí)一相(B相)電流較大,而另外兩相(A相和C相) 電流大小近似相等但相位不同,兩相(B相和C相)斷開時(shí)一相(B相)電流為0,另外兩相(A相和C相)大小相等,方向相反。同時(shí)計(jì)算了2種故障情況下負(fù)序電流,計(jì)算結(jié)果表明兩相斷開后負(fù)序穩(wěn)態(tài)電流有效值大于一相斷開時(shí)負(fù)序穩(wěn)態(tài)電流的有效值 ,約為其值的3.1倍。說明兩相斷開較一相斷開時(shí),負(fù)序電流更大,對(duì)電機(jī)和電網(wǎng)的危害更為嚴(yán)重。同時(shí)也為電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)非全相故障提供了判斷依據(jù)。

2)模型中加入了轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng),從仿真結(jié)果可以看出當(dāng)發(fā)生非全相故障時(shí),發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速出現(xiàn)了波動(dòng),出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)差,此種情況在故障后定子電流波形中也得到了反映,其轉(zhuǎn)速和電流的振蕩時(shí)間是一致的,經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)在數(shù)個(gè)周期之后恢復(fù)到同步轉(zhuǎn)速,同時(shí)得出兩相斷開非全相故障比一相斷開非全相故障轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)時(shí)間更長,對(duì)電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)影響更大。并與在沒有采用轉(zhuǎn)速控制情況下的計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,對(duì)比結(jié)果表明,轉(zhuǎn)速波動(dòng)對(duì)故障電流的動(dòng)態(tài)影響非常突出,表明本文研究方法對(duì)系統(tǒng)故障后瞬態(tài)問題的研究更為準(zhǔn)確,更能貼近工程實(shí)際。

3)以A相斷開為例,采用解析法和場路網(wǎng)耦合時(shí)步有限元法2種方法分別計(jì)算了故障后定子三相穩(wěn)態(tài)電流和負(fù)序穩(wěn)態(tài)電流,得到結(jié)果較為接近,略有差異,驗(yàn)證了方法的正確性,差異主要是由于在采用場路網(wǎng)耦合時(shí)步限元法進(jìn)行計(jì)算時(shí),考慮了整個(gè)系統(tǒng)電阻的影響以及發(fā)電機(jī)磁場飽和、畸變等非線性因素對(duì)各序電抗的影響。

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(編輯:劉琳琳)

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