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英語概要寫作中語言簡練的秘訣

2019-06-13 06:36呂吉爾
教學(xué)月刊(中學(xué)版) 2019年13期
關(guān)鍵詞:同義句式短語

□呂吉爾

(寧波市北侖中學(xué),浙江寧波 315800)

概要是一種特殊的文體,其突出特點就是簡練。概要寫作不僅是用較少的詞語把同一件事再說一遍,而且是用盡可能少的詞語呈現(xiàn)原文的要旨。因此,概要寫作要言簡意賅,以最少的筆墨寫出最好的表達(dá)。概要寫作要實現(xiàn)語言簡練的目的,訣竅就在于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用以下一些策略。

一、單詞取代短語

(一)實義動詞取代虛義動詞短語

英語中有些高頻動詞,因詞匯語義弱化而被稱為“虛義動詞”[1],如 do,get,give,have,make,put等。在這類虛義動詞組成的動詞短語中,虛義動詞本身只表達(dá)語法意義,具體的詞匯意義則由與其搭配的名詞表達(dá),此類虛義動詞短語可由短語中表意義的名詞相對應(yīng)的實義動詞來代替。表1中左欄為虛義動詞短語,右欄為可以替換的實義動詞。

表1

續(xù)表

在寫作概要時,用與此類短語中名詞相對應(yīng)的實義動詞取代整個短語,即可在不失句子原意的前提下精簡句子,更符合語言簡練的要求[2]136。如(例句括號中的內(nèi)容為畫線內(nèi)容的替代詞語,下同):

① Hegaveusanexplanationof(explained)what we were expected to do.

② Some schools lay great emphasis on(emphasize)language study.

③Quickly take a shower(shower)and go!

(二)特定名詞取代偏正短語

用一個強有力的名詞取代多個虛浮的詞語[2]130,即用表示個別、具體概念的特定名詞取代一般概念名詞與其修飾語構(gòu)成的短語,同樣可使句子簡練而又不失原意,且令人印象更加深刻。如:

④Billy,your paper is a true work of art(masterpiece)!

⑤Turn right at the small,wooden house(cabin).

⑥Robert is an extremely smart boy(genius).

(三)單詞取代同義疊用短語

意思相同或相近的詞或詞組重疊使用,稱為同義疊用。作為一種修辭手法,同義疊用可使意思更加全面,或起加強語氣的作用,但表達(dá)必然累贅。如each and every,basic and fundamental,full and complete,feelings and opinions,and so on and so forth等,前后兩詞或短語意思相同,在寫概要時用其中一個即可,以免造成句子冗長而句意未添的弊端。如:

⑦He talked about how much we owed to our parents,our duty to our country and so on and so forth(and so on/etc).

⑧The supervisor sets aside time to dialogue with each and every(every)person in the department once a week.

另有一種現(xiàn)象,雖然不是同義詞的直觀復(fù)現(xiàn),但實際上語義是重復(fù)的,如few(in number),large(in size),period(in time),visible(to the eye),(future)plans,(important)essential,(successful)achievements,(in a)fast(manner)等,均有意義重復(fù)之嫌,在寫概要時完全可省去括號中的內(nèi)容。如:

⑨A new comet is now expected to become visible to the unaided eye(visible) later this month.

⑩Such planets or stars are few in number(few)in your creation.

?What is the recipe for successful achievement(achievement)?

(四)單詞取代多詞習(xí)語

英語中大量由多詞組成的習(xí)慣用語和句型結(jié)構(gòu),也可以通過用同義單詞取而代之的方法使句子簡化,以達(dá)到語言簡練的目的。如:

? Despite the fact that(Although) acid rain is destroying Canada’s maples,few people understand the extent of the damage.

?The article made several recommendations in connection with(about) the writers’strike.

表2中左欄的多詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以由相對應(yīng)的右欄中的單詞取代。

表2

二、短語或單詞取代從句

從句往往會使句子變得較長。因此,概要寫作中,能不用從句時就盡量不用(當(dāng)然該用時還得用),而用短語甚至單詞取而代之,以達(dá)到“概而要”的目的,使概要更加名副其實。如:

?If you had not helped me,I could not have passed the physics exam.

→I would have failed in the physics exam but for your help/without your help.

?When the sun began to set in the west,we had to wave goodbye to the workers.

→With the sun setting/The sun setting,we had to wave goodbye to the workers.

三、主動語態(tài)取代被動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)句的詞數(shù)往往比主動語態(tài)句多,因此概要寫作中應(yīng)盡量避免使用被動語態(tài)。被動句還可能包含不必要的詞語,主動句則可避免此種情況,從而使句子變得更簡短,更生動,更有“人情味”——因為主動語態(tài)側(cè)重的是動作的行為人。如:

?Two months’notice to vacate must be given by the occupant to the landlord.

→An occupant must give the landlord two months’notice to vacate.

?It should be noted that the balance of the loan may be paid off at any time.

→The borrower may pay off the balance of the loan anytime.

?The photos were loaded onto the PC by Harmony.

→Harmony loaded her photos onto the PC.

四、變換句式以精簡句子

同一個意思可用不同種類的句子(如復(fù)合句、簡單句等)或不同結(jié)構(gòu)的句子(如It is…that…,Either…or…,Neither…nor…,Not only…but also…,Both…and...等)來表達(dá),但用詞量會有所不同。一般而言,“直截了當(dāng)”表達(dá)意思的句式相對較為簡約,而“拐彎抹角”表達(dá)的句式則相對較為冗長。在寫概要時,應(yīng)盡量采用用詞相對較少的句式,以使句子“瘦身”而不失原意,達(dá)到簡練的目的。如:

?It is the purpose of this document to summarize the findings of the investigating committee.

→This document summarizes the findings of the investigating committee.

?Given that the volunteers are provided with food,they will survive.

→Provided with food,the volunteers will survive.

21He not only writes his own plays,but also acts in them.

→He writes his own plays and acts in them.

22There are several alternatives which should be explored.

→Several alternatives should be explored.

語言簡練是概要寫作的基本要求,也是確保概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的必要條件。而做到語言簡練的訣竅就在于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用上述策略,用有限的詞數(shù)完整、充分、準(zhǔn)確、客觀地表達(dá)源文本的主旨和內(nèi)容要點。□◢

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