□呂吉爾
(寧波市北侖中學(xué),浙江寧波 315800)
概要是一種特殊的文體,其突出特點就是簡練。概要寫作不僅是用較少的詞語把同一件事再說一遍,而且是用盡可能少的詞語呈現(xiàn)原文的要旨。因此,概要寫作要言簡意賅,以最少的筆墨寫出最好的表達(dá)。概要寫作要實現(xiàn)語言簡練的目的,訣竅就在于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用以下一些策略。
英語中有些高頻動詞,因詞匯語義弱化而被稱為“虛義動詞”[1],如 do,get,give,have,make,put等。在這類虛義動詞組成的動詞短語中,虛義動詞本身只表達(dá)語法意義,具體的詞匯意義則由與其搭配的名詞表達(dá),此類虛義動詞短語可由短語中表意義的名詞相對應(yīng)的實義動詞來代替。表1中左欄為虛義動詞短語,右欄為可以替換的實義動詞。
表1
續(xù)表
在寫作概要時,用與此類短語中名詞相對應(yīng)的實義動詞取代整個短語,即可在不失句子原意的前提下精簡句子,更符合語言簡練的要求[2]136。如(例句括號中的內(nèi)容為畫線內(nèi)容的替代詞語,下同):
① Hegaveusanexplanationof(explained)what we were expected to do.
② Some schools lay great emphasis on(emphasize)language study.
③Quickly take a shower(shower)and go!
用一個強有力的名詞取代多個虛浮的詞語[2]130,即用表示個別、具體概念的特定名詞取代一般概念名詞與其修飾語構(gòu)成的短語,同樣可使句子簡練而又不失原意,且令人印象更加深刻。如:
④Billy,your paper is a true work of art(masterpiece)!
⑤Turn right at the small,wooden house(cabin).
⑥Robert is an extremely smart boy(genius).
意思相同或相近的詞或詞組重疊使用,稱為同義疊用。作為一種修辭手法,同義疊用可使意思更加全面,或起加強語氣的作用,但表達(dá)必然累贅。如each and every,basic and fundamental,full and complete,feelings and opinions,and so on and so forth等,前后兩詞或短語意思相同,在寫概要時用其中一個即可,以免造成句子冗長而句意未添的弊端。如:
⑦He talked about how much we owed to our parents,our duty to our country and so on and so forth(and so on/etc).
⑧The supervisor sets aside time to dialogue with each and every(every)person in the department once a week.
另有一種現(xiàn)象,雖然不是同義詞的直觀復(fù)現(xiàn),但實際上語義是重復(fù)的,如few(in number),large(in size),period(in time),visible(to the eye),(future)plans,(important)essential,(successful)achievements,(in a)fast(manner)等,均有意義重復(fù)之嫌,在寫概要時完全可省去括號中的內(nèi)容。如:
⑨A new comet is now expected to become visible to the unaided eye(visible) later this month.
⑩Such planets or stars are few in number(few)in your creation.
?What is the recipe for successful achievement(achievement)?
英語中大量由多詞組成的習(xí)慣用語和句型結(jié)構(gòu),也可以通過用同義單詞取而代之的方法使句子簡化,以達(dá)到語言簡練的目的。如:
? Despite the fact that(Although) acid rain is destroying Canada’s maples,few people understand the extent of the damage.
?The article made several recommendations in connection with(about) the writers’strike.
表2中左欄的多詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以由相對應(yīng)的右欄中的單詞取代。
表2
從句往往會使句子變得較長。因此,概要寫作中,能不用從句時就盡量不用(當(dāng)然該用時還得用),而用短語甚至單詞取而代之,以達(dá)到“概而要”的目的,使概要更加名副其實。如:
?If you had not helped me,I could not have passed the physics exam.
→I would have failed in the physics exam but for your help/without your help.
?When the sun began to set in the west,we had to wave goodbye to the workers.
→With the sun setting/The sun setting,we had to wave goodbye to the workers.
被動語態(tài)句的詞數(shù)往往比主動語態(tài)句多,因此概要寫作中應(yīng)盡量避免使用被動語態(tài)。被動句還可能包含不必要的詞語,主動句則可避免此種情況,從而使句子變得更簡短,更生動,更有“人情味”——因為主動語態(tài)側(cè)重的是動作的行為人。如:
?Two months’notice to vacate must be given by the occupant to the landlord.
→An occupant must give the landlord two months’notice to vacate.
?It should be noted that the balance of the loan may be paid off at any time.
→The borrower may pay off the balance of the loan anytime.
?The photos were loaded onto the PC by Harmony.
→Harmony loaded her photos onto the PC.
同一個意思可用不同種類的句子(如復(fù)合句、簡單句等)或不同結(jié)構(gòu)的句子(如It is…that…,Either…or…,Neither…nor…,Not only…but also…,Both…and...等)來表達(dá),但用詞量會有所不同。一般而言,“直截了當(dāng)”表達(dá)意思的句式相對較為簡約,而“拐彎抹角”表達(dá)的句式則相對較為冗長。在寫概要時,應(yīng)盡量采用用詞相對較少的句式,以使句子“瘦身”而不失原意,達(dá)到簡練的目的。如:
?It is the purpose of this document to summarize the findings of the investigating committee.
→This document summarizes the findings of the investigating committee.
?Given that the volunteers are provided with food,they will survive.
→Provided with food,the volunteers will survive.
21He not only writes his own plays,but also acts in them.
→He writes his own plays and acts in them.
22There are several alternatives which should be explored.
→Several alternatives should be explored.
語言簡練是概要寫作的基本要求,也是確保概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的必要條件。而做到語言簡練的訣竅就在于恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用上述策略,用有限的詞數(shù)完整、充分、準(zhǔn)確、客觀地表達(dá)源文本的主旨和內(nèi)容要點。□◢