張小桐
摘要:目的? 結(jié)合臨床實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),探討老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者護(hù)理觀察及并發(fā)癥。方法? 選取我院2015年6月~2018年6月收治的老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者92例,隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組46例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)性綜合護(hù)理,觀察組給予加強(qiáng)護(hù)理干預(yù)。比較兩組患者的住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況、治療前后PEEPi、PEF水平,以及焦慮情況、生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分。結(jié)果? 觀察組患者的住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間分別為(14.57±3.60)d、(10.16±2.54)d,均短于對(duì)照組的(19.65±4.03)d、(14.32±3.81)d,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(6.52% vs 28.26%),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。治療后,觀察組患者PEEPi水平低于對(duì)照組,PEF水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。干預(yù)后1周和出院后1個(gè)月,觀察組患者SAS、SDS評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組患者在生理機(jī)能、生理職能、身體疼痛、總體健康、活力、社會(huì)職能、情感職能、精神健康等方面評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? 對(duì)老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)護(hù)理干預(yù),可改善患者的肺功能,降低發(fā)生機(jī)械通氣相關(guān)性肺炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,縮短住院時(shí)間,減輕患者焦慮狀態(tài),提高患者生活質(zhì)量。
關(guān)鍵詞:老年重癥肺炎;呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎;PEEPi;PEF;SAS評(píng)分;SDS評(píng)分
中圖分類號(hào):R473.5? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.08.059
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)08-0182-03
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張小桐(1990.4-),女,北京人,本科,護(hù)師,主要從事重癥護(hù)理工作
Abstract:Objective? To explore the nursing observation and complications of elderly patients with severe pneumonia complicated with ventilator-associated pneumonia in combination with clinical practice. Methods? A total of 92 patients with severe pneumonia complicated with ventilator-associated pneumonia admitted to our hospital from June 2015 to June 2018 were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 46 cases in each group. The control group received routine comprehensive care and the observation group received intensive care intervention. The hospitalization time, mechanical ventilation time, complications, PEEPi, PEF levels before and after treatment, as well as anxiety and quality of life scores were compared between the two groups. Results? The hospitalization time and mechanical ventilation time of the observation group were (14.57±3.60)d and (10.16±2.54)d, respectively, which were shorter than the control group (19.65±4.03)d, (14.32±3.81)d, and complications occurred. The rate was lower than the control group (6.52% vs 28.26%),the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the PEEPi level of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the PEF level was higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). One week after the intervention and one month after the discharge, the SAS and SDS scores of the observation group were better than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The scores of the observation group were better than those of the control group in terms of physiological function, physiological function, body pain, overall health, vitality, social function, emotional function and mental health,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion? Intensive nursing intervention for elderly patients with severe pneumonia complicated with ventilator-associated pneumonia can improve the lung function of the patients, reduce the risk of mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia, reduce the occurrence of complications, and shorten the length of stay in hospital. Reduce the anxiety state of the patients, improve the quality of life of the patients.
Key words:Severe pneumonia in elderly patients;Ventilator-associated pneumonia;PEEPi;PEF;SAS score;SDS score
老年重癥肺炎是老年患者較為常見的疾病之一,也是引發(fā)老年患者呼吸衰竭的常見原因[1]。機(jī)械通氣(mechanical ventilation,MV)可有效地支持呼吸,因而是呼吸衰竭患者搶救的一個(gè)重要途徑,目前廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床重癥疾病中[2]。呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)是停機(jī)拔管后2 d內(nèi)或MV治療2 d后出現(xiàn)的肺實(shí)質(zhì)感染性炎癥,常見的且最為嚴(yán)重的院內(nèi)感染之一[3]。為觀察加強(qiáng)護(hù)理對(duì)老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者中并發(fā)癥的影響,本文通過探討老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者護(hù)理觀察及并發(fā)癥,取得了可喜效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料? 選取首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院2015年6月~2018年6月收治的老年重癥肺炎并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎患者92例,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組46例。對(duì)照組男22例,女24例,年齡61~71歲,平均年齡(62.81±7.83)歲;病程0~5年,平均病程(2.16±0.38)年。觀察組男25例,女21例,年齡60~72歲,平均年齡(62.65±7.92)歲;病程0~5年,平均病程(2.35±0.36)年。兩組患者性別、年齡、病程等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者家屬均知情同意。
1.2方法
1.2.1對(duì)照組? 從患者入院開始給予常規(guī)性綜合護(hù)理,包括病房環(huán)境護(hù)理、機(jī)械通氣護(hù)理干預(yù)、吸痰護(hù)理、口腔護(hù)理等。
1.2.2觀察組? 在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)護(hù)理干預(yù),具體如下:①強(qiáng)化病房環(huán)境護(hù)理、護(hù)理過程無菌操作、微生物對(duì)設(shè)備污染的預(yù)防工作。醫(yī)護(hù)人員實(shí)施臨床護(hù)理時(shí),必須配戴口罩,規(guī)范著裝,尤其要保證雙手清潔。②霧化吸入及呼吸道濕化干預(yù)。強(qiáng)化吸痰規(guī)范,痰液較黏稠且較難咳出時(shí),可于生理鹽水中加異丙托溴銨氣霧劑(上海勃林格殷格翰藥業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn),國藥準(zhǔn)字J20130135)或布地奈德(上海信誼百路達(dá)藥業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn),國藥準(zhǔn)字H20010551)進(jìn)行霧化吸入生理鹽水中加入鹽酸氨溴索口服溶液(上海勃林格殷格翰藥業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn),國藥準(zhǔn)字H20031314)進(jìn)行霧化吸入,以稀釋痰液。濕化呼吸道可助于稀釋痰液,幫助患者咳出體內(nèi)痰液,故可進(jìn)行氣管內(nèi)直接滴注,在生理鹽水中加入適量藥物碳酸氫鈉濕化呼吸道。③強(qiáng)化口腔、營養(yǎng)、飲食護(hù)理。保證患者營養(yǎng)攝入均衡;定期以紗布鹽水擦拭干濕棉球擦拭口腔,注意先用干棉球,再換用濕棉球;同時(shí),注意觀察患者口腔黏膜是否破損及感染,情況若較為可疑則需做藥敏試驗(yàn)或涂片。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)? 觀察兩組患者的住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥情況、治療前后的內(nèi)源性呼吸末正壓(PEEPi)、最大呼氣流量(PEF)水平,焦慮情況以及生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分。①PEEPi、PEF為內(nèi)源性呼氣末正壓,是指呼氣末肺泡內(nèi)高于大氣壓的壓力;②并發(fā)癥包括肺不張、肺氣壓傷、呼氣道堵塞、氧中毒、通氣不足、呼吸性堿中毒、呼吸機(jī)依賴;③采用抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)和焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)對(duì)患者心理狀態(tài)進(jìn)行比較;④應(yīng)用SF-36量表為依據(jù)制定調(diào)查問卷,分別測(cè)定兩組治療前后的生活質(zhì)量狀況,主要包括生理機(jī)能、生理職能、身體疼痛、總體健康、活力、社會(huì)職能、情感職能、精神健康等方面。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? 使用SPSS 21.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以(%)表示,采用?字2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間比較? 觀察組患者的住院時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組患者并發(fā)癥情況比較? 觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3治療前后兩組患者的肺功能情況比較? 治療前,兩組患者PEEPi、PEF水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后,觀察組患者PEEPi水平低于對(duì)照組,PEF水平高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.4兩組患者SAS和SDS評(píng)分比較? 干預(yù)前,兩組患者SAS、SDS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后1周和出院后1個(gè)月,觀察組患者SAS、SDS評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
2.5兩組患者護(hù)理后生活質(zhì)量比較? 觀察組患者在生理機(jī)能、生理職能、身體疼痛、總體健康、活力、社會(huì)職能、情感職能、精神健康等方面評(píng)分均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表5。作者簡(jiǎn)介:張小桐(1990.4-),女,北京人,本科,護(hù)師,主要從事重癥護(hù)理工作作者簡(jiǎn)介:張小桐(1990.4-),女,北京人,本科,護(hù)師,主要從事重癥護(hù)理工作
作者簡(jiǎn)介:張小桐(1990.4-),女,北京人,本科,護(hù)師,主要從事重癥護(hù)理工作