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牛樟芝化學(xué)成分及藥理作用研究進(jìn)展

2019-05-14 08:59趙斌劉敬劉曉鑫韓宇婷
安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2019年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:化學(xué)成分藥理作用進(jìn)展

趙斌 劉敬 劉曉鑫 韓宇婷

摘要牛樟芝為臺(tái)灣特產(chǎn)的名貴食藥兩用真菌,一直被譽(yù)為"森林中之紅寶石",隨著人們對(duì)牛樟芝研究的不斷深入,其抗腫瘤、護(hù)肝等諸多神奇功效被發(fā)現(xiàn)。筆者對(duì)牛樟芝化學(xué)成分、藥理作用等方面的研究成果進(jìn)行綜述,并建議后續(xù)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)闡明牛樟芝的藥效物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),建立其質(zhì)量控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn),為進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)利用牛樟芝提供了參考。

關(guān)鍵詞牛樟芝;化學(xué)成分;藥理作用;進(jìn)展

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)R282.71文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A

文章編號(hào)0517-6611(2019)01-0020-04

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2019.01.007

開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID):

牛樟芝為擔(dān)子菌門(mén)、擔(dān)子菌亞門(mén)、同擔(dān)子菌綱、無(wú)褶菌目、多孔菌科臺(tái)芝屬的珍稀藥用真菌,常寄生在臺(tái)灣山區(qū)海拔200~2 000 m老齡牛樟樹(shù)上,為臺(tái)灣地區(qū)特有真菌品種,在民間又有牛樟菇、樟芝、紅牛樟芝、血靈芝等諸多別名,目前學(xué)術(shù)界統(tǒng)一Antrodia cinnamomea為牛樟芝的學(xué)名[1]。牛樟芝最早記載于清朝福建中醫(yī)師吳沙的族譜,其中描述:“樟芝須熬水蒸煑,濾其汁,久不生腐?!盵1] 牛樟芝富含多種功能活性成分,具有抗腫瘤、保肝、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、降血壓、降膽固醇、抑制血小板凝集等多種功能,可廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)藥,食品,化妝品,日化等領(lǐng)域。野生牛樟芝只能寄生于臺(tái)灣特有稀缺樹(shù)種牛樟樹(shù)上,而其子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)又極其緩慢,導(dǎo)致野生牛樟芝產(chǎn)量稀少,市場(chǎng)價(jià)格還高于名貴中藥冬蟲(chóng)夏草。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)牛樟芝人工培養(yǎng)技術(shù)開(kāi)展了系列研究,人工樟芝的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量不斷提升,其應(yīng)用成本也不斷下降,筆者對(duì)近10年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于牛樟芝化學(xué)成分和藥理活性的研究進(jìn)行總結(jié),為推動(dòng)這一新興名貴食、藥用菌的深入開(kāi)發(fā)及研究提供參考。

1化學(xué)成分

1.1多糖體及糖蛋白類(lèi)

多糖是牛樟芝中一類(lèi)主要活性成分,其主體結(jié)構(gòu)是葡萄糖,其直鏈常以β-1,3結(jié)合,而側(cè)鏈常以β-1,6結(jié)合。牛樟芝多糖中除葡萄糖外,還結(jié)合有木糖、甘露糖及半乳糖等形成雜多糖。其活性多糖是-D-葡聚糖大分子結(jié)構(gòu)。

朱會(huì)霞等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),牛樟芝多糖具有很高的黏稠性,其低濃度的水溶液就具有很高的黏度,具有剪切稀釋效應(yīng),是典型的非牛頓流體,呈現(xiàn)高度的假塑性。郭丹釗等[3]研究顯示超聲波輔助提取工藝可提高樟芝菌絲體粗多糖的提取量。Yang等[4]從牛樟芝菌絲體中分離得到了相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為<5、5~30、30~100、>100的4種多糖。Cheng等[5]通過(guò)木瓜蛋白酶解法從牛樟芝菌絲體中分離得硫酸鹽多糖,經(jīng)鑒定由肌糖、海藻糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖組成。Fa等[6]、Chiu等[7]從牛樟芝液態(tài)發(fā)酵菌絲體中分離得到了一種相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為4.42×105、糖醛酸量(152.6±0.8)mg/g、蛋白質(zhì)量71.0%的糖蛋白,并命名為antrodan。

1.2萜類(lèi)物質(zhì)

牛樟芝中的萜類(lèi)物質(zhì)多為四環(huán)三萜,可分為麥角甾烷型羊毛脂甾烷型2種類(lèi)型。其中樟芝酸是一種特殊且具有麥角甾烷骨架的化合物,從目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,該成分只存在于牛樟芝中。牛樟芝三萜與靈芝三萜比較,區(qū)別主要是在其第24個(gè)碳的位置上有第二個(gè)雙鍵。目前已在牛樟芝子實(shí)體和菌絲體中中分離純化得到40多種萜類(lèi)化合物,已明確30余種活性成分的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu) [8],詳見(jiàn)表1。

1.3核苷酸

張奉蘇等[9]采用HPCE檢測(cè)牛樟芝人工發(fā)酵菌粉(臺(tái)灣長(zhǎng)庚生物科技股份有限公司)檢測(cè)出5種核苷酸,含量由高到低順序?yàn)椋合佘?、尿苷、鳥(niǎo)苷、肌苷、腺嘌呤。程利娟等[10]采用HPLC檢測(cè)牛樟芝(宏潮生物)中腺苷的平均含量為0.12%。

1.4泛醌類(lèi)化合物

目前從牛樟芝的發(fā)酵菌絲體中分離得到一類(lèi)小分子親脂型苯醌化合物,經(jīng)鑒定為安卓奎諾爾(Antroquinonol)及其衍生物。Yang等[11]報(bào)道分離鑒定出安卓奎諾爾B和4-乙酰安卓奎諾爾B。Wang等[12]報(bào)道分離得到安卓奎諾爾D。Yen等[13]報(bào)道分離得到Antrocamol LT1、Antrocamol LT2和Antrocamol LT3等3種新泛醌類(lèi)衍生物。

1.5馬來(lái)酸及琥珀酸衍生物

Wu等[14]采用甲醇對(duì)牛樟芝菌絲體進(jìn)行提取,從中分離得到antrocinnamomin A~H,antrodin A~C等系列馬來(lái)酸及馬來(lái)酸酐衍生物。此外,從牛樟芝菌絲體中還提取分離得到3R*,4S*-1-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3- methyl-2-butenyloxy) phenyl]-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione(50)及3R*,4R*-1-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-4-[4-(3-methyl-2–bute-nyloxy)phenyl]pyrrolidine-2,5-dione(51)等2個(gè)琥珀酰亞胺[15]。

1.6揮發(fā)性成分

野生牛樟芝和人工培養(yǎng)牛樟芝均具有特有的香氣,這類(lèi)香味物質(zhì)成分復(fù)雜,多具揮發(fā)性。Lu等[16]采用GC-MS法對(duì)牛樟芝液態(tài)發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物中揮發(fā)性成分物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了測(cè)定分析,從菌絲中檢測(cè)鑒定出55種物質(zhì),從發(fā)酵液中檢測(cè)鑒定出49種物質(zhì),包括22種醇類(lèi)、8種酮類(lèi)、7種醛類(lèi)、23種酯類(lèi)、5種萜烴類(lèi)和3種芳香族化合物,并認(rèn)為其中具有蘑菇氣味的C8脂肪族化合物、水果氣味的某些內(nèi)酯和柑橘氣味的L-芳香醇是牛樟芝中特殊香味的主要來(lái)源。

2藥理作用及毒性安全評(píng)價(jià)

2.1抗腫瘤作用

牛樟芝粗提物經(jīng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示多種癌細(xì)胞有直接的細(xì)胞毒作用,如肝癌、乳腺癌、白血病、胰腺癌等。從牛樟芝中得到的4-acetylantroquinonol B對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞Hep G2的細(xì)胞毒作用呈現(xiàn)量效相關(guān)性[17-18]。牛樟芝中分離得到的10個(gè)三萜成分及l(fā)anosta-8,24-dien-3β,15α,21-triol對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞的IC50值為16.44~77.04 mg/mL,均具有明顯的細(xì)胞毒性,[19-21]。牛樟芝中苯衍生物可通過(guò)鈣蛋白介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞通路,誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞Hep G2、Hep3B凋亡[22],對(duì)正常肝細(xì)胞的增殖無(wú)影響[23]。牛樟芝菌絲體乙醇提取物能夠誘導(dǎo)頭頸癌細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制頭頸癌細(xì)胞增殖,且副反應(yīng)小[24]。其有效性成分可能為菌絲體中的antrodin C [25]。研究顯示,牛樟芝抗腫瘤機(jī)制可能是通過(guò)調(diào)控p53、p21、p27 抑癌基因以及細(xì)胞周期基因CDK2、CDK4的表達(dá),使得G1期細(xì)胞增多,S期細(xì)胞減少而實(shí)現(xiàn)[18]。還牛樟芝子實(shí)體提取物能減少肝癌細(xì)胞中致癌基因mRNA表達(dá),下調(diào)PI3K/Akt、MAPK通路,放大細(xì)胞自身的凋亡信號(hào)[26]。

牛樟芝可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。牛樟芝中的antrodin C能夠抑制轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子TGF-β1介導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和轉(zhuǎn)移[27]。牛樟芝中的antrodan能夠抑制肺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[28]。

牛樟芝多糖具有抗內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管新生作用。在CAM絨毛膜尿囊移植法實(shí)驗(yàn)中,牛樟芝多糖能抑制血管新生,以1×105以上相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量的多糖效果最好[29]。有報(bào)道稱(chēng),牛樟芝中的硫酸鹽多糖的硫酸鹽化程度能夠影響其抗血管新生作用的強(qiáng)弱[30]。

此外,牛樟芝在阿霉素合用治療腫瘤時(shí),能顯著降低阿霉素引起的心臟毒性、手-足綜合征等不良反應(yīng)[31]。牛樟芝菌絲體甲醇提取物能使人早幼粒白血病細(xì)胞HL-60 產(chǎn)生表型功能分化[32]。牛樟芝還可以提高輻射對(duì)腫瘤治療的效果,減少其對(duì)人體的損傷[33]。

2.2保肝作用

研究表明,牛樟芝能夠治療肝炎、肝癌及酒精引起的脂肪肝、肝纖維化等疾病,具有保肝作用[34-36]。牛樟芝菌絲體中的antroquinonol、4-acetylantroquinonol B能減輕酒精引起的肝損傷[37]。牛樟芝中的糖蛋白及antrodan能降低脂多糖引起的肝細(xì)胞氧化損傷、提高肝細(xì)胞活性[38]。牛樟芝中的antrodin A~E對(duì)C型肝炎病毒蛋白酶具有強(qiáng)抑制能力[39]。牛樟芝還可用于治療肝癌及丙型肝炎病毒感染[40]。

2.3抗炎及免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用牛樟芝中馬來(lái)酰亞胺衍生物、糖蛋白等成分能降低脂多糖引起的RAW264.7 巨噬細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答[40-42]。其抗炎作用與降低人外周血單核細(xì)胞中TNF-α、IL-6 及NO、PGE2 水平,抑制巨噬細(xì)胞中IL-1β、IL-18分泌及NLRP3 炎性體,激動(dòng)MAPK、NF-κB信號(hào)通路等有關(guān)[43-44]。牛樟芝菌絲體中的methyl antcinate K能增強(qiáng)樹(shù)突細(xì)胞活性、促進(jìn)Th2細(xì)胞分化,增強(qiáng)免疫應(yīng)答[45]。

2.4抗氧化損傷作用牛樟芝菌絲體提取物可以清除超氧自由基及DPPH自由基[46],牛樟芝中分離的Antcin C具有較強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性[47]。牛樟芝培養(yǎng)液的正己烷、正丁醇、醋酸乙酯部位進(jìn)行抗氧化實(shí)驗(yàn),均顯示有清除DPPH自由基能力和提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,其中醋酸乙酯部位活性最強(qiáng)[48]。還有研究顯示,牛樟芝人工培養(yǎng)菌絲體清除自由基的活性可以通過(guò)改變培養(yǎng)基中碳氮比值來(lái)增強(qiáng)[49]。

2.5神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用

牛樟芝水提物中硫酸鹽多糖、腺苷能作用于PC12 細(xì)胞,并調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生存活力[49-50]。牛樟芝乙醇提取物中的多酚類(lèi)、黃酮類(lèi)、三萜類(lèi)、腺苷成分作用于PC12 細(xì)胞后,能通過(guò)線(xiàn)粒體、腺苷受體途徑降低β淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ25-35)引起的細(xì)胞毒性,進(jìn)而改善神經(jīng)退變和記憶功能失調(diào)[51]。

2.6其他藥理作用牛樟芝水提物能夠調(diào)節(jié)血脂[52]。牛樟芝乙醇提取物能夠影響藥物在體內(nèi)的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及功效發(fā)揮,作用機(jī)理與通過(guò)抑制P-糖蛋白功能影響ABCB1 基因多態(tài)性有關(guān)[53]。

2.7安全性評(píng)價(jià)盧葉楓等[54]對(duì)牛樟芝的安全性進(jìn)行研究,小鼠急性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果LD50 >15 g/kg·bw,該劑量相當(dāng)于成人量的1 648倍;Ames實(shí)驗(yàn)、小鼠骨髓嗜多染紅細(xì)胞微核實(shí)驗(yàn)及小鼠精子畸變實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果均為陰性;亞慢性毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)中紅細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血常規(guī)、血生化指標(biāo)等與對(duì)照組比較,無(wú)顯著性差異。吳銘芳[55]進(jìn)行細(xì)菌基因突變測(cè)試,選用5種牛樟芝菌株分成不同處理及不同濃度組后,與陰性對(duì)照組均陰性反應(yīng)。徐蔚等[56]對(duì)牛樟芝膠囊進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期毒性實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示按4.50 g/kg的劑量連續(xù)對(duì)小鼠灌胃給藥30 d,小鼠未見(jiàn)明顯毒性反應(yīng)。

3小結(jié)

牛樟芝起源于中國(guó)臺(tái)灣民間,應(yīng)用歷史已超過(guò)200 年,現(xiàn)代研究顯示牛樟芝具有被開(kāi)發(fā)為抗癌、護(hù)肝及免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物的潛力。近年來(lái)牛樟芝在國(guó)內(nèi)受到廣泛關(guān)注,產(chǎn)業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展,中國(guó)臺(tái)灣學(xué)術(shù)界已普遍認(rèn)同牛樟芝的功效,但也反對(duì)把牛樟芝的功效萬(wàn)能化。

目前報(bào)道多關(guān)注于牛樟芝粗提物的藥理活性研究,對(duì)牛樟芝中特征性單體成分的藥理藥效研究仍相當(dāng)匱乏,同時(shí)缺少整體動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床試驗(yàn)研究。今后在牛樟芝中活性成分的分離鑒定、活性成分及部位的藥效學(xué)、藥動(dòng)學(xué)及牛樟芝人工培養(yǎng)產(chǎn)物的質(zhì)量控制等方面值得深入研究。

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