陳斌斌 陳新妹
【摘要】 目的:探討圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理在緩解無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者負(fù)性情緒及降低麻醉藥量中的臨床價(jià)值。方法:納入2017年1月-2018年12月在筆者所在醫(yī)院就診的接受無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者162例,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組81例和觀察組81例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組給予圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理。觀察兩組患者負(fù)性情緒(SAS和SDS評(píng)分)、術(shù)中應(yīng)激情況(血壓和心率)、麻醉藥物用量、胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)間及呼吸抑制發(fā)生率。結(jié)果:護(hù)理后,兩組SAS評(píng)分和SDS評(píng)分均低于護(hù)理前,且觀察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)中收縮壓、舒張壓、平均動(dòng)脈壓和心率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組麻醉藥物用量少于對(duì)照組,胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,呼吸抑制發(fā)生率(4.94%)低于對(duì)照組(13.58%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對(duì)于無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者開(kāi)展圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理,有利于緩解患者的不良心理狀況及減少麻醉藥物用量,值得臨床推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理; 無(wú)痛胃腸鏡; 負(fù)性情緒; 護(hù)理效果
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2019.26.045 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 B 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2019)26-0-03
Effect of Perioperative Quality Nursing on Negative Emotion and Anesthetic Dosage of Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Patients/CHEN Binbin,CHEN Xinmei.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2019,17(26):-106
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the clinical value of perioperative quality nursing in alleviating negative emotions of patients undergoing painless gastrointestinal endoscopy and reducing the amount of anesthetics.Method:A total of 162 patients who received painless gastrointestinal endoscopy in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled.According to the random number table,the patients were divided into the control group and the observation group,with 81 cases each.The control group was given routine nursing,while the observation group was given perioperative high-quality nursing.The negative emotions(SAS and SDS scores),intraoperative stress (blood pressure and heart rate),dosage of anesthetics,duration of gastrointestinal endoscopy and incidence of respiratory depression were observed.Result:After nursing,the SAS score and SDS score of the two groups were lower than those before nursing,and the observation group was lower than the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,mean arterial pressure and heart rate of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).The dosage of anesthetic drugs in the observation group was less than that in the control group,the time of gastrointestinal endoscopy was shorter than that in the control group,and the incidence of respiratory inhibition(4.94%) was lower than that in the control group(13.58%),the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:High-quality perioperative nursing for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy patients is helpful to alleviate the adverse psychological conditions of patients and reduce the dosage of narcotic drugs,which is worthy of clinical promotion.
【Key words】 Perioperative quality nursing; Painless gastrointestinal endoscopy; Negative emotion; Nursing effect
First-authors address:Ninth Fifth Hospital of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army,Putian 351100,China
無(wú)痛胃腸鏡是通過(guò)靜脈注射麻醉、鎮(zhèn)靜藥品讓患者在睡眠狀態(tài)下完成檢查,相比常規(guī)胃腸鏡,患者的認(rèn)可度和接受度更高,已成為消化道疾病最重要的檢查手段之一,其開(kāi)展規(guī)模也越來(lái)越大[1]。雖然可以讓患者在睡眠狀態(tài)下完成胃腸道檢查,但其畢竟是侵入性操作,患者普遍在檢查前會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮、緊張等負(fù)性情緒,從而影響患者對(duì)于檢查的配合度[2]。全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理則可以有效緩解患者圍術(shù)期的生理和心理不適[3-4],為此,本研究主要探討圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理在緩解無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者心理狀況及降低麻醉藥量中的臨床價(jià)值,具體如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
連續(xù)納入2017年1月-2018年12月在筆者所在醫(yī)院就診的162例接受無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和觀察組。對(duì)照組81例,男42例,女39例,平均年齡(58.34±4.62)歲,平均病程(8.34±2.62)個(gè)月;觀察組81例,男44例,女37例,平均年齡(57.88±4.51)歲,平均病程(8.26±1.97)個(gè)月。兩組一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究符合臨床試驗(yàn)倫理準(zhǔn)則,并獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)的許可。在入組干預(yù)前,已取得患者及其家屬的知情同意。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理,檢查前告知患者胃腸鏡檢查過(guò)程、注意事項(xiàng),要求的體位等,檢查過(guò)程中密切監(jiān)測(cè)患者的生命體征,檢查后遵醫(yī)囑進(jìn)行出院前護(hù)理指導(dǎo)。
觀察組給予圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理,具體為:(1)檢查前護(hù)理。胃腸鏡檢查前接診護(hù)士進(jìn)行詳細(xì)病史采集和體格檢查,評(píng)估患者心肺功能和對(duì)檢查的預(yù)期耐受情況。安排內(nèi)鏡室的專人對(duì)患者進(jìn)行一對(duì)一心理疏導(dǎo),了解患者的心理動(dòng)態(tài)和對(duì)檢查的疑慮或擔(dān)心之處,之后以通俗易懂語(yǔ)言介紹胃腸鏡檢查的目的、原理、操作過(guò)程、作用等。對(duì)于嚴(yán)重焦慮、緊張的患者,強(qiáng)化心理干預(yù),告知檢查的安全性和麻醉過(guò)程中的細(xì)節(jié)。另外,利用好社會(huì)支持系統(tǒng)與患者家屬進(jìn)行充分交流,通過(guò)家屬協(xié)助患者處理檢查前的心理不適感。(2)檢查時(shí)護(hù)理。選擇患者右上肢建立靜脈通路,妥善固定針頭以免脫落,協(xié)助患者取左側(cè)臥位,指導(dǎo)患者保持放松,在患者胸前放置柔軟抱枕,讓患者右手置于枕上,保持舒適體位。配合麻醉醫(yī)生進(jìn)行麻醉操作,盡量減少對(duì)患者的刺激。術(shù)中動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)患者的意識(shí)、呼吸、循環(huán)等生命體征,做好應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備,如有異常及時(shí)通知檢查醫(yī)生和麻醉師。另外,檢查時(shí)做好患者的保暖工作,以免受涼感冒。(3)檢查后護(hù)理。檢查結(jié)束后,陪同患者進(jìn)入麻醉蘇醒室,協(xié)助患者側(cè)臥位,確保氣道通暢,觀察患者蘇醒情況和有無(wú)麻醉相關(guān)不良反應(yīng),及時(shí)吸除鼻腔和口腔分泌物。待患者完全蘇醒且無(wú)異常后送回病房,告知患者檢查后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)輕度不適情況,術(shù)后2 h禁食和劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng),2 d內(nèi)避免刺激性食物,建議進(jìn)食流質(zhì)或半流質(zhì)食物,密切關(guān)注患者有無(wú)嘔血或便血的發(fā)生。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
(1)兩組患者負(fù)性心理狀況。采用焦慮自評(píng)量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)和抑郁自評(píng)量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)分別在護(hù)理干預(yù)前和干預(yù)后對(duì)患者進(jìn)行評(píng)分,分值越高,代表負(fù)性情緒越嚴(yán)重[5]。(2)兩組患者術(shù)中應(yīng)激情況。包括患者收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和心率等指標(biāo)。(3)兩組麻醉藥物用量、胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)間及呼吸抑制發(fā)生率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組護(hù)理前后心理狀況比較
護(hù)理前兩組兩組SAS評(píng)分和SDS評(píng)分比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),護(hù)理后兩組評(píng)分均低于護(hù)理前,且觀察組低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組術(shù)中應(yīng)激指標(biāo)比較
觀察組術(shù)中SBP、DBP、MAP和心率均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組麻醉藥物用量、胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)間及呼吸抑制發(fā)生率比較
護(hù)理后,觀察組麻醉藥物用量少于對(duì)照組,胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,呼吸抑制發(fā)生率(4.94%)低于對(duì)照組(13.58%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
胃腸鏡是消化道疾病最重要也是最依賴的檢查和治療手段,且無(wú)痛胃腸鏡的開(kāi)展大大降低了患者術(shù)中的疼痛感,讓胃腸鏡的操作變得更加方便。但由于檢查本身是侵入性操作,而一般患者對(duì)于檢查細(xì)節(jié)并不了解,難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)一定程度的負(fù)性心理情緒和軀體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),這可能會(huì)給患者的檢查和術(shù)后的恢復(fù)帶來(lái)不良影響[6-8]。因此緩解患者術(shù)前的負(fù)性情緒,消除患者的抵觸心理具有重要的臨床意義,圍術(shù)期優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理是以患者為護(hù)理中心,在強(qiáng)化基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理的同時(shí),提升整體的護(hù)理服務(wù)水平,系統(tǒng)性地將高質(zhì)量的護(hù)理服務(wù)貫穿于術(shù)前、術(shù)中和術(shù)后,既往已有研究報(bào)道圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理對(duì)于改善手術(shù)患者不良情緒和降低應(yīng)激反應(yīng)具有較好的護(hù)理效果[3-4]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),護(hù)理后,觀察組SAS評(píng)分和SDS評(píng)分均低于護(hù)理前及對(duì)照組護(hù)理后(P<0.05),這說(shuō)明圍術(shù)期優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理可以顯著緩解患者的負(fù)性不良情緒。在檢查前通過(guò)通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言解答患者的疑惑,消除他們的顧慮,增強(qiáng)患者的安全感和緩解緊張、焦慮的心理狀態(tài)。心理狀態(tài)的改善也讓患者在檢查中的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)得到控制,本研究顯示,觀察組血壓、心率等應(yīng)激指標(biāo)均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),這說(shuō)明在軀體應(yīng)激方面,觀察組的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)得到了有效抑制。而患者心理和身體應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的改善也直接反應(yīng)在檢查操作上,觀察組患者的麻醉藥物用量顯著減少,胃腸鏡檢查時(shí)長(zhǎng)顯著縮短,且呼吸抑制發(fā)生率也顯著降低。這些對(duì)于減少操作帶來(lái)的創(chuàng)傷和加快術(shù)后康復(fù)都具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。因?yàn)闊o(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查操作時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),需要的麻醉藥物用量也越多,同時(shí)引起受檢者產(chǎn)生呼吸抑制等情況發(fā)生率也就升高[9-10]。圍術(shù)期優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理顯著減少了上述問(wèn)題,也提高了檢查操作的安全性,另外檢查后繼續(xù)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行生命體征監(jiān)測(cè)和交代各種術(shù)后注意事項(xiàng),等其各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)恢復(fù)正常后再允許其離開(kāi),也可有效預(yù)防和減少了不良事件的發(fā)生[11-12]。
綜上,對(duì)于無(wú)痛胃腸鏡檢查患者開(kāi)展圍術(shù)期全程優(yōu)質(zhì)護(hù)理,有利于緩解患者的不良心理狀況及減少麻醉藥物用量,值得臨床推廣。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-24) (本文編輯:馬竹君)