秦雷 邵月
[摘要]注射美容自一百多年前誕生以來,其材料和技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了極大的變革,目前顏面部注射材料主要是神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑類及填充類,常用于面部年輕化、改善面部輪廓及矯正面部缺陷等,具有私密性佳、耗時短、起效快、創(chuàng)傷小及恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點,但注射美容相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)及并發(fā)癥同時也在不斷發(fā)生,影響治療體驗及最終效果,給就醫(yī)者的身體、心理造成不同程度的傷害,嚴重時還對其生命安全造成威脅。本文就肉毒毒素及填充注射兩方面在顏面部注射美容的臨床進展進行綜述,并展望注射美容未來的發(fā)展方向。
[關(guān)鍵詞]注射美容;肉毒毒素;顏面部;透明質(zhì)酸;自體脂肪
[中圖分類號]R622? ?[文獻標志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2019)04-0169-05
Abstract: The history of cosmetic injection has been over one hundred years,great progress has been made in both materials and technology.The current materials are mainly botulinum toxin and fillers those have many advantages such as good privacy,time-consuming short, rapid onset, less invasive,faster recovery,and often used to rejuvenate the face,improve facial contour and correct facial defects,etc.However,at the same time,the adverse reactions and complications of cosmetic injection not only affect the experience of treatment and the final therapeutic effect,but also cause various degrees of injuries to beauty seekers both in physical and mental.In special cases,they may also threaten the security of life.This paper reviews the clinical progress of botulinum toxin injection and filling injection,and also makes a preliminary outlook on the future direction of injection cosmetic.
Key words: cosmetic injection; botulinum toxin; face; hyaluronic acid; autologous fat
注射美容的歷史可從1899年的石蠟注射算起,至今已超百年。如今注射美容已得到了社會的高度認可,應(yīng)用十分廣泛,是整形美容外科不可或缺的部分,其材料及技術(shù)經(jīng)過不斷發(fā)展完善,已逐漸成熟、規(guī)范。目前,顏面部常用的注射材料一般分為兩類[1]:神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑類及填充類,前者常指肉毒毒素,后者以透明質(zhì)酸及自體脂肪為主,還包括羥基磷灰石、聚乳酸等。
1? 神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑類
顏面部神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑類注射材料,通常指的是肉毒毒素。肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin,BT),又稱肉毒桿菌毒素,是肉毒梭狀芽胞桿菌產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)毒素蛋白,共有8型,醫(yī)美領(lǐng)域常用A型肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin type A,BTA),BTA的作用機制可歸納為[2-7]:①與突觸前神經(jīng)元細胞表面受體結(jié)合;②結(jié)合后的復(fù)合體內(nèi)吞進入神經(jīng)細胞;③斷開二硫鍵,裂解突觸相關(guān)蛋白;④L鏈進入細胞基質(zhì)后切割底物蛋白,抑制乙酰膽堿釋放。BTA抑制乙酰膽堿釋放,卻并不抑制其合成,3~6個月后新的神經(jīng)-肌肉連接出現(xiàn),肌肉收縮功能又能恢復(fù)。
BTA常用于除皺,特別是面部上1/3動態(tài)皺紋[8],如額紋、眉間紋及魚尾紋等,目前對中下面部皺紋也有較多應(yīng)用,均取得良好效果,就醫(yī)者滿意度也普遍較高[9]。有研究建議,注射BTA后應(yīng)避免長時間紫外線照射,涂上SPE 30+的防曬霜,可獲得更佳的美容效果[10]。BTA也用來改善咬肌肥大[11-12],是良性咬肌肥大患者瘦臉的首選方案。BTA還能治療斜視、瞼痙攣、面肌痙攣,對高低眉、唇外翻、嘴角歪斜、露齦笑、面部不對稱等進行調(diào)整,對瘢痕也有治療效果,能在一定程度上抑制傷口愈合期間瘢痕的形成[1]。但也有研究[13]認為BTA治療瘢痕的實際效果可能很有限,需進一步研究明確爭議。最近有報道BTA治療難治性淚道引流障礙[14]的療效顯著,但當前實踐經(jīng)驗太少,具體應(yīng)用標準尚需進一步評估。還有報道[15]闡述了BTA輔助治療口吃的可能性,期待BTA成為口吃多學科療法的一部分。
BTA優(yōu)點眾多,如創(chuàng)傷小、起效快、無痕跡和總體安全性高等[8],但作為一種神經(jīng)毒素,其副作用是不能被忽視的,注射BTA后,偶有過敏、復(fù)視、眼干、眼瞼下垂、表情不自然、張口困難等不適,但基本都是暫時或可逆的,一般不會長期存在并影響最終的美容效果[16-17]。近年來,偶有報道肉瘤樣肉芽腫[18]、假性動脈瘤[19]等較嚴重的并發(fā)癥,有進一步分析、研究原因的價值。偶爾還會出現(xiàn)注射BTA后無反應(yīng)的情況,其原因尚不清楚,可能是個體免疫系統(tǒng)存在差異,如存在毒素抗體等[17]。
2? 填充注射類
自2003年FDA批準透明質(zhì)酸填充劑應(yīng)用于臨床后,因其可降解、可酶解、無抗原性等優(yōu)點,迅速獲得了醫(yī)美業(yè)界的青睞,現(xiàn)在是僅次于肉毒毒素的第二大注射美容產(chǎn)品。而羥基磷灰石類、聚乳酸類、富血小板血漿、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯等填充劑也已逐步應(yīng)用于臨床,均取得不俗的成績,一些新型填充劑仍在不斷研發(fā),如提取于鮭魚生殖細胞的多聚核苷酸[20]、人體自身皮膚的成纖維細胞等[21]。目前,國內(nèi)經(jīng)CFDA批準的填充劑還較少,故而臨床把填充劑的原料選擇轉(zhuǎn)向了自體組織和細胞,特別是自體脂肪及衍生物,具有取材和移植容易、無免疫反應(yīng)等優(yōu)點,受到很多就醫(yī)者的喜愛,有取代透明質(zhì)酸成為第一大注射填充材料的趨勢。
2.1 透明質(zhì)酸:透明質(zhì)酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)即玻尿酸,屬人體自身天然成分,本質(zhì)是二糖單體(氨基葡萄糖及葡萄糖醛酸)經(jīng)聚合形成的酸性黏多糖,作用是穩(wěn)定細胞外基質(zhì)。HA吸水能力很強,可鎖住水分并保持皮膚彈性,具備較穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)剛度[22]、適宜的生物相容性和可降解性,基本沒有抗原特異性。Wollina等推測HA的機制[23]:①刺激成纖維細胞產(chǎn)生膠原;②結(jié)合水、刺激脂肪組織反應(yīng);③支撐并激活脂肪干細胞。最新研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)注射后的HA在皮膚中均勻分布,保持著纖維小梁網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),能在脂肪小葉間移動,且沒有破壞原本完整的皮下結(jié)構(gòu)及耐受性。
HA在顏面部常用于容量填充,填充顳部、隆鼻、豐唇等,還用于填充凹陷或瘢痕、矯正不對稱、改善軟組織萎縮等[25],效果均較好,一定程度上改善了五官比例,降低了開放手術(shù)及安置假體的風險。近來HA還被用來提升效果[26],即全面部多通道皮內(nèi)微量注射,修飾細小皺紋和凹陷,改善膚質(zhì)并恢復(fù)皮膚厚度,刺激膠原增生,達到年輕化的目的。
HA總體安全性高,但不良反應(yīng)及并發(fā)癥仍時有發(fā)生,如局部紅、腫、痛,局部血腫、感染,遲發(fā)性纖維化、皮下結(jié)節(jié)、肉芽組織形成等,發(fā)生幾率雖不高,可一旦發(fā)生對就醫(yī)者心理和身體的傷害卻是不能忽視的,處理不當還可能產(chǎn)生醫(yī)療糾紛。綜合分析原因后,考慮一部分可能與HA純度有關(guān)[27],也有部分是操作技術(shù)問題[28]。
不常見卻嚴重的并發(fā)癥如失明、皮膚組織壞死甚至腦梗死等則更需引起重視。血管栓塞導(dǎo)致視力障礙的病例并不少,國外的Beleznay[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)了98例,國內(nèi)李小靜[30]則總結(jié)了89例,Carruthers等[31]很多學者均認為填充注射導(dǎo)致的失明是不可逆的,Giselle等[32]雖提出過預(yù)判栓塞的辦法,但仍缺乏絕對安全的避免手段。Goodman[33]曾報道1例HA致右眼部分失明的患者,短時間內(nèi)連續(xù)兩次(一次血管內(nèi),一次血管周圍)注射透明質(zhì)酸酶后視力恢復(fù),可惜的是不能準確判斷之前的失明診斷是否誤診(沒有眼底照片等直接證據(jù)),他們繼而認為血管周圍注射的透明質(zhì)酸酶能輕易穿過血管壁溶解HA,而這與Wang[34]的想法一致。HA導(dǎo)致的組織壞死常表現(xiàn)為術(shù)區(qū)皮膚發(fā)燙、毛細血管充盈不良、急性肌肉疼痛等[1],若未及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理將快速進展至皮膚青斑、潰瘍甚至全層壞死,所以快速診斷即將發(fā)生的皮膚壞死十分重要,一經(jīng)診斷應(yīng)立即大劑量脈沖注射透明質(zhì)酸酶,可取得良好效果[35-37]。HA致腦梗死的病例較少,Carle[38]等有所報道,治療上以預(yù)防為主,沒有比較系統(tǒng)有效的治療方案,還容易惡化,造成偏癱甚至死亡等嚴重后果。
2.2 自體脂肪:自體脂肪移植(autologous fat transfer,AFT)歷史悠久,可追溯到1893年Neuber用其填充皮膚軟組織凹陷。近年來,隨著自體脂肪(autologous fat,AF)的獲取及后續(xù)處理技術(shù)取得的巨大進步,其使用量大幅上升,在填充劑方面僅次于透明質(zhì)酸。
AFT的顏面部應(yīng)用與HA類似,但更佳的生物相容性、無過敏反應(yīng)及肉芽腫風險等優(yōu)勢[39]使其發(fā)展很迅猛,而混合部分AF細胞和細胞外基質(zhì)的自體乳糜脂在增生性瘢痕等瘢痕相關(guān)治療中取得了良好效果[40],也值得進一步關(guān)注。然而移植后脂肪細胞成活率不穩(wěn)定及不可預(yù)測成為制約AFT進一步發(fā)展的障礙,所以,近年來如何提高并穩(wěn)定細胞移植后的成活率成了研究熱點,研究者們從脂肪獲取、處理及注射等環(huán)節(jié)切入,提出了脂肪干細胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)[41]、細胞輔助脂肪移植(cell-assisted lipotransfer,CAL)[42]、Brava輔助細胞移植[43]、3L3M[44]、FAMI[45]等技術(shù)或理念,加之Rohrich等[46-48]對面部脂肪解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的深入研究,似乎已提高了脂肪細胞移植后的成活率,并獲得了就醫(yī)者較高的滿意度[49],然而一項納入3 073份病例、平均隨訪時間13.9個月的Meta分析[50]報道了不同個體間AF體積保持量存在巨大差異(成活率不穩(wěn)定且不可預(yù)知),故而在AF被稱作真正的永久填充劑之前,應(yīng)當首先評估其在生物相容性更佳的下一代填充劑出現(xiàn)后還是否合格,再進一步研究如何實現(xiàn)較高、較穩(wěn)定成活率及長期保持的問題。
AFT的不良反應(yīng)及并發(fā)癥也與HA類似,輕微的如局部紅、腫、痛,嚴重的如血管栓塞致失明、組織壞死等,但脂肪顆粒較HA直徑更大且不一,因而更易栓塞大直徑血管[51],如眼動脈、顱內(nèi)動脈等。AFT特有的并發(fā)癥是因脂肪壞死形成的油脂囊腫、鈣化及瘢痕,較多數(shù)量的細胞壞死會取代膠原基質(zhì)而形成瘢痕,瘢痕內(nèi)小油脂囊腫又易導(dǎo)致慢性炎癥反復(fù)發(fā)生,最終形成大量鈣化灶,持續(xù)時間可達5年[52],此類囊腫經(jīng)微創(chuàng)聯(lián)合治療[53]后在中期隨訪時取得良好效果,但仍需隨訪長期療效。
2.3 其他材料:左旋聚乳酸(poly-L-lactic acid,PLLA)是少數(shù)被FDA批準的一類安全、填充效果極佳的降解型人工合成生物材料。具有良好生物相容性、低毒性、易于改性等優(yōu)點[54-55],通過刺激成纖維細胞分泌膠原達到美容填充的目的[56],注射后需規(guī)律按摩,防止結(jié)節(jié)形成[1]。過去PLLA的問題是作為強疏水性物質(zhì),對細胞黏附力較差且降解物為乳酸,注射初期易引起輕微炎癥反應(yīng),容易出現(xiàn)丘疹、結(jié)節(jié)。研究者們通過改良技術(shù)細節(jié)并嚴密隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)丘疹、結(jié)節(jié)發(fā)生率已明顯降低[56-57],故而PLLA的未來前景應(yīng)該會很好。
羥基磷灰石鈣(calcium hydroxyapatite,CaHA)是高度交錯聚合的高分子磷酸鈣聚合物,廣泛存在于人體骨組織[58],除高分子填充劑共有的優(yōu)良生物相容性外,還具有注射后短期內(nèi)可手工塑形的優(yōu)勢,在美國的填充劑使用量長期處于第二位,僅次于透明質(zhì)酸。CaHA常用于較深層組織填充,如鼻唇溝填充、隆鼻等,在與HA的對照研究中取得了類似的效果及滿意度[59],應(yīng)用前景值得期待。
富血小板血漿(platelet rich plasma,PRP)是體外離心全血得到的高度濃縮自體血漿[60],含大量血小板,激活血小板可釋放大量生長因子,包括血小板源性生長因子、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子、成纖維細胞生長因子等[61],具有調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖和分化、促進血管增生及炎性趨化等作用[62]。目前常聯(lián)合其他方法如AFT,促進移植脂肪的血管化,提高成活率;還能聯(lián)合激光應(yīng)用于皮膚年輕化,可取得更佳的療效[63];PRP單獨使用可改善眼周皺紋、凹陷及黑眼圈,增加局部組織彈性[64]。在下一步研究中應(yīng)量化PRP的最低需求量,以期治療過程中獲得更好的舒適感。
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(poly-methyl methacrylate,PMMA)是一種永久性不可生物降解材料,早期因部分醫(yī)生擔心存在延遲性、頑固性肉芽腫的風險而不愿使用,所以PMMA的發(fā)展比較緩慢[65]。而隨著制造工藝改進,PMMA微球表面已非常光滑,顯著降低了免疫誘導(dǎo)、細菌定植和肉芽腫形成的風險,一項隨訪時間超過5年、樣本量超過1 000例的研究證實了這個結(jié)論[66]。故而在未來PMMA應(yīng)該會迅速跟上甚至趕超傳統(tǒng)填充劑。
3? 不足及展望
目前國內(nèi)面部注射美容發(fā)展迅速,各注射材料均因各自優(yōu)勢占據(jù)了一席之地,隨著更多新材料獲得審批而逐步進入臨床,原本BTA、HA及AF三足鼎立的格局或?qū)⒈淮蚱?。過去我們常常把目光放在各注射材料更廣泛的應(yīng)用上,對材料本身及并發(fā)癥的研究往往缺乏足夠重視,未來應(yīng)該進行更多前瞻性基礎(chǔ)研究及大樣本回顧性臨床研究,將材料本身及并發(fā)癥的機制問題了解清楚,減少并發(fā)癥特別是嚴重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,為廣大就醫(yī)者提供一個更安全的注射美容環(huán)境。
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[收稿日期]2018-10-31