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不同冰溫條件對(duì)長(zhǎng)期貯藏牛肉品質(zhì)和貨架期的影響

2019-02-21 00:36梁榮蓉楊嘯吟董鵬程朱立賢毛衍偉韓明山郝劍剛張一敏
關(guān)鍵詞:肉色肉品貨架

陳 雪,羅 欣,2,梁榮蓉,楊嘯吟,董鵬程,朱立賢,毛衍偉,韓明山,郝劍剛,張一敏

不同冰溫條件對(duì)長(zhǎng)期貯藏牛肉品質(zhì)和貨架期的影響

陳 雪1,羅 欣1,2,梁榮蓉1,楊嘯吟1,董鵬程1,朱立賢1,毛衍偉1,韓明山3,郝劍剛4,張一敏1※

(1. 山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,泰安 271018;2. 江蘇省肉類生產(chǎn)與加工質(zhì)量安全控制協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,南京 210095;3. 國(guó)家肉牛牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系通遼站,通遼 028100;4. 國(guó)家肉牛牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系烏拉蓋綜合試驗(yàn)站,烏拉蓋 026300)

該研究旨在探究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫(實(shí)驗(yàn)室恒溫條件,-2~0 ℃)和商業(yè)冰溫(工廠冰溫庫(kù)(-4~4 ℃))對(duì)長(zhǎng)期貯藏牛肉品質(zhì)的影響,以此明確當(dāng)前商業(yè)冰溫條件對(duì)牛肉的保鮮效果。試驗(yàn)測(cè)定了貯藏期間(20周)2種冰溫條件下真空包裝牛肉的pH值、肉色、微生物菌落數(shù)、揮發(fā)性鹽基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)、脂肪氧化和感官品質(zhì)等指標(biāo)。結(jié)果表明:2種冰溫條件下,牛肉在20周的貯藏期內(nèi)均可以維持良好的肉色及感官品質(zhì)。貯藏第9周時(shí),商業(yè)冰溫條件下牛肉樣品的菌落總數(shù)和TVB-N值就已分別達(dá)到7.09 lg CFU/cm2和15.59 mg/100g。而標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件下的牛肉樣品在貯藏期間其菌落總數(shù)始終低于7.00 lg CFU/cm2,TVB-N值在貯藏第12周時(shí)才超出限量閾值(≤15 mg/100 g),達(dá)到16.66 mg/100 g??傮w來(lái)看,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件對(duì)真空包裝牛肉的保鮮效果更佳,依據(jù)TVB-N值的限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫和商業(yè)冰溫條件下牛肉的貨架期分別不超過(guò)9周和12周。

肉;貯藏;品質(zhì)控制;貨架期

0 引 言

中國(guó)是牛肉生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國(guó)。近年來(lái),隨著高品質(zhì)牛肉需求量的增加,牛肉貯藏保鮮新技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)已經(jīng)成為肉品行業(yè)亟待解決的問(wèn)題。目前常用的肉類低溫貯藏方法主要分為冷藏和凍藏[1]。冷鮮肉具有良好的新鮮度及品質(zhì),但其貨架期較短,不利于產(chǎn)品的周轉(zhuǎn)、長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸及銷售[2]。冷凍貯藏雖然可以保證較長(zhǎng)的產(chǎn)品貨架期,但凍結(jié)和解凍過(guò)程會(huì)對(duì)肉品品質(zhì)(風(fēng)味、多汁性等)造成不良影響[3];與冷鮮肉相比,消費(fèi)者普遍認(rèn)為凍肉的品質(zhì)較低[4]。因此,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)馁A藏方法在保證肉品品質(zhì)的同時(shí)延長(zhǎng)貨架期尤為重要。

冰溫保鮮技術(shù)是指將生鮮食品置于0 ℃以下,冰點(diǎn)以上的溫度范圍內(nèi),使其保持低溫而不凍結(jié)的狀態(tài),在抑制微生物和酶的活性的同時(shí),更好地維持產(chǎn)品良好品質(zhì)[5-6]。與傳統(tǒng)的冷藏方式相比,冰溫貯藏可有效地延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)品貨架期1.4~4倍[7]。近年來(lái),該技術(shù)已經(jīng)成功應(yīng)用于肉品的貯藏保鮮[8-11]。Youssef等[8]研究了不同貯藏溫度對(duì)牛肉品質(zhì)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)與傳統(tǒng)冷藏(2 ℃)相比,冰溫條件下可將牛肉的貨架期延長(zhǎng)2倍。Small等[12]對(duì)比了澳大利亞不同工廠冰鮮牛肉長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間微生物菌落數(shù)和感官品質(zhì)的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)貯藏26周后各工廠樣品仍能保持良好的感官品質(zhì)及較低的微生物數(shù)量(約6 lg CFU/cm2)。其中精確控溫是冰溫保鮮技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵,Lan等[13]認(rèn)為冰溫條件下微小的溫度差異也會(huì)對(duì)肉品貨架期產(chǎn)生重要影響。本課題組前期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)澳大利亞進(jìn)口冰鮮牛肉在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫(實(shí)驗(yàn)室恒溫條件(0~2 ℃))條件下其感官貨架期可達(dá)20周[14]。但目前,由于技術(shù)和制冷設(shè)備制約,國(guó)內(nèi)冰溫保鮮技術(shù)研究多集中在短期貯藏水平,商業(yè)推廣及應(yīng)用尚不多見(jiàn)。而且國(guó)內(nèi)商業(yè)冰溫庫(kù)存在精準(zhǔn)控溫難,溫度多波動(dòng)等問(wèn)題,這也會(huì)影響產(chǎn)品貯藏期間的品質(zhì),進(jìn)而縮短肉品貨架期。然而,我們尚不清楚商業(yè)冰溫條件下牛肉的品質(zhì)變化和適宜的貯藏時(shí)間。因此,為了明確當(dāng)前長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間商業(yè)冰溫條件對(duì)牛肉的保鮮效果,本試驗(yàn)設(shè)置了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫(實(shí)驗(yàn)室恒溫條件,?2~0 ℃)和商業(yè)冰溫(工廠冰溫庫(kù)(?4~4 ℃))2個(gè)貯藏條件。研究了這2種冰溫條件下長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間(20周)牛肉的理化指標(biāo)、微生物數(shù)量及感官品質(zhì)等的變化,旨在確定當(dāng)前不同冰溫條件下的貨架期和品質(zhì)變化,為今后冰鮮技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)和優(yōu)化提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料與試劑

試驗(yàn)原料肉選自10頭西門(mén)塔爾牛的腰背最長(zhǎng)?。s24月齡,胴體質(zhì)量約310 kg,內(nèi)蒙古某肉牛屠宰企業(yè))。

Petrifilm微生物測(cè)試片,美國(guó)3M公司;MRS肉湯,英國(guó)Oxoid公司;NaCl,無(wú)水碳酸鈉,氧化鎂,2-硫代巴比妥酸,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;硼酸,鹽酸,三氯乙酸,天津凱通化學(xué)試劑有限公司;1,1,3,3-丙二醛乙縮醛,美國(guó)sigma公司。

1.2 儀器與設(shè)備

Senven2Go pH計(jì),瑞士Mettler Toledo公司;SP62便攜式色差計(jì):美國(guó)X-Rite公司;T18高速分散機(jī):德國(guó)IKA有限公司;CS501恒溫水浴鍋:上海博迅實(shí)業(yè)有限公司;AB104-S天平:美國(guó)梅特勒-托利多有限公司;SPX型生化培養(yǎng)箱:寧波江南儀器廠;Bag Mixer400均質(zhì)器:法國(guó)Interscience公司;1400生物安全柜:美國(guó)Thermofisher公司;冰溫冷藏冰箱:佳郅機(jī)電設(shè)備有限公司;K-355凱氏定氮儀,瑞士BUCHI公司;Logtag溫度記錄儀,深圳中際冷鏈電子有限公司。

1.3 試驗(yàn)方法

1.3.1 樣品處理

肉牛屠宰后,胴體于2~4 ℃冷卻24 h,取西冷部位切分成5 cm左右樣品(約1 kg,共計(jì)140塊),真空包裝(氧氣透過(guò)率20 cm3/m2·24 h,水蒸氣透過(guò)率5 g/m2·24 h)后,隨機(jī)選取70塊樣品在常規(guī)冷鏈物流條件下運(yùn)到實(shí)驗(yàn)室,置于?2~0 ℃條件下貯藏,記為處理組A(即為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件)。另70塊樣品于工廠冰溫庫(kù)中貯藏,并模擬牛肉銷售環(huán)節(jié),在0、3、6、9、12、15和20周時(shí)將樣品運(yùn)至實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析,記為處理組B(即為商業(yè)冰溫條件,運(yùn)輸時(shí)采用常規(guī)的肉品冷鏈物流模式)。采用Logtag溫度記錄儀記錄期間的溫度波動(dòng)情況。貯藏第0、3、6、9、12、15和20周時(shí),分別測(cè)定2組樣品的pH值,肉色,微生物菌落數(shù),揮發(fā)性鹽基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVBN),脂肪氧化(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)和感官品質(zhì)等指標(biāo)(每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)=10)。

1.3.2 pH值的測(cè)定

采用pH計(jì)直接插入待測(cè)樣品中測(cè)定其pH值,每塊樣品隨機(jī)測(cè)定3個(gè)點(diǎn),取平均值用于后續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)分析。

1.3.3 肉色指標(biāo)的測(cè)定

從每塊樣品切下一塊牛排進(jìn)行發(fā)色(4 ℃,30 min),使用便攜式色差計(jì)(SP62,測(cè)量孔徑8 mm,光源,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)視角10°)測(cè)定亮度值(lightness,)、紅度值(redness,)和黃度值(yellowness,)。每塊牛排隨機(jī)測(cè)定6個(gè)位點(diǎn),取平均值。

1.3.4 脂肪氧化(TBARS)值的測(cè)定

脂肪氧化的測(cè)定參照Siu等[15]的方法并稍作修改。在樣品表面取4 g肉樣(剔除筋腱和脂肪),置于16 mL蒸餾水中均質(zhì)1 min,而后加入16 mL濃度為10%的三氯乙酸溶液,混勻后過(guò)濾。取4 mL濾液,加入1 mL濃度為0.06 mol/L的硫代巴比妥酸溶液,震蕩混勻后,水浴加熱(80℃,90 min),使其充分反應(yīng)。冷卻至室溫,在532 nm處測(cè)定其吸光度A,同時(shí)設(shè)置空白對(duì)照(2 mL蒸餾水+2 mL 10%三氯乙酸溶液+1 mL硫代巴比妥酸溶液)。依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線來(lái)得到樣品中的脂肪氧化值。

1.3.5 揮發(fā)性鹽基氮(TVBN)值的測(cè)定

參照國(guó)標(biāo)GB5009.228-2016《食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)食品中揮發(fā)性鹽基氮的測(cè)定》,采用自動(dòng)凱氏定氮儀法進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

1.3.6 微生物數(shù)量的測(cè)定

參照Small等[12]的方法稍作修改。采用無(wú)菌取樣器從樣品表面取40 cm2肉樣(厚度約3 mm),置于無(wú)菌均質(zhì)袋中(BagPage?,法國(guó)Interscience有限公司),加入100 mL0.85% NaCl無(wú)菌生理鹽水,用拍打器拍打1 min。取1 mL混合菌液分別置于MRS肉湯和0.85% NaCl梯度稀釋液中進(jìn)行梯度稀釋,選取適當(dāng)?shù)奶荻认♂屢河谖⑸餃y(cè)試片中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。梯度稀釋液,細(xì)菌測(cè)試片及培養(yǎng)條件如表1所示。

表1 微生物的培養(yǎng)條件

1.3.7 感官評(píng)定

參照Chen等[14]的方法,感官品評(píng)小組由10名從事肉品研究的專業(yè)人員組成,在各個(gè)貯藏時(shí)間點(diǎn)分別對(duì)樣品的外觀、氣味和整體喜愛(ài)度等進(jìn)行評(píng)判。評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如表2所示。除整體氣味強(qiáng)度外(高于40分視為不可接受),其他任意一項(xiàng)低于60分則視為不可接受[14]。

表2 冰鮮牛肉感官評(píng)定表

1.3.8 數(shù)據(jù)分析

采用SAS 9.2程序中的混合模型(MIXED procedure)來(lái)進(jìn)行顯著性分析,其中隨機(jī)效應(yīng)為牛個(gè)體,固定效應(yīng)為貯藏條件、貯藏時(shí)間以及它們之間的交互作用。差異顯著水平為<0.05。結(jié)果采用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤的形式表示。采用Sigma Plot 10.0作圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同冰溫條件下牛肉貯藏期間溫度記錄情況

2種冰溫條件下牛肉貯藏及運(yùn)輸期間(虛框線部分)溫度波動(dòng)情況如圖1所示。相較于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件(?2~0 ℃),商業(yè)冰溫條件下溫度波動(dòng)幅度較大,其中貯藏前6周其波動(dòng)范圍為?4~4 ℃,而后波動(dòng)幅度減?。?2~2.2 ℃)。商業(yè)化的肉品冷鏈物流模式下溫度波動(dòng)幅度約10 ℃。精準(zhǔn)控溫難,溫度波動(dòng)過(guò)大等仍是當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)肉品加工企業(yè)面臨的主要問(wèn)題。

注:圖1中虛框表示真空包裝牛肉運(yùn)輸期間溫度波動(dòng)情況。

2.2 不同冰溫條件對(duì)牛肉pH值的影響

pH值可反映肉品的新鮮程度。如圖2所示,貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用對(duì)冰鮮牛肉的pH值影響顯著(<0.05)。2組冰鮮牛肉樣品的初始pH值為5.45,而后均隨貯藏時(shí)間整體呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低的趨勢(shì)。其中,貯藏第9周時(shí)pH值最高,分別為5.60、5.65。貯藏期間(除第9周外),兩組冰鮮牛肉樣品的pH值差異均不顯著(>0.05),且都符合正常pH值的范圍[16-17]。Frank等[16]也研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同溫度波動(dòng)的冰溫條件下對(duì)真空包裝牛肉pH值影響不大,均可有效地維持其相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。

注:a~d(下文a~g)表示不同貯藏時(shí)間組間差異顯著(P<0.05);x~y表示不同處理組間差異顯著(P<0.05),下同。

2.3 不同冰溫條件對(duì)牛肉常規(guī)肉色指標(biāo)的影響

由表3所示,貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用及貯藏條件對(duì)值,值和值的影響均不顯著(>0.05),但貯藏時(shí)間這一主效應(yīng)對(duì)樣品的常規(guī)肉色指標(biāo)均具有顯著影響(<0.05)。各組冰鮮牛肉樣品的值均隨貯藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸增加(<0.05),這可能是由于貯藏期間自由水含量增多引起折光率變化所導(dǎo)致的[18]。值和值也隨貯藏時(shí)間整體呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢(shì)。肉色是評(píng)價(jià)肉品好壞的重要依據(jù),直接影響消費(fèi)者的接受程度。其中,相較于和值,值是反映牛肉肉色最重要的指標(biāo),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)≥14.5時(shí),消費(fèi)者對(duì)肉色感到滿意[19]。本研究中,貯藏期間,各組牛肉的值(A組:24.15~25.05,B組:23.85~25.40)均始終高于這一消費(fèi)者接受度閾值,維持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的鮮紅肉色。與本研究結(jié)果一致,F(xiàn)rank等[16]也發(fā)現(xiàn)不同冰溫條件下的溫度波動(dòng)差異不會(huì)顯著的影響真空包裝牛肉的和值,均可維持牛肉良好的肉色,減緩肉色劣變。肉色與貯藏溫度顯著相關(guān),有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨貯藏溫度(?1.5、2、5 ℃)的提高,牛肉的值逐漸降低[20]。與冷藏相比,冰溫貯藏能夠降低高鐵肌紅蛋白的形成速率,有效地維持肉色穩(wěn)定性,延長(zhǎng)肉色貨架期[21]。

2.4 不同冰溫條件對(duì)牛肉微生物數(shù)量的影響

微生物污染是導(dǎo)致牛肉貨架期縮短及安全性降低的關(guān)鍵因素。如圖3所示,貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用對(duì)冰鮮牛肉的菌落總數(shù)和乳酸菌均具有顯著影響(<0.05)。本研究中,2組冰鮮牛肉的初始菌落總數(shù)為4.15 lg CFU/cm2,貯藏前9周,菌落總數(shù)均隨貯藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而顯著增加(<0.05)。貯藏9周后趨于相對(duì)穩(wěn)定(>0.05),其中B組樣品的菌落總數(shù)達(dá)到7.09 lg CFU/cm2,超出7 lg CFU/cm2的微生物限量閾值[21-22],且在后期貯藏過(guò)程中,顯著高于A組樣品(<0.05)。但貯藏期間A組樣品的菌落總數(shù)始終低于7 lg CFU/cm2,這表明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件抑制微生物增殖的效果更佳。乳酸菌也呈現(xiàn)相似的增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。初始乳酸菌落數(shù)為2.89 lg CFU/cm2,貯藏前期,2組冰鮮牛肉樣品的乳酸菌數(shù)量增加顯著(<0.05),貯藏9周后趨于相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。貯藏后期(9~20周),B組冰鮮牛肉樣品的乳酸菌數(shù)量顯著高于A組樣品(<0.05)。溫度是影響微生物生長(zhǎng)的重要因素[23]。微生物菌落數(shù)的差異可能是貯藏期間溫度波動(dòng)的程度不同導(dǎo)致的。與本研究結(jié)果相似,陳秦怡等[24]、李建雄等[25]和Frank等[16]學(xué)者也發(fā)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定的冰溫條件可有效的減緩微生物的增殖速率,更好的保持產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)。

表3 不同冰溫條件對(duì)真空包裝牛肉貯藏期間肉色指標(biāo)的影響

圖3 不同冰溫條件對(duì)真空包裝牛肉貯藏期間菌落總數(shù)和乳酸菌的影響

2.5 不同冰溫條件對(duì)揮發(fā)性鹽基氮和脂質(zhì)氧化的影響

脂肪氧化可產(chǎn)生多種醛類物質(zhì),加速高鐵肌紅蛋白的形成,不利于肉色穩(wěn)定性[26-27]。同時(shí),其產(chǎn)物積累過(guò)多也會(huì)導(dǎo)致鮮肉產(chǎn)生氧化異味,影響消費(fèi)者接受度。如表4所示,貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用對(duì)TBARS值影響不顯著(>0.05),但貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間這2個(gè)主效應(yīng)均顯著影響牛肉的TBARS值(<0.05)。貯藏初期(0~6周),TBARS值增加顯著,而后趨于相對(duì)穩(wěn)定(>0.05)。且貯藏6周后,B組樣品的TBARS值略高于A組樣品。溫度是影響脂肪氧化的關(guān)鍵因素之一[28-29],本課題組近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)真空包裝的牛肉在冷藏條件下(2 ℃),貯藏第8周時(shí)TBARS值就已接近0.45 mg/kg[1],顯著高于本研究中冰溫條件下的TBARS值。冰溫貯藏可有效的減緩脂肪氧化速率[10]。本研究中,貯藏期間盡管各組溫度波動(dòng)存在差異,但均能抑制脂肪氧化程度,維持較低的TBARS值(0.19~0.39 mg/kg),這說(shuō)明冰溫貯藏可有效的減緩脂肪氧化速率,同時(shí)這也意味著脂肪氧化并不是真空冰鮮牛肉貯藏期間產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)劣變的主要誘因[13]。

揮發(fā)性鹽基氮是指由于微生物及酶的作用降解蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生的氨和胺類物質(zhì)等堿性物質(zhì),也是評(píng)價(jià)肉品新鮮度的重要指標(biāo)[30]。如表4所示,貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用顯著影響TVB-N值(<0.05)。2組樣品的初始TVB-N值為11.94 mg/100 g。貯藏期間,各組樣品的TVB-N值均隨貯藏時(shí)間逐漸增加(<0.05),且B組樣品增加較快。A組樣品在貯藏第12周時(shí)達(dá)到16.66 mg/100 g,B組樣品在貯藏第9周時(shí)就已達(dá)到15.59 mg/100 g,均已超出GB 2707-2016限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(15 mg/100 g)。李建雄等[25]對(duì)比了不同貯藏溫度對(duì)豬肉品質(zhì)的影響,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)與波動(dòng)的冰溫條件相比,穩(wěn)定的冰溫條件可有效地抑制TVB-N值的增加。TVB-N值與微生物菌落數(shù)存在正相關(guān)性[13],與以上菌落總數(shù)結(jié)果相符,這種差異可能由于貯藏后期B組樣品微生物菌落數(shù)較高所致。近期,澳大利亞的學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),真空包裝的牛肉(初始菌落總數(shù)2.25 lg CFU/cm2)在穩(wěn)定的冰溫條件下長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間(20周)其TVB-N值始終低于限量閾值[17]。因此,降低初始微生物污染水平,提高溫度控制精度,是有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)冰溫保鮮效果的關(guān)鍵。

表4 不同冰溫條件對(duì)真空包裝牛肉貯藏期間揮發(fā)性鹽基氮和脂質(zhì)氧化值的影響

2.6 不同冰溫條件對(duì)感官品質(zhì)的影響

冰鮮牛肉的感官指標(biāo)主要包括外觀、氣味和整體喜愛(ài)度等。不同處理組冰鮮牛肉貯藏期間感官品質(zhì)的變化如表5所示。

表5 不同水溫條件對(duì)牛肉感官品質(zhì)的影響

貯藏條件和貯藏時(shí)間的交互作用對(duì)牛肉的各感官指標(biāo)均具有顯著影響(<0.05)。各組樣品的外觀新鮮度(包裝內(nèi))、氣味新鮮度(打開(kāi)包裝后)、發(fā)色后的整體喜愛(ài)度和氣味新鮮度的感官評(píng)分均隨貯藏時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸降低(<0.05)。就包裝內(nèi)新鮮度而言,貯藏后期(15~20周),A組樣品的感官評(píng)分要顯著優(yōu)于B組樣品(<0.05);氣味方面(打開(kāi)包裝后),貯藏前期(0~6周)兩組樣品的整體氣味強(qiáng)度和氣味新鮮度差異不顯著,貯藏后期(15~20周)A組樣品的氣味感官評(píng)分更優(yōu)(<0.05);整體喜愛(ài)度和氣味新鮮度方面(發(fā)色后),貯藏后期,A組樣品的感官品質(zhì)更佳。感官品質(zhì)是判定肉品貨架期的最直接方式[13],本研究中貯藏期間各組樣品的感官評(píng)分均能保持較高水平(高于60分),具有較長(zhǎng)的感官貨架期(20周)。

3 結(jié) 論

本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了2種冰溫條件(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫和商業(yè)冰溫)下長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間(20周)牛肉的理化指標(biāo)、微生物數(shù)量及感官品質(zhì)等的變化,得出以下結(jié)論:

1)2種冰溫條件下,長(zhǎng)期貯藏期間(20周)均能維持牛肉較低的TBARS值(0.19~0.39 mg/kg)、良好的肉色(值23.85~25.40)及感官品質(zhì)。

2)貯藏后期,相較于商業(yè)冰溫樣品,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫樣品的TBARS值更低,感官品質(zhì)更佳。貯藏第9周時(shí),商業(yè)冰溫條件下樣品的菌落總數(shù)和TVB-N值就已分別達(dá)到7.09 lg CFU/cm2和15.59 mg/100g。而標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫條件下的樣品在貯藏期間其菌落總數(shù)始終低于7.00 lg CFU/cm2,貯藏第12周時(shí)TVB-N值才超出限量閾值(≤15 mg/100 g),達(dá)到16.66 mg/100 g。

綜上所述,穩(wěn)定的冰溫條件更能夠有效的抑制微生物的增殖,減緩TVB-N值的增加。依據(jù)TVB-N的GB 2707-2016限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)冰溫、商業(yè)冰溫冰鮮牛肉的貨架期不超過(guò)12和9周。因此,提高溫度控制精度,降低初始微生物數(shù)量是有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)冰溫保鮮效果、延長(zhǎng)牛肉的貨架期的關(guān)鍵因素。

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Effects of super-chilled conditions on quality and shelf life of beef during long term storage

Chen Xue1, Luo Xin1,2, Liang Rongrong1, Yang Xiaoyin1, Dong Pengcheng1, Zhu Lixian1, Mao Yanwei1, Han Mingshan3, Hao Jiangang4, Zhang Yimin1※

(1.,,,271018,; 2.,210000,;3.,,028100,;4.,,026321,)

Fresh beef is perishable product, which is an ideal substrate for the growth of spoilage microorganisms. Thus, it is essential to apply adequate preservation technologies to retard the bacterial spoilage and maintain beef quality and safety. Super-chilled storage with an intense microbial growth delay, less protein denaturation and structural damage, was considered as an advantageous technology for meat products. Currently, this technology has been successfully applied in the preservation of beef, extending the shelf life up to 20 to 30 weeks. Excellent temperature control is critical to enable a long shelf life;Subtle differences in super-chilled temperature might exert a significant effect on shelf life of meat products. The application of super-chilled storage in domestic meat industry is scarce, due to the restriction of technology and equipment in China. Temperature fluctuation is the major issue in domestic commercial super-chilled condition, which may affect the meat products quality during storage. However, little information is available looking at the effects of commercial super-chilled condition on beef quality during long term storage. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of commercial super-chilled condition (?4-4 ℃) on beef quality during long term storage, with the comparison of the ideal super-chilled condition under lab control (?2-0 ℃). Physicochemical, microbial counts and sensory attributes of vacuum-packaged beef stored under two conditions were analyzed during 20 weeks. The results showed that the,* andvalues increased gradually over the entire storage time for both ideal and commercial super-chilled samples. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of both samples exhibited slight changes over time, and were in the range of 0.19-0.35 mg/kg. Noteworthy, the different growth rates for total viable counts (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts were found in different storage treatments. The TVC counts of the samples stored at commercial super-chilled condition grew more rapidly as compared to that in samples under ideal super-chilled condition, reaching 7.09 lg CFU/cm2after9 weeks. Whereas, the samples under ideal super-chilled condition were below the spoilage thresholds (7 lg CFU/cm2) during the entire storage period. For sensory evaluation, samples under ideal super-chilled condition showed better sensory attributes than those in commercial super-chilled condition at the 20th weeks of storage. One noticeable point in the present study was that samples from both storage treatments maintained high consumer acceptance (scores higher than 60) after 20 weeks storage, and exhibited longer shelf-life in term of sensory attributes. In addition, the TVB-N values of samples under commercial super-chilled condition exceeded the threshold (≤15 mg/100 g) at 9 weeks, reaching 15.59 mg/100 g. Compared to commercial super-chilled condition, ideal super-chilled condition exerted a better preservative effect for beef cuts, the TVB-N values reached 16.66 mg/100 g at 12 weeks. The present results here indicated that the acceptable shelf life of super-chilled beef cuts under ideal super-chilled and commercial super-chilled conditions were less than 12 weeks and 9 weeks, respectively, according to the national standard. Differences in temperature fluctuations during super-chilled storage and large temperature fluctuations during transportation had significant influences on beef quality and shelf life.

meat; storage; quality control; shelf-life

陳 雪,羅 欣,梁榮蓉,楊嘯吟,董鵬程,朱立賢,毛衍偉,韓明山,郝劍剛,張一敏. 不同冰溫條件對(duì)長(zhǎng)期貯藏牛肉品質(zhì)和貨架期的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(23):305-311.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.037 http://www.tcsae.org

Chen Xue, Luo Xin, Liang Rongrong, Yang Xiaoyin, Dong Pengcheng, Zhu Lixian, Mao Yanwei, Han Mingshan, Hao Jiangang, Zhang Yimin. Effects of super-chilled conditions on quality and shelf life of beef during long term storage[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(23): 305-311. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.037 http://www.tcsae.org

2019-07-13

2019-11-04

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)資金資助(肉牛CARS-37);山東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)專項(xiàng)資金(SDAIT-09-09)

陳 雪,博士,主要從事肉品科學(xué)研究。Email:2019010030@sdau.edu.cn

張一敏,博士,副教授,主要從事肉品科學(xué)研究。Email:ymzhang@sdau.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.23.037

TS251.5+2

A

1002-6819(2019)-23-0305-07

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