馬麟 鄧鑫
[摘要]目的 探討長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾對(duì)原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛臨床療效及冠脈血流的影響。方法 選取2015年12月~2018年1月錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院、沈陽(yáng)二四二醫(yī)院、沈陽(yáng)維康醫(yī)院收治的178例原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛患者作為研究對(duì)象(剔除20例),根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組(75例)與對(duì)照組(83例)。兩組患者均給予高危因素控制、抗血小板聚集、抗動(dòng)脈硬化、控制心率、抑制交感神經(jīng)等治療。觀察組患者加用注射用尼可地爾,6 mg/h,泵注,療程為6 h,繼之口服尼可地爾10 mg,3次/d,療程為1年。觀察兩組患者每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)、每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量,比較兩組患者ST段下移的最大值、ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間及校正的TIMI幀數(shù)(CTFC)、TIMI心肌灌注幀數(shù)(TMPFC)。結(jié)果 兩組患者治療前每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)、每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后每個(gè)月心絞痛的發(fā)作次數(shù)少于治療前,每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間短于治療前,每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量低于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)少于對(duì)照組,每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者治療前ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于治療前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者治療前的CTFC、TMPFC比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后的CTFC、TMPFC少于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后的CTFC、TMPFC均少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者治療后均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)論 長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾治療原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛安全有效,并且可以改善冠脈血流。
[關(guān)鍵詞]長(zhǎng)療程;尼可地爾;原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛;臨床療效;冠脈血流
[中圖分類號(hào)] R285.5 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)12(c)-0008-04
Effect of long-term application of Nicorandil on the clinical efficacy and coronary blood flow of primary stable microangiocardia
MA Lin1 ? DENG Xin2
1. Department of Cardiology, Shenbei New District Central Hospital of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Shenyang ? 110000, China; 2. Department of Neurology, Shengjing Geriatrics Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang ? 110000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of long-term application of Nicorandil on the clinical efficacy and coronary blood flow of primary stable microangiocardia. Methods A total of 158 patients with primary stable microvascular angina pectoris admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang 242 Hospital and Shenyang Weikang Hospital from December 2015 to January 2018 were selected as the subjects (20 cases excluded). According to the random number table method, the patients were divided into the observation group (75 cases) and the control group (83 cases). Both groups were given high-risk factor control, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-arteriosclerosis, control of heart rate, inhibition of sympathetic nerve and other treatments. The patients in the observation group were treated with Nicorandil for injection (6 mg/h) and pump injection for 6 h, followed by 10 mg of oral administration of Nicorandil three times a day for 1 year. The number of angina pectoris attacks per month, duration of each angina pectoris and total dose of Nitroglycerin per month were observed in the two groups. The start time of ST segment down shift change, the start time of angina pectoris attack, the total time of exercise, the corrected TIMI frame number (CTFC) and TIMI myocardial perfusion frame number (TMPFC) were compared between the two groups. Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of angina attacks per month, duration of each angina pectoris and total dose of nitroglycerin per month before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the number of angina attacks per month in the two groups was fewer than that before treatment, the duration of each angina pectoris was shorter than that before treatment, and the total dose of Nitroglycerin per month was lower than that before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the number of angina attacks per month in the observation group was fewer than that in the control group, the duration of each angina pectoris was shorter than that in the control group, and the total dose of Nitroglycerin per month was lower than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the start time of ST segment down shift change, the start time of angina pectoris attack, the total time of exercise between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). The the start time of ST segment down shift change, the start time of angina pectoris attack, the total time of exercise were longer than those before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The the start time of ST segment down shift change, the start time of angina pectoris attack, the total time of exercise were longer than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in CTFC and TMPFC between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). The CTFC and TMPFC in the two groups after treatment were lessr than those before treatment, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the CTFC and TMPFC in the observation group were less than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred in both groups after treatment. Conclusion The long-term application of Nicorandil in the treatment of primary stable microvascular angina pectoris is safe and effective, which can improve coronary blood flow.
[Key words] Long course of treatment; Nicorandil; Primary stable microvascular angina pectoris; Clinical efficacy; Coronary blood flow
對(duì)于冠脈微血管疾病的研究,有著近40年的歷史,1967年Lidoff首先報(bào)道了該類疾病特點(diǎn)[1],該病的命名先后經(jīng)歷了“X綜合征”“微血管性心絞痛”[1-2]。2010年Lanza等[3]為了和繼發(fā)于特定的某些微血管型心絞痛相區(qū)別,將其修正為原發(fā)性微血管心絞痛,并分為穩(wěn)定型和不穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛。2013年ESC將其列為冠心病的臨床類型[4];2017年3月中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管病學(xué)分會(huì)頒布了我國(guó)首部《冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管疾病診斷和治療的中國(guó)專家共識(shí)》[5]。但該領(lǐng)域循證證據(jù)仍不充分,提出的診療建議也是初步的。既往研究證實(shí),短期內(nèi)靜脈或冠脈內(nèi)應(yīng)用尼可地爾,可改善患者的慢血流、無(wú)復(fù)流,保護(hù)心肌[6],減少再灌注損傷[7],改善急性心力衰竭患者的癥狀和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)[8]。然而目前長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用尼可地爾對(duì)原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛的相關(guān)研究報(bào)道較少,本研究選取178例原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛患者作為研究對(duì)象,旨在探討長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾對(duì)原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛臨床療效及冠脈血流的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2015年12月~2018年1月錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬一院、沈陽(yáng)二四二醫(yī)院、沈陽(yáng)維康醫(yī)院收治的178例原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛患者作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組(89例)與對(duì)照組(89例)。觀察組中,男24例,女65例;年齡45~65歲,平均(51.0±6.5)歲;體重指數(shù)(BMI)(28.4±5.4)kg/m2;吸煙20例,高血壓10例,糖尿病12例,高脂血癥14例;剔除14例。對(duì)照組中,男22例,女67例;年齡44~67歲,平均(50.0±7.2)歲;BMI(29.1±6.2)kg/m2;吸煙18例,高血壓11例,糖尿病10例,高脂血癥13例;剔除6例。兩組患者的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者均簽署知情同意書。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患者年齡18~75歲;②患者符合原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛的診斷[5]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ級(jí)者;②妊娠或哺乳婦女;③肝腎功能異常者;④變異性心絞痛者;⑤其他心臟疾病引起的心源性胸痛者;⑥非心源性胸痛者。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①未按規(guī)定用藥累積2周者;②未按規(guī)定復(fù)診或隨訪者。
1.2方法
對(duì)照組患者給予高危因素控制;阿司匹林(拜耳醫(yī)藥保健有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):BJ30875)100 mg,1次/d,抗血小板聚集;阿托伐他汀鈣片(輝瑞制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):W52364)20 mg,1次/d,抗動(dòng)脈硬化;琥珀酸美托洛爾緩釋片(阿斯利康制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):UDUM)47.5 mg,1次/d,控制心率及抑制交感神經(jīng),療程為1年。
觀察組患者在對(duì)照組的基礎(chǔ)上給予注射用尼可地爾(北京四環(huán)科寶制藥有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):15100945)6 mg/h,泵注,療程為6 h,繼之口服尼可地爾(西安漢豐藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):1506091)10 mg,3次/d,療程為1年。
兩組患者治療前后均行心電圖(ECG)、運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)(采用修正的Bruce運(yùn)動(dòng)平板方案)、冠脈造影(CAG)、肝腎功能、血尿便常規(guī)、凝血四項(xiàng)檢查。其中冠脈血流評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)由相同2名具有10年介入經(jīng)驗(yàn)的醫(yī)生獨(dú)立閱片,取平均值。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1臨床療效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) ?每個(gè)月通過(guò)微信或電話隨訪的方式隨訪,記錄每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)、每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、每個(gè)月使用的硝酸甘油總劑量。
1.3.2運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)指標(biāo) ?ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間。
1.3.3冠脈血流評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) ?校正的TIMI幀數(shù)(CTFC)[9]、TIMI心肌灌注幀數(shù)(TMPFC)[10]。
1.3.4安全性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) ?血壓、心率、血尿便常規(guī)、肝功能、腎功能、凝血四項(xiàng)。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者治療前后臨床療效指標(biāo)的比較
兩組患者治療前每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)、每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間、每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后每個(gè)月心絞痛的發(fā)作次數(shù)少于治療前,每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間短于治療前,每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量低于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)少于對(duì)照組,每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者治療前后運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的比較
兩組患者治療前ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3兩組患者治療前后冠脈血流指標(biāo)的比較
兩組患者治療前的CTFC、TMPFC比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者治療后的CTFC、TMPFC少于治療前,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組患者治療后的CTFC、TMPFC少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。
2.4兩組患者的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況
兩組患者治療后均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)。
3討論
尼可地爾是一種鉀離子通道開放劑,本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患者治療后每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)少于對(duì)照組,每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,每個(gè)月硝酸甘油總劑量低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾可減少原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛患者每個(gè)月心絞痛發(fā)作的次數(shù)、每次心絞痛持續(xù)時(shí)間及每個(gè)月硝酸甘油的使用總劑量。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,觀察組患者治療后ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間、心絞痛發(fā)作起始時(shí)間、運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,CTFC、TMPFC均少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾可延遲ST段出現(xiàn)下移改變的起始時(shí)間及心絞痛的發(fā)作時(shí)間,增加運(yùn)動(dòng)總時(shí)間,可減少CTFC、TMPFC幀數(shù),加快冠脈血流流速。究其原因,可能有如下幾個(gè)方面。
現(xiàn)認(rèn)為原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與冠脈微血管內(nèi)皮損傷、冠脈的微血管功能異常、心臟自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂、雌激素水平減低、鈣離子超載、血管痙攣、栓塞等有關(guān)[11]。其中多種動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化危險(xiǎn)因素通過(guò)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞依賴性和非依賴性機(jī)制導(dǎo)致微血管功能異常、冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管阻力增高引起冠脈血流應(yīng)答障礙,出現(xiàn)無(wú)法用心外膜冠狀動(dòng)脈缺血解釋的心肌灌注不足或冠脈內(nèi)慢血流而發(fā)生心絞痛癥狀[12-13]。
尼可地爾是首個(gè)應(yīng)用于臨床的ATP敏感性鉀通道開放劑[14],其主要由煙酰胺基本骨架和硝酸基團(tuán)構(gòu)成[15],具有類硝酸酯作用[16]。其可通過(guò)以下3種途徑擴(kuò)張外周及冠脈血管,減輕心臟壓力負(fù)荷,減少心肌耗氧量,解除冠脈痙攣,加快冠脈血流流速,改善微血管功能,減低冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管阻力,達(dá)到減少心絞痛發(fā)作次數(shù)、縮短心絞痛每次發(fā)作時(shí)間、提高運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)的耐受量、改善冠脈血流的作用。一是通過(guò)開放血管平滑肌細(xì)胞膜的K+-ATP通道,ATP敏感性升高,對(duì)K+的通透性升高,K+外流使細(xì)胞膜超極化,關(guān)閉T型電壓依賴型鈣離子通道,減少Ca2+內(nèi)流,抑制血管平滑肌的收縮[16];二是通過(guò)K+-ATP型通道的調(diào)節(jié),降低微血管阻力,從而改善微循環(huán)障礙[17];三是通過(guò)依賴和不依賴NO途徑激活鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,激活鈣離子泵,將Ca2+排出細(xì)胞外,降低Ca2+濃度[16],同時(shí)可降低收縮蛋白對(duì)Ca2+的敏感性[18]。
綜上所述,長(zhǎng)療程應(yīng)用尼可地爾治療原發(fā)性穩(wěn)定型微血管心絞痛安全有效,且可改善冠脈血流,值得推廣應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-23 ?本文編輯:閆 ?佩)