程永健

nose和eye、ear都是感覺(jué)器官，司嗅覺(jué)。由此產(chǎn)生了許多常用的習(xí)語(yǔ)。have a nose for表示“擅長(zhǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)某事物”，起源于獵狗憑嗅覺(jué)能發(fā)現(xiàn)某物，例如A good reporter has a nose for news.（好記者善于發(fā)現(xiàn)新聞。）nose與動(dòng)詞poke、stick、push及介詞into連用，其后接表示物的賓語(yǔ)，表示對(duì)某事物好奇、打聽(tīng)、探詢(xún)，往往提出一些不令人歡迎的問(wèn)題，如We dont want any of your interference. Youre a great deal too fond of poking your nose into things that dont concern you.（我們不要你干涉，你太喜歡打聽(tīng)與你無(wú)關(guān)的事情了。）與此相反，“不過(guò)問(wèn)、不干預(yù)”便是keep ones nose out of sth.。nose還可以作動(dòng)詞，nose into也有“打聽(tīng)、干預(yù)”之意；nose about則是“到處探尋”。此外，nose還可以構(gòu)成形容詞nosy（或nosey），a nosy parker就指“愛(ài)打聽(tīng)、愛(ài)管閑事的人”。

nose由于在頭的前部，before ones nose便表示前方，如run straightly before my nose指“向我的正前方奔跑”。同樣，follow ones nose也是“朝前方走”，常用來(lái)為人指路，但此習(xí)語(yǔ)也可指并無(wú)目的地信步走去，如I dont know where I want to go. Ill just follow my nose and see what happens.（我不知道要去什么地方，只是隨便走走看看。）不過(guò)，be led by the nose（讓人牽著鼻子走）卻只有比喻義，指盲從或聽(tīng)命于人，如He lets his wife lead him by the nose.（他聽(tīng)命于妻子。）

under sb.s nose指在某人面前，漢語(yǔ)一般以“眼”來(lái)比喻“就在眼皮底下”，如It is astonishing how one forgets things， even things under ones nose.（人們忘性之大令人吃驚，甚至就在眼皮底下的東西也會(huì)忘記。）此習(xí)語(yǔ)也可指“當(dāng)著某人的面”，如The thief took Mrs. Dakes pearls right from under her nose.（那小偷居然當(dāng)著戴克太太的面把她的珍珠偷走了。）也許是由于nose在臉的中部極易受人注意，所以as plain as the nose in your face便表示“顯而易見(jiàn)、一清二楚”。西方人鼻子大，英語(yǔ)中卻有這樣一個(gè)有趣的諺語(yǔ)：He that has a great nose thinks everybody is speaking of it. 可見(jiàn)鼻子特別大的人也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種不安的自我意識(shí)，老以為別人會(huì)議論他，此諺語(yǔ)也指“心里有鬼的人老懷疑別人”，近似“做賊心虛”。

nose與視覺(jué)聯(lián)系構(gòu)成向前或向下看兩類(lèi)短語(yǔ)，都有比喻義。cant see beyond ones nose （or the end of ones nose）是說(shuō)向前的視覺(jué)界線不出鼻子的范圍，相當(dāng)于“鼠目寸光”，指對(duì)自己行動(dòng)的后果毫無(wú)預(yù)見(jiàn)，如Hes very careless in his business， and now his company is in trouble—hes never been able to see beyond the end of his nose（.他做生意粗心大意，現(xiàn)在他的公司有困難了——他從來(lái)就目光短淺，不會(huì)籌劃。）另一習(xí)語(yǔ)look down ones nose（目光朝下），指一種高傲的、不屑一顧的態(tài)度，通過(guò)at接表人的詞語(yǔ)，如She is one of these haughty people who look down their nose at anyone they think their social inferiors.（她是那種傲氣十足的人，對(duì)她認(rèn)為的社會(huì)地位低的人一律瞧不起。）

用nose表示高傲的習(xí)語(yǔ)頗多。如果對(duì)事物而言則改用turn up ones nose at，表示把鼻子翹上天，也是不屑一顧的意思，如When I gave him the present， he turned up his nose at it.（我送他的禮品他看不上眼。）另一習(xí)語(yǔ)with ones nose in the air也同樣表示高傲自大、盛氣凌人。thumb ones nose at則是“輕蔑”的一種粗魯表示，即用拇指頂著鼻尖把手掌扇動(dòng)，指公然蔑視、拒不順從，和cock a snook at同義，如Betty thumbed her nose at her mothers command to stay at home.（貝蒂對(duì)她母親要求她呆在家中的囑咐不予理會(huì)。）

nose也是被打的部位。bite/snap sb.s nose off出自打架時(shí)互咬鼻子，喻指話語(yǔ)尖刻、氣勢(shì)洶洶，如I asked him if he was free in the afternoon， but he bite my nose off.（我問(wèn)他下午是否有空，他卻惡狠狠地回答我。）bloody sb.s nose意為把某人打得鼻孔流血，喻指因羞辱而傷自尊，從被辱角度說(shuō)則是get a bloody nose，如I had an argument about politics last night with a friend of mine—he argued very cleverly， and I got a bloody nose.（昨晚我和一個(gè)朋友就政治問(wèn)題進(jìn)行辯論，他的論點(diǎn)高明，我被他駁倒，感到自慚形穢。）put sb.s nose out of joint原指把鼻子打破，喻指挫敗某人，尤指代替某人得寵，如Gerald was engaged to pretty Polly， which put Neds nose out of joint， as he had hoped to marry her.（杰拉爾德和漂亮的波莉訂婚了，這使內(nèi)德大為挫敗，他原本希望能和波莉結(jié)婚。）rub sb.s nose in it指老提別人不愉快或做錯(cuò)的事，如I know I let you down badly over the arrangements for the party， but dont rub my nose in it in front of my friends.（我知道在這次晚會(huì)的安排上很對(duì)不起你，但你不要當(dāng)著我朋友的面重提此事讓我難堪。）上面的習(xí)語(yǔ)都是別人的傷害，如果表示自己給自己傷害，則另有一習(xí)語(yǔ)cut off ones nose to spite ones face，字面義指對(duì)面孔出氣而割去鼻子，實(shí)指做損人不利己的事，如If you refuse to go to the party that you would really enjoy just because you dont like one of the guests， you are cutting off your nose to spite your face.（你若因不喜歡其中一個(gè)客人而不去參加晚會(huì)，那就是放棄去享樂(lè)的機(jī)會(huì)，自己和自己過(guò)不去。）

keep ones nose clean是干該干的事，不惹麻煩，如The boss said Jim could have the job as long as he kept his nose clean and worked hard.（老板對(duì)吉姆說(shuō)只要他不惹麻煩，工作努力，就能保住飯碗。）keep ones nose to the grindstone指對(duì)工作堅(jiān)持不懈，埋頭苦干，如Only by keeping ones nose to the grindstone can one hope to improve ones standard of living.（只有堅(jiān)持不懈地努力工作才能改善生活水平）。have ones nose in a book指埋頭讀書(shū)，如When I am not gardening I always have my nose in a book.（不干園子的活兒時(shí)我便埋頭讀書(shū)。）

nose還可以表示“頭”的概念，如count noses指計(jì)算到會(huì)的人頭數(shù)。古時(shí)有一種nose tax，實(shí)為“人頭稅”。pay through the nose據(jù)說(shuō)與nose tax有關(guān)，不納此稅則有割鼻子的危險(xiǎn)，所以這一習(xí)語(yǔ)指花一大筆錢(qián)，如As we needed a car badly and there were very few to be bought， we had to pay through the nose for one when we found it at last.（我們急切地要買(mǎi)一部小汽車(chē)，而市場(chǎng)上很難買(mǎi)到，最后找到一部時(shí)只好高價(jià)購(gòu)買(mǎi)。）