張文穎 吳華 莫晨玲
摘要? ? 花青素是一種天然的水溶性色素,具有多種生物活性。黑枸杞花青素含量超過(guò)了絕大數(shù)其他含花青素的植物。本文介紹了黑枸杞花青素的提取工藝、生理活性,以期為黑枸杞的食品開(kāi)發(fā)以及藥性研究提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞? ? 黑枸杞;花青素;提取工藝;生理活性
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)? ? TS264.4? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼? ? A
文章編號(hào)? ?1007-5739(2019)24-0212-03? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)
Abstract? ? Anthocyan is natural water-soluble pigment with various biological activities.The content of anthocyan in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.exceeds the vast majority of other anthocyanin-containing plants.This paper introduced the extraction process and physiological activity of anthocyan in Lycium ruthenicum Murr.,in order to provide references for the development of food and drug research of Lycium ruthenicum Murr..
Key words? ? Lycium ruthenicum Murr.;anthocyan;extraction process;physiological activity
花青素最先在草本植物花生中發(fā)現(xiàn)。研究表明,花青素是一種天然色素,存在于絕大多數(shù)植物之中,易溶于水[1-2]?;ㄇ嗨仡伾珪?huì)隨著溶液pH值的變化而變化,這是因?yàn)榛ㄇ嗨氐姆肿咏Y(jié)構(gòu)具有離子性質(zhì)[3],在酸性條件下部分花青素呈現(xiàn)紅色。在中性pH值下花青素呈現(xiàn)紫色,而在pH值增加時(shí),花青素呈現(xiàn)藍(lán)色?;ㄇ嗨氐募t色色素主要以黃酮陽(yáng)離子的形式存在[4],花青素在較低pH值的溶液中穩(wěn)定性比較好,形成的黃烷陽(yáng)離子使花青素能夠在水中高度溶解。水濃度的降低增加了黃烷正離子的去質(zhì)子率,從而降低了顏色的穩(wěn)定性[5],顏色越深表明其具有的花青素含量越高[6-8]?;ㄇ嗨氐慕Y(jié)構(gòu)主要是由C6-C3-C6為基本的C骨架組成的,其屬于類(lèi)黃酮化合物,故其具有類(lèi)黃酮的典型結(jié)構(gòu)。不同類(lèi)型的花青素主要通過(guò)糖基的類(lèi)型、分子中羥基的數(shù)量和位置來(lái)區(qū)分[9-10]。
從黑枸杞果實(shí)中提取出的花青素呈紫紅色,無(wú)特殊味道,是一種珍稀的天然食用花色苷類(lèi)色素[11-12],黑枸杞花青素的主要結(jié)構(gòu)單元為α-苯基苯并吡喃型陽(yáng)離子。閆亞美等[13]研究比較了黑枸杞與其他5種果蔬中花青素含量的測(cè)定,結(jié)果顯示,黑枸杞中花色素的含量最高;孫? 楠等[14]研究比較了黑枸杞、枸杞與黑加侖中花青素的含量,結(jié)果表明,黑枸杞中花青素的含量是枸杞和黑加侖的10倍。經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黑枸杞中所含有的花青素含量比較多,人們也將黑枸杞稱(chēng)為“花青素之王”?,F(xiàn)從提取工藝、生理活性等方面對(duì)黑枸杞花青素進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹,以期為花青素研究提供科學(xué)參考。
1? ? 提取工藝
通常通過(guò)酸化的甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、水或混合溶劑的固液萃取法從植物中提取花青素。利用酸穩(wěn)定黃酮陽(yáng)離子,黃酮陽(yáng)離子在低pH值時(shí)呈現(xiàn)紅色[15-17]。一些傳統(tǒng)的提取方法耗時(shí)較長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的熱提取會(huì)導(dǎo)致花青素降解,降低提取物的抗氧化活性[18-19]。最近,許多新方法已經(jīng)被開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái),例如微波輔助提取(MAE)、超聲波輔助提取(UAE)[20],以及基于使用壓縮流體作為萃取劑的技術(shù),包括亞臨界水萃取(SWE)[21]、超臨界流體萃?。⊿FE)[22]、加壓流體萃取(PFE)[23]或者加速溶劑萃?。ˋSE)[24]等,總體來(lái)說(shuō),這些壓縮液基萃取技術(shù)都比其他方法更環(huán)保。然而,這些方法在工業(yè)規(guī)模上的成本很高,往往超過(guò)了技術(shù)效益。因此,需要一種具備時(shí)間短、操作簡(jiǎn)單、耗能低、節(jié)約成本、提取率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)的提取方法。微波萃取是利用微波能量將分析物從樣品基質(zhì)中分離到萃取劑的過(guò)程,此方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是提取時(shí)間短、溶劑體積小、收率高等[25];大孔樹(shù)脂吸附是從植物粗提物中分離生物活性組分的一種有效方法,具有獨(dú)特的吸附特性(吸附特性高、容易解吸),而且成本較低、操作簡(jiǎn)單、效率較高[26]。到目前為止,大孔樹(shù)脂已經(jīng)被成功地應(yīng)用于植物化學(xué)物質(zhì)的分離和富集,例如皂甙[27-29]、紫杉醇[27]、異黃酮[28]、花青素[29]、萊文[30]等自然資源。Yu等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),AB-8樹(shù)脂是9種經(jīng)測(cè)試的樹(shù)脂中最適合純化花青素的樹(shù)脂。用Langmuir和Freundlich等溫線擬合了AB-8樹(shù)脂對(duì)花青素在不同溫度下的吸附平衡試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),在25 ℃時(shí),花青素在AB-8樹(shù)脂上的分離效果比較好,并且確定了最佳分離條件,例如樣品濃度、流速等。經(jīng)過(guò)試驗(yàn)分析,提取液中花青素的純度由4.65%提高到88.83%,分離得到了氰基-3-葡萄糖苷和氰基-3-槐苷,純度>94%。
2? ? 生理活性
花青素對(duì)人體具有諸多益處。首先,它可以防止有害物質(zhì)(自由基)傷害人體;其次,花青素可以促進(jìn)血管彈性的收縮,提高循環(huán)效率以及改善皮膚狀況;再次,可以提高關(guān)節(jié)的柔韌性,改善骨質(zhì)疏松;另外,花青素還具有抗癌、抗氧化、降血糖血脂、抗肥胖等多種生物功能?;诨ㄇ嗨貙?duì)人體具有的多種益處,目前花青素已經(jīng)作為一種藥物被開(kāi)發(fā)利用。
2.1? ? 降血糖
Qi等[32]使用不同濃度的AEBR給糖尿病大鼠灌胃給藥8周,通過(guò)研究建立了鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病大鼠模型,深入探討了黑米富含花青素提取物(AEBR)對(duì)糖尿病性骨質(zhì)疏松癥的保護(hù)作用及其可能機(jī)制。結(jié)果表明,AEBR劑量依賴(lài)性地降低了血糖,增加了骨密度,降低了血清骨轉(zhuǎn)換指標(biāo)。Qin等[33]研究使用紫甘薯花青素(PSPC 500 mg/kg·d)口服高脂肪模型小鼠,結(jié)果顯示,PSPC糾正了HFD誘導(dǎo)的異常代謝指標(biāo),這些指標(biāo)包括改善肥胖、降低空腹血糖濃度、提高糖耐量。
2.2? ? 降血脂
Lee等[34]研究黑大豆花青素對(duì)肥胖的影響,結(jié)果表明,服用黑大豆花青素的肥胖患者的TC、HDLc、LDLc、HDLc都顯著降低。Farrell等[35]通過(guò)建立高脂血癥和高密度脂蛋白功能障礙的小鼠模型,探討確定一種富含花青素的黑醋栗提取物(BEE)(13%的花青素)能預(yù)防炎癥相關(guān)的HDL功能損傷和載脂蛋白E的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化。結(jié)果顯示,小鼠主動(dòng)脈總膽固醇含量顯著下降,天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(AST)和空腹血糖下降,最終表明黑莓可能通過(guò)影響肝臟基因表達(dá)而影響與慢性炎癥相關(guān)的HDL功能障礙。
2.3? ? 抗氧化
Bariexca等[36]研究了黃酮槲皮素、兒茶素和橙皮素3種純多酚對(duì)大鼠器官抗氧化能力的影響,并且向倉(cāng)鼠注射了1 mL花青素含量很高的100%蔓越莓汁。采用鐵還原抗氧化能力(FRAP)比色法測(cè)定動(dòng)物器官的抗氧化能力。結(jié)果表明,100%蔓越莓汁的抗氧化能力顯著提高(P<0.05),這證明膳食多酚可以降低疾病部位各種慢性疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和程度。另外,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的氧化損傷可能會(huì)干擾其產(chǎn)生一氧化氮的能力,一氧化氮是一種強(qiáng)大的血管舒張劑,從而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙[37]。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)相關(guān)研究表明,在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中加入花青素可以保護(hù)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞免受氧化應(yīng)激的損傷[38-39]。花青素還能夠增加內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(一種產(chǎn)生NO的酶)的表達(dá)[40-41]。
2.4? ? 抗癌
Chi等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)花青素對(duì)HepG2細(xì)胞的抑制作用比Hep3B細(xì)胞更有效。另外,Naomi等[43]發(fā)現(xiàn)花青素抑制癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。其他一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),花青素及其糖苷配基可選擇性地抑制癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),但對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)幾乎沒(méi)有影響[44-45];富含花青素的藍(lán)莓成分抑制B16-F10黑色素瘤小鼠細(xì)胞的增殖,刺激細(xì)胞凋亡,增加乳酸脫氫酶的滲漏[46]。Faria等[47]研究表明,藍(lán)莓花青素提取物顯著降低了2種乳腺癌細(xì)胞系(MDA-MB-231和MCF7)的增殖,并在2種細(xì)胞系中均表現(xiàn)出明顯的抗侵襲能力。Huang等[48]研究表明,桑椹花青素提取物可以預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和抑制黑色素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。
2.5? ? 抗肥胖性
花青素具有抗肥胖特性。根據(jù)之前的一項(xiàng)研究,采用富含花青素-3-葡萄糖苷的紫玉米喂食肥胖小鼠12周,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖小鼠體重減輕,白色和棕色脂肪組織重量減少[49],肥胖大鼠的高血糖、高胰島素血癥、高瘦素血癥以及腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-a)mRNA水平的升高,在紫玉米日糧處理后均恢復(fù)正常。紫色玉米還抑制了脂肪酸和三酰甘油合成相關(guān)酶的mRNA水平,降低了白色脂肪組織中甾醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白-1 mRNA水平。這些下調(diào)可能有助于白色脂肪組織中甘油三酯的低積累。肥胖也與脂肪細(xì)胞功能障礙密切相關(guān)。因此,調(diào)節(jié)脂肪細(xì)胞分泌蛋白質(zhì)或脂肪細(xì)胞特異性基因表達(dá)是預(yù)防肥胖的最重要目標(biāo)之一。Tsuda等[50]進(jìn)一步研究了花青素,特別是研究了花青素和花青素-3-葡萄糖苷對(duì)離體大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞的抗肥胖作用的效力。結(jié)果表明,用花青素處理的脂肪細(xì)胞增加脂聯(lián)素和瘦素分泌,并且在分離的大鼠脂肪細(xì)胞中不激活PPARγ而上調(diào)脂肪細(xì)胞特異性基因表達(dá),在花青素處理的小鼠白色脂肪組織中脂聯(lián)素基因表達(dá)也上調(diào)。AMPK磷酸化水平的升高可能與這些變化有關(guān),而單磷酸腺苷/三磷酸腺苷的比值在花青素的作用下顯著降低。Bolleddula等[51]用含有花青素的櫻桃喂養(yǎng)8周的改良肥胖小鼠(C57BL/6),結(jié)果顯示肥胖小鼠體重減少了24%,脂質(zhì)積累、肝臟以及肝臟三酰甘油濃度顯著降低,與食物攝入無(wú)關(guān)。
3? ? 展望
在目前的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),黑枸杞具有的生物活性對(duì)人體具有很大的益處,這對(duì)黑枸杞花青素的開(kāi)發(fā)具有重大意義。但是,目前對(duì)黑枸杞花青素的分離提純技術(shù)還有待進(jìn)一步的提高,尋求一種高效、便利、快速的技術(shù)非常關(guān)鍵[52-53]?;诤阼坭綇V闊的市場(chǎng)前景和單一的產(chǎn)品形式,未來(lái)可以通過(guò)研究開(kāi)發(fā)出更多黑枸杞花青苷相關(guān)的新產(chǎn)品,使黑枸杞產(chǎn)品形式多樣化,從而開(kāi)發(fā)其巨大的市場(chǎng)潛能,提高其在功能食品市場(chǎng)上的占有率。
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