河南

《考試大綱》對(duì)考生閱讀能力的要求如下：1.理解主旨要義；2.理解文中具體信息；3.根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語(yǔ)的含義；4.做出判斷和推理；5.理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；6.理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。在這六種閱讀能力當(dāng)中，理解主旨要義、作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度都必須基于對(duì)文章的整體理解，因此，主旨大意類試題屬于難度較大的題目，考生容易在這類試題上失分。本文擬探討如何幫助考生破解主旨大意類試題。

一、高考主旨大意題的設(shè)題方式

主旨大意類試題的設(shè)題方式通常有以下三種：

(一)考查文章或段落大意

考查文章或段落大意的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：1.What is the text mainly about? 2.What does the story mainly tell us? 3.What is the main idea of the text? 4.What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3? 5.What does the passage mainly talk about?

（二）考查文章最佳標(biāo)題

考查文章標(biāo)題的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：1.What is the best title for the text? 2.What can be a suitable title for the text? 3.What could be the best title of the passage? 4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

（三）考查文章或段落的寫作目的

考查文章或段落寫作目的的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：1.What is the main purpose of the passage? 2.What is the author's purpose in w riting the text? 3.The passage is meant to ______.4.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

二、破解主旨大意題的方法

（一）尋找主題句

1.主題句在第一段

新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文、議論文等文章的主題句通常在開(kāi)頭。主題句出現(xiàn)在段落或文章的開(kāi)頭，起著開(kāi)宗明義、點(diǎn)明主題的作用,它可以使讀者一開(kāi)始就明白文章所講的內(nèi)容及主旨。而支撐句則是通過(guò)使用一些具體的人、物、數(shù)字或具體的步驟來(lái)闡述或論證主題。在文中找到主題句后，考生可以很容易地概括出文章的主旨大意。

Passage 1

Honey（蜂蜜） from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar,it is also delicious.Most people,and many animals,like eating it.However,the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest（巢）and take the honey from it.Often,these nests are high up in trees,and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa,though,people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper — a little bird called a honey guide.

The honey guide does not actually like honey,but it does like the wax（蜂蠟）in the beehives（蜂房）.The little bird cannot reach this wax,which is deep inside the bees' nest.So,when it finds a suitable nest,it looks for someone to help it.The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people.Once it has their attention,it flies through the forest,waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest,the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Some of the honey,and the wax,always falls to the ground,and this is when the honey guide takes its share.

Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax,but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives,and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.

1.What can be the best title for the text?

A.Wild Bees B.Wax and Honey

C.Beekeeping in A frica D.Honey-Lover's Helper

【解析】本文屬于典型的三段論。第一段旨在導(dǎo)入話題，為下文做鋪墊，介紹了非洲森林里的一種美食——野蜂蜜。但是，由于蜂窩被茂密的樹(shù)枝所遮蓋，人們很難找到它。一種奇特的小鳥(niǎo)是蜂蜜愛(ài)好者的好幫手，它能讓蜜蜂愛(ài)好者找到蜂窩。第一段的最后一句“...people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper — a little bird called a honey guide.”是全文的主題句。第二段針對(duì)“a honey guide”的覓食方法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的介紹。最后一段介紹了導(dǎo)蜂鳥(niǎo)的另一種覓食方式。因此本文的最佳標(biāo)題為D。

2.主題句在最后一段

文章的結(jié)尾通常起到照應(yīng)開(kāi)頭、總結(jié)全文、升華主題的作用。作者在最后一段對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)，進(jìn)一步明確或強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的中心思想，使作者的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得更清楚。因此，有時(shí)考生可以在最后一段中找到主題句，從而準(zhǔn)確把握作者的觀點(diǎn)。

Passage 2

When I was a boy there were no smart phones,and our television only got one channel clearly.Still,I never felt bored.The fields,hills and woodlands around my home were the perfect playground whose adventures were only limited by my imagination.I can remember once hiking to nearby lake and walking slowly around it.At the back of it I was amazed to find an old dirt road that I had never seen before.It was full of muddy tyre (輪胎) tracks and deep woods bordered it on both sides,but exploring it still seemed like a fine adventure.

I walked on and on for what seemed like hours.I was sure my guardian angel was whispering in my ears “turn around and head back home”,but I was stubborn and walked on.There was still neither a car nor a house in sight.I noticed that the sun was starting to go down and I grew scared.I didn't want to end up trapped on this road,and I was worried that it would be dark before I could make my way back to the lake again.

I continued to walk on with something growing inside of me.My heart was pounding and my legs were aching.I was almost in tears when I saw something in the distance.It was a house that I recognized.I jumped up and down and laughed out loud.It was still over a mile away,but my legs felt like feathers and I hurried back to my house in no time.I walked in with a big smile on my face just in time for dinner.Then I ended my adventure with a good night's sleep.

I often thought of that experience recently.Actually,in our life,all roads,no matter how they twist and turn,can lead us home again.They can lead us to our homes in our hearts.May you always walk your path with love! May you always help your fellow travelers along the way! And may your roads always lead you home again!

2.What may be the best title for the passage?

A.Every Effort Is Worthwhile

B.All Roads Lead Home

C.Be Determined in Your Life

D.Be Brave to Adventure

【解析】本文是一篇記敘文，記述了作者在兒時(shí)的一段探險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷。一開(kāi)始，他繞著湖慢慢走，后來(lái)沿著一條土路繼續(xù)往前走，穿過(guò)了森林。當(dāng)日落西山時(shí)，他來(lái)到了一個(gè)完全陌生的地方。雖然他擔(dān)心迷路，也想盡快返回，但是，少年的執(zhí)著使他冒著迷失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)繼續(xù)前行。使作者感到驚訝的是，走出森林后，他看到遠(yuǎn)方自己熟悉的家園。這次探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)有驚無(wú)險(xiǎn)，他最終安全無(wú)恙地返回家園。最后一段中的“...in our life,all roads,no matter how they tw ist and turn,can lead us home again.”是全文的主題句。因此本文的最佳標(biāo)題為B。

3.找出每段的主題句，概括出文章的主旨大意

雖然有些短文中沒(méi)有主題句，但是每個(gè)段落都圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)寫，考生可以找出每段的主題句，弄清每個(gè)段落主要講了什么內(nèi)容、這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后對(duì)它們進(jìn)行歸納和提煉，從而概括出文章的主題或中心思想。

Passage 3（2017年上海卷A篇）

Attending college can be expensive,and applying to college can be costly as well.With today's college application fees averaging around $ 80,you can expect to spend hundreds of dollars on college before you are even accepted into a school.

One of the easiest ways to save money on college application fees before you begin applying is to narrow down your list of schools.To save money,try to lim it the schools to which you apply to about 2-3 reach schools and 2-3 safety schools.

At some schools,being a relative of a graduate can secure you a free application.If you are applying to a school where one of your parents or grandparents is a former graduate,check to see if you're qualified for it.

Research the preferred method of applying for each school on your list.Some schools offer free online applications,yet charge a fee for paper submissions.This is because online applications save schools the cost of employing a staff member to physically enter the application information.

Several states,such as Michigan and North Carolina,take part in College Application Week,where many schools in the participating states cancel their application fee for the week.Be sure to contact the schools to which you are applying to see if they participate in College Application Week and when the program takes place in that state.

Apply for early admission.If you have already decided on which college is your top choice,consider applying under an Early Action or Early Decision admission program.If you are accepted,you won't have to subm it application fees to other schools.

For more information regarding college applications and the fees associated with them,contact your high school advisor or the admissions department at your school(s) of interest.

3.The passage is mainly written to______________.

A.introduce famous universities in the United Stales

B.show some practical ways to apply an ideal college

C.advertise for successful applications and advisors

D.offer tips to save money on college application fees

【解析】由第一段可知，申請(qǐng)上大學(xué)也很昂貴的。由第二段可知，最簡(jiǎn)單的省錢方法就是在你開(kāi)始申請(qǐng)大學(xué)之前，減少申請(qǐng)學(xué)校的數(shù)量。由第三段可知，在一些學(xué)校，該校畢業(yè)生的親戚可以免費(fèi)申請(qǐng)。由第四段可知，一些學(xué)校提供免費(fèi)的在線申請(qǐng)服務(wù)。由第五段可知，一些州有“大學(xué)申請(qǐng)周”，在“大學(xué)申請(qǐng)周”期間，有些學(xué)校取消了申請(qǐng)費(fèi)。由第六段可知，應(yīng)提前行動(dòng)或提前決定入學(xué)，如被錄取，就不必向其他學(xué)校交申請(qǐng)費(fèi)。將第二至六段的大意進(jìn)行歸納后，可以看出作者的寫作目的是告訴讀者如何節(jié)省申請(qǐng)上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用。最后一段告訴我們?nèi)绾潍@取更多關(guān)于申請(qǐng)學(xué)校的信息。因此第3題的最佳答案為D。

（二）梳理故事的主線

記敘文通常講述一個(gè)有趣的故事或是某人一段刻骨銘心的經(jīng)歷。記敘文類文章都有一個(gè)主線，全文圍繞這個(gè)主線組織材料。如果考生能夠找到全文的主線，理清故事的人物以及故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、經(jīng)過(guò)和最終的結(jié)果，就能概括出文章的大意?？忌鷳?yīng)從分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)入手，把握全文的主線，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，最后歸納出文章的主旨大意。Arriving in Sydney on his own from India,my husband,Rashid,stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.

Passage 4（2014年全國(guó)卷ⅡA篇）

During the first week of his stay,he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers,including his passport.

He reported the case to the police and then sat there,lost and lonely in strange city,thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.

Late in the evening,the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husband's name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents....

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.From India to Australia

B.Living in a New Country

C.Turning Trash to Treasure

D.In Search of New Friends

【解析】本文講述了一個(gè)印度家庭初到澳洲的一段難忘的經(jīng)歷。文章按照時(shí)間順序組織材料，通覽全文后，可以找到故事的主線：Rashid arrived in Sydney from India.→ Rashid found his suitcase gone.→ He reported the case to the police.→ A stranger called saying they had found a pile of papers in their trash.→ Rashid got back their papers.→ That fam ily restored our faith and trust in people.對(duì)作者及其家人來(lái)說(shuō)，丟失的文件就像是珍寶，對(duì)他們非常重要，而對(duì)偷竊行李箱的小偷和撿到文件的一家人來(lái)說(shuō)，是沒(méi)用的東西。正如一句英語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)“One man's trash,another man's treasure.”所以說(shuō)“一個(gè)人的垃圾是另一個(gè)人寶貝”。因此本文的最佳標(biāo)題為C。

（三）尋找高頻詞

任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的。當(dāng)文章中沒(méi)有明確的主題句時(shí)，考生可以從文中的每個(gè)段落中尋找反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞（也叫主題詞）。這個(gè)高頻詞往往體現(xiàn)了文章的主旨大意。

Passage 5

If you are a recent social science graduate who has had to listen to jokes about unemployment from your computer major classmates,you may have had the last laugh.There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech“Information Age” demands people who are flexible (靈活的)and who have good communication skills.

There are many social science majors in large companies who fill im portant positions.For example,a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or pre-professional courses.Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change,which is the leading feature (特點(diǎn)) of the kind of high speed,high-pressure,hightech world we now live in.

Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their long-term company jobs,but they are also finding jobs more easily.A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entry-level positions with social science graduates.The study also showed that the most sought-after quality in a person who was looking for a job was communication skills,noted as“very important”,by 92 percent of the companies.Social science majors have these skills,often without knowing how important they are.It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions.

Finally,although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job,recent graduates report that they don't regret their choice of study.

5.What is the text mainly about?

A.The advantages of social science majors have.

B.Why social science graduates are more popular.

C.Where social science majors hold important positions.

D.What leads large companies to favor social science majors.

【解析】這篇文章的每一段都出現(xiàn)了主題詞“social science major(s)”，因此這篇文章是圍繞“social science majors”來(lái)寫的。第一段最后一句“There are many advantages for the social science major because this hightech‘Information Age’demands people who are flexible (靈活的) and who have good communication skills.”表明了作者的中心論點(diǎn)。第二段和第三段陳述了“social science majors”的兩種優(yōu)勢(shì)，為作者的論點(diǎn)提供了有力的支撐。最后一段是結(jié)論段，對(duì)前文進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，并重申了作者的觀點(diǎn)“...recent graduates report that they don't regret their choice of study.”由此，可以判斷本文的話題是“The advantages of social science majors have.”（學(xué)文科具備的優(yōu)勢(shì)），因此第5題的最佳答案為A。

總之，雖然主旨大意類試題的難度較大，考生容易失分，但是考生只要養(yǎng)成整體閱讀文章的好習(xí)慣，善于尋找文章的主題句和關(guān)鍵詞，抓住文章的主線，并注意總結(jié)做題經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就能不斷地積累做題技巧，穩(wěn)步提升考試成績(jī)。