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“九招”教你破解高考代詞考點

2019-01-10 12:17山東
教學考試(高考英語) 2019年2期
關鍵詞:物主代詞賓格指代

山東

代詞是高考考查的重點語法項目之一,因其具有較大的靈活性,所以也是考生容易出錯的項目。現(xiàn)筆者結合一些典型的考題,對該考點的命題方式進行剖析,同時對其常見考點進行歸納總結,供考生復習備考之用。

一、辨“真假”

【經(jīng)典考例1】Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap______can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,第58題)

【經(jīng)典考例2】How would you like________if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?(2015 年浙江卷,第12題改編)

【命題剖析】該組題側重考查it作形式主語和形式賓語的用法。第1題填it,作形式主語,真正的主語是to eat out;第2題填it,作形式賓語,真正的賓語是if引導的從句。

【備考策略】考生要熟練掌握it的這一用法。it可以作形式主語或形式賓語,真正的主語或賓語是后面的不定式、動名詞或從句。如:①New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost. ②It seemed that it would be very hard to achieve the goal.③It is no use trying to persuade him to have a holiday because he is a workaholic.

此外,還要注意一種特殊句式——強調(diào)句型。在強調(diào)句型“It is(was)+被強調(diào)部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”這一結構中it沒有實際意義,只是起連接作用。如:It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.(2017 年天津卷,第 11 題改編 )

二、辨“雌雄”

【經(jīng)典考例】I was eager to see him,but outside her room I stopped.(2013 年遼寧卷,短文改錯 )

【命題剖析】該題考查的是人稱代詞的性別問題。句中的him(男)和her(女)出現(xiàn)了性別混亂,前后矛盾,故把her改為his。

【備考策略】考生應該提升自己對第三人稱代詞的“性別意識”,正確區(qū)分男女:主格he(男)、she(女),賓格him(男 )、her(女 );形容詞性物主代詞 his(男 )、her(女 )以及分別對應的名詞性物主代詞his(男)、hers(女)。

三、辨“人物”

【經(jīng)典考例1】Running is cheap,easy and it’s always energetic.If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give______a try.(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ,第 70 題 )

【經(jīng)典考例2】However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25000 people were using_____every day.(2017 年全國卷Ⅱ,第67題)

【經(jīng)典考例3】Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket,which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.(2014 年浙江卷,短文改錯 )

【命題剖析】該組題要求考生熟練判斷代詞指代的是人還是物,因句中會出現(xiàn)多個名詞對考生進行干擾,考生還要正確辨別代詞指代的是哪一個人,是哪一個物。第1題填it,指代running;第2題填it,指代railway;第3題把his改為its,指代seat。

【備考策略】針對該考查方式,考生要學會排除干擾,厘清線索,準確判斷代詞所指代的人或物。此外,還要熟練掌握代詞it的基本用法:

①it用作人稱代詞,指代前面所提到的事物、群體、身份不明的人或者嬰兒以及未指明但談話雙方都明白的事情或情況。如:Some is knocking at the door.Who might it be at such a late hour?(it指身份不明的人 )

②it用作無人稱代詞時,主要指代天氣、時間、距離、地點、溫度、自然環(huán)境等。如:It is twenty miles from here to the village.(it指距離 )

四、分“你我”

【經(jīng)典考例1】This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.(2017 年全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)

【經(jīng)典考例2】Instead,he hopes that our business will grow steadily.(2016年全國卷Ⅰ,短文改錯)

【經(jīng)典考例3】If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016 年全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯)

【命題剖析】該組題要求考生根據(jù)前后文語境從邏輯角度判斷、使用合適的代詞。題中的形容詞性物主代詞指代混亂,出現(xiàn)了“你我他”不分的情況,如第1題中的your與me不符,應改為my;第2題中的our與he不符,應改為his;第3題中的your與we不符,應改為our。

【備考策略】針對該命題方式,考生須認真通讀全句,著重考慮前后文代詞在人稱上是否指代一致。

五、分“單復”

【經(jīng)典考例1】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.(2018 年全國卷Ⅱ,短文改錯 )

【經(jīng)典考例2】Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.(2015年浙江卷,短文改錯)

【命題剖析】該組題主要考查的是人稱代詞的單復數(shù)形式。人稱代詞表示或者指代單、復數(shù)時,應該用其對應的單、復數(shù)形式,如第1題,由后面my可以判斷應把us改為me;第2題中的代詞應該指代a beautiful park,因此應把them改為it。

【備考策略】考生碰到類似問題時應該通讀全句,尋找代詞所指代的名詞,辨清代詞指代的究竟是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。

六、分“主賓”

【經(jīng)典考例】When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find_______(they)alive.(2018 年全國卷Ⅲ,第68題)

【命題剖析】該題考查的是人稱代詞的賓格形式,要求考生準確區(qū)分代詞的主格和賓格形式。題中find后面接賓語,故應填they的賓格形式them。

【備考策略】針對該命題方式,考生要準確區(qū)分代詞的主格和賓格形式:I(主格)→me(賓格),you(主格)→you(賓格),he(主格)→him(賓格),she(主格)→her(賓格),it(主格)→it(賓格),we(主格)→us(賓格),they(主格)→them(賓格)。

七、找“物主”

【經(jīng)典考例1】Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and_______(they)use unconsciously,meaning that...(2017年11月浙江卷,第64題)

【經(jīng)典考例2】Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!It’s______(I).”(2014 年全國卷Ⅱ,第69 題 )

【命題剖析】該組題考查了形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的形式。第1題中use是名詞,所以用形容詞性物主代詞their修飾;第2題應該填名詞性物主代詞mine,指代my suitcase。(此處也可填me,由于本部分主要闡述形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的用法,故不進行詳細說明。)

【備考策略】考生應該正確區(qū)分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的形式,并且學會如何去判斷這兩類代詞。形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用,用在名詞前,如第1題;而名詞性物主代詞起名詞的作用,后面無名詞。名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞,為避免重復使用名詞,有時可用“名詞性物主代詞”來代替“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”的形式,如第2題。

名詞性物主代詞有:①單數(shù)形式:mine(我的……),yours(你的 ……),his(他的 ……),hers(她的 ……),its(它的……),one’s(某人的……);②復數(shù)形式:ours(我們的……),yours(你們的……),theirs(他們的……)。

形容詞性物主代詞有:①單數(shù)形式:my(我的),your(你的),his(他的),her(她的),its(它的);②復數(shù)形式:your(你們的),our(我們的),their(他們的)。

八、找“自我”

【經(jīng)典考例1】I had done myself homework,but I was shy.(2018年全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)

【經(jīng)典考例2】“She thought I had hurt______(I),”says Pahlsson.(2017 年浙江卷,第 59 題 )

【經(jīng)典考例3】At first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.(2016 年全國卷Ⅲ,短文改錯)

【命題剖析】該組題考查了反身代詞的用法。反身代詞不能作定語,因此第1題中的myself應改為形容詞性物主代詞my;反身代詞與句中的主語是同一個人,因此第2題填myself,第3題應把yourself改為myself。

【備考策略】首先,考生要明確反身代詞的構成形式:反身代詞以-self(單數(shù))或-selves(復數(shù))結尾,第一、二人稱的反身代詞由物主代詞加-self構成,第三人稱的反身代詞由人稱代詞賓格加-self構成。其次,要熟悉反身代詞的用法:

①反身代詞通常表示其與句中的主語是同一人,在句中作賓語,不能省略,否則該句是一個意義不完整的錯句。如:Jane is too young to look after herself.

②反身代詞可以表示強調(diào),即用來加強某個名詞或者代詞的語氣,可譯成“親自”“本人”。即使去掉,也不影響句子的完整性。要注意,反身代詞不能作主語,但是可以作主語的同位語,放在主語后或句末。如:I myself did the homework last night.

③含有反身代詞的習慣搭配:devote oneself to致力于,dress oneself自己穿衣,enjoy oneself過得愉快,boast oneself自夸,help oneself to 隨便吃,make oneself at home不拘束,say to oneself心里想,seat oneself就 座,teach oneself自學,come to oneself恢復知覺,explain oneself說明自己的意圖,talk/speak to oneself自言自語,feel oneself覺得正常,forget oneself忘我、失態(tài),excuse oneself為自己辯解等。

九、遵“指示”

【經(jīng)典考例】In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from_______in the UK.(2016 年浙江卷,第3題改編)

【命題剖析】該題考查了指示代詞的用法,要求考生準確找出空格中代詞所指代的名詞,進而做出判斷。在該題中,根據(jù)比較對象可知,應該用that代替the education system。

【備考策略】指示代詞有this(這,這個),that(那,那個),these(這些 ),those(那些 ),在句中作主語、表語、賓語或定語。在某些表示比較的句型中,常用指示代詞that或those代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞,以避免重復,如以上考題。注意:that代替單數(shù)名詞或者不可數(shù)名詞,而those代替可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)。如:I’d rather like the cars made in France than those made in Japan.

【小結】通過對以上代詞考點命題方式的分析可以看出,代詞的考點聚焦在以下幾個方面:人稱代詞的性別、人稱代詞的主格和與其對應的賓格形式、形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的區(qū)別、反身代詞的形式和用法、指示代詞以及it的常見用法??忌趶土晜淇紩r要熟練并系統(tǒng)地掌握代詞的這些基本用法。

【鞏固練習】

1.On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been selected by______(it)mother.

2.Usually what weighs us down is not the burdens of life,but how we handle_______(they).

3.I took______for granted that they were not coming.

4.Ms Shen’s method of teaching is nothing like______of the teachers at my Junior High school.

5.The old lady is said to have three children,and two of_______(they)are studying abroad.

6.This is my schoolbag._________(you)is on the desk.

7.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase_______.

8.We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.(改錯)

9.We must find ways to protect your environment.(改錯 )

10.He had a deep voice,which set himself apart from others in our small town.(改錯 )

【參考答案】1.its;2.them;3.it;4.that;5.them;6.Yours;7.it;8.ours 改為 our;9.your改為 our;10.himself改為him

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