■用法詮釋
連詞是一種虛詞,它不能獨立充當句子成分,而只能連接單詞、短語、句子或者從句,起的是“穿針引線”的作用。
連詞按其性質(zhì)可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大種類?,F(xiàn)結(jié)合2018年各地中考試題,談談運用連詞時的易錯點。
一、并列連詞
并列連詞用于連接并列的單詞、短語或句子。最常用的并列連詞有“獨身型”的and、 but、or、so和“伙伴型”的both...and、 either...or、neither ... nor、not only... but also等。其中極易出錯的有以下這些:
1.and與but
考查并列連詞的試題常以and、but、so、or作為選項。and通常用于表示對前面意思的“對應延續(xù)”,而but則表示前面意思的“轉(zhuǎn)折”,因此解題時必須仔細推敲前后句意,否則就會誤選and或but。例如:
我想要買一臺電腦,可沒有足夠的錢。
I want to buy a computer, and I don?蒺t have enough money. (×)
I want to buy a computer, but I don?蒺t have enough money. (√)
2.and與or
“祈使句+and+陳述句”與“祈使句+or+陳述句”的用法辨異,是近幾年來出現(xiàn)最頻繁的連詞考點之一。在這兩種句型中,“and+陳述句”表示前面祈使句的“對應結(jié)果”,而“or+陳述句”則表示前面祈使句的“相反結(jié)果”,即“否則就會……”。因此解題時,必須依照其中祈使句和陳述句表達的對應含義來判斷是填and還是填or。例如:
努力學習,你會取得更大的進步。
Work harder, or you will make greater progress. (×)
Work harder, and you will make greater progress. (√)
快點,否則你會上學遲到。
Hurry up, or you will be late for school. (√)
3.so
so連接的句子表示結(jié)果。注意:表示因果關系時,“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了so就不能再用because。同樣,用了because也不能再用so。例如:
因為她喜歡雞肉,所以她經(jīng)常吃。
Because she likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (×)
Because she likes chicken, she eats it very often. (√)
She likes chicken, so she eats it very often. (√)
4.both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only ...but also
辨別both...and, either...or, neither...nor和not only ...but also的用法時,我們不但要注意它們自身的含義和句意,還要注意句中謂語的表達形式。
both...and意為“兩個都……”,句子的謂語要用復數(shù)形式。例如:
約翰和彼得正在操場上玩。
Both John and Peter is playing on the playground. (×)
Both John and Peter are playing on the playground. (√)
either...or意為“或者……或者……”,句子的謂語依據(jù)or后面的主語而定。例如:
明天我或者你去那里。
Either you or I are going there tomorrow. (×)
Either you or I am going there tomorrow. (√)
neither...nor...意為“……和……都不”或者“既不……也不……”。通常連接兩個對等的成分,用于否定兩者。連接主語時,句中的謂語通常與nor連接的主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Neither he nor his younger brother is at home today.今天他和他弟弟都不在家。
not only...but also各引導一個主語時,句子的謂語通常依據(jù)but also后面的主語而定;not only...but also各引導一個句子時,not only所在的句子要用倒裝語序。例如:
不但學生而且他們的老師也喜歡那部影片。
Not only the students but also their teacher are enjoying the film. (×)
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. (√)
二、從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來引導名詞性從句和狀語從句。連詞用于引導從句以形成句子的一部分或修飾句子的構(gòu)成要素。
英語的從屬連詞較多,有表示假設的if和unless,有表示讓步的though和although,有表示原因的because, as, why,有表示時間的when, while, as, before,
after, since, until, as soon as。另外還有表示目的的so that,表示結(jié)果的so、so that等。
在中考英語試題中,考點主要圍繞表示“假設、讓步、原因、時間”的連詞來設置,其中極易出錯的有以下這些:
1.if與unless
if和unless都可用來引導條件狀語從句。if表示“如果”,與主句形成“正向假設”關系;unless表示“如果不;除非”,相當于if not,與主句形成“反向假設”關系。解答含if和unless用法的試題,易錯點在于能否準確理解從句與主句之間的邏輯關系。例如:
如果你不抓緊,就會錯過最近的火車。
You will miss the last bus if you hurry up. (×)
You will miss the last bus unless you hurry up. (√)
You will miss the last bus if you don?蒺t hurry up. (√)
2.though / although
though / although連接的句子表示讓步概念。漢語中我們可以說“雖然……但是……”,但在英語中不行,though / although和but也是“一山不容二虎”。即同一句中用了though / although就不能再用but。同樣,用了but也不能再用though / although。例如:
雖然他退休了,但是他還努力工作。
Though / Although he has been retired, but he still works hard. (×)
Though / Although he has been re+6X/EX9jwTmYgXWO1U+0avboekLU1+/pwOgMgeJPzMM=tired, he still works hard. (√)
He has been retired, but he still works hard. (√) 3.because與 because of
解答考查“原因”的試題時,because的最大干擾項是because of。because屬連詞,引導的是從句,而because of是介詞短語,后面接的是短語而不是句子。解答這類題關鍵是看所接的是句子還是短語。
因為那里沒有水,所以他非???。
He was very thirsty because of there was no water there. (×)
He was very thirsty because there was no water there. (√)
4.until與before
在考查until用法的單項選擇題中,常以before作為干擾項。尤其是表示“在……之前”時,考生在until 和before 兩個選項中極易出錯。解答這類試題時,應特別注意until的兩種含義:一是until與延續(xù)性或狀態(tài)性動詞連用時表示“直到……”,二是until與瞬間動詞連用時表示“在……之前(不要…… / 沒有……)”,此時,主句的謂語是否定式或句子含有否定概念。例如:
邁克直到爸爸回來才去睡覺。
Mike went to bed until his father came back. (×)
Mike didn?蒺t go to bed until his father came back. (√)
■真題鏈接
1.China is getting more and more independent of western technology, it is leading in many fields, such as the self?鄄driving car industry.
【2018·廣東中考題】
A./ B.or C. but D. and
2.Peter spent half a day fishing by the river,
he didn?蒺t catch anything.
【2018·上海中考題】
A.so B.or C. for D. but
3.Be patient !Give him more time, he will find the answer to the question on his own.
【2018·泰州中考題】
A.but B.or C. and D. so
4. Anna her brother like listening to soft music.
【2018·青島中考題】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D.Not only; but also
5.—Why don?蒺t you get used to the life in Beijing?
— the crowded traffic the high living cost. The only reason is the badly polluted air.
【2018·達州中考題】
A.Not only; but also B.Either; or
C.Both; and D.Neither; nor
6.—Which show do you prefer, Running Man or The Reader?
—The Reader, of course I my brother likes it.
【2018·黃岡中考題】
A.Both; and B.Neither; nor
C. Either; or D. Not only; but also
7. his right hand was hurt, he wrote slowly.
【2018·涼山中考題】
A.Because;so B.Because; /
C. Although; but D. Although; /
8.—It has been much easier for me to go to work shared bikes appeared.
—But they also caused plenty of problems.
【2018·宜昌中考題】
A.since B.before C.unless D.though
9.Don?蒺t forget to wash your hands you have meals.
【2011·臨沂中考題】
A.before B.until C. though D.unless
10.In summer, food will go bad quickly we put it into a fridge.
【2018·蘭州中考題】
A.if B.unless
C.as soon as D. while
11.Every day, he gets up early he can catch the first bus.
【2017·六盤水中考題】
A.because B.since
C.when D.so that
12.Many people like pandas they are cute.
【2018·北京中考題】
A.though B.if
C.while D.because
13.Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands you eat.
【2018·河北中考題】
A.until B.after C. while D. before
14.—Learning to love is like learning to walk.
—Yes, we step out bravely, we?蒺ll find it?蒺s not so difficult.
【2018·眉山中考題】
A.as if B.even though
C.as long as D.as far as
15.—Can students go online during lessons?
—They can it is for that lesson.
【2018·江西中考題】
A.if B.or C. so D. but
(答案見第64頁)