李巖/LI Yan

近年來在全球體育場新一輪建設(shè)熱潮中，我們觀察到諸多變化：比賽規(guī)模在變，建筑形式材料在變，觀眾心理在變，生活方式觀演體驗(yàn)在變；不會輕易改變的是追求公平競爭的競技本質(zhì)，對新極限不斷挑戰(zhàn)的體育精神，競賽帶給公眾的興奮歡愉，參與和觀演的強(qiáng)烈聯(lián)接?，F(xiàn)代體育盛會，交織著文化、科技、政治、歷史、城市多層因素，承辦體育盛會的城市及場館成為各方期待與夢想的載體和城市經(jīng)濟(jì)文化的象征；而近年來大型體育設(shè)施在逐漸呈現(xiàn)“非體育化”的特征，演變成為城市場所體驗(yàn)的新載體。

PTW建筑事務(wù)所作為澳洲歷史最悠久的設(shè)計(jì)公司之一，有幸在過去20年連續(xù)助力5屆奧運(yùn)盛會，在悉尼、雅典、北京、倫敦、里約及全球其他城市完成超過30個奧運(yùn)、亞運(yùn)、洲際比賽體育場館設(shè)計(jì)，150個以上奧運(yùn)、亞運(yùn)、場館賽時(shí)賽后運(yùn)營咨詢，作為多屆奧亞運(yùn)組委會顧問出謀獻(xiàn)策。

1 體育建筑成為城市發(fā)展的引擎

體育建筑龐大體量是城市宏偉決心、資金人流聚集的產(chǎn)物，也必然是編織在城市生態(tài)網(wǎng)中，體現(xiàn)當(dāng)代社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的“生物群落”。下一代體育建筑，首先要探究它作為“城市引擎”的影響意義，其次才是個體“生命綻放”的存在。

體育建筑及群落，關(guān)聯(lián)城市生態(tài)環(huán)境，決定復(fù)雜交通組織，影響片區(qū)內(nèi)外的長期運(yùn)營能力，驅(qū)動周邊區(qū)域城市面貌和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動提升。因此，作為城市空間長期發(fā)展更新的催化劑，體育建筑群落必然肩負(fù)更大使命：激活城市動力，兼顧新老城區(qū)，尊重歷史文化，抽象地理特征和自然植被，表達(dá)城市精神和氣質(zhì)，吸引投資，促進(jìn)城市生活高效運(yùn)營。未來城市空間發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略愿景，必將充分前置考慮體育設(shè)施長期復(fù)合的“非體育”社區(qū)活力，觀演健身、休閑娛樂、商業(yè)功能的綜合成效，帶動城市區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)，改善人居環(huán)境，融入未來城市生活肌理。

2000悉尼奧運(yùn)和2008北京奧運(yùn)場館的建設(shè)，同樣選址于城市當(dāng)時(shí)并未充分開發(fā)的基地環(huán)境，距離兩座城市中心12～15km；PTW為兩屆奧運(yùn)兩座城市設(shè)計(jì)的奧運(yùn)游泳中心，以及賽時(shí)賽后轉(zhuǎn)換的運(yùn)動員村到居住社區(qū)，均將復(fù)合的“非賽事”的城市活動引向新的中心。距離北京、悉尼奧運(yùn)已分別10年和18年，當(dāng)年的市郊場館及村落更新為城市活動新的駐區(qū)，有機(jī)融入了豐富完整的城市配套和綜合功能社區(qū)。在全球體育場館實(shí)踐中，包括PTW建筑事務(wù)所在多哈、倫敦等地的案例，均秉承這些不妥協(xié)的“城市生態(tài)發(fā)展催化劑”的長期愿景目標(biāo)。

1 PTW設(shè)計(jì)的悉尼奧林匹克公園體育設(shè)施

2 悉尼奧林匹克體育中心游泳館（1995年設(shè)計(jì)，2000年竣工（1.2攝影/Photos: Patrick Bingham-Hall）

3 倫敦手球館（圖片來源于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)）

4 坎貝爾鎮(zhèn)體育場是PTW在1999年設(shè)計(jì)的體育設(shè)施，如今PTW將它再次設(shè)計(jì)更新（攝影/Photo: Patrick Bingham-Hall）

In recent years, we can notice many changes amidst the burgeoning of sports stadiums worldwide – the size of sports events are changing, so are construction materials, mentality, the lifestyle and viewing experience of the spectators. What remain unchanged is fair competition that constitutes the building block of sports events, sportsmanship that highlights meeting new challenges, excitement and delight the audience experience, and the strong combination of participation and viewing. Modern sports events intertwine cultural, technological, political, historical and urban elements, and cities and venues hosting sports events are the centre of expectations and symbol of economic and cultural development. The "non-sports" characteristics of large sports facilities as we have seen in recent years are becoming new spaces for urban experiences.

Over the past 20 years, PTW Architects, one of Australia's oldest architectural firms, has honorably designed more than 30 venues for the Olympic Games, the Asian Games and the intercontinental competitions, including five Olympics Games in Sydney, Athens, Beijing, London, and Rio, advised on the operation of more than 150 venues of the Olympic and Asian Games during and after the events, and contributed ideas as a consultant for organising committees of a number of the Olympic and Asian Games.

1 Sports Architecture as Engine for Urban Development

A massive sports centre represents a city's grand resolutions and aspirations, as well as concentration of capital and traffic. Woven into the city's ecological network, it's a "bio-community" embodying the contemporary social and economic advances. To study sports architecture of the next generation, it's important to first analyse its influence and meaning as an "engine of the city" and then its existence as an individual sports facility.

Sports buildings and clusters, associated with a city's ecological environment, determine complex organization of transport, influence internal and external operation capabilities in the long run, and drive the enhancement of the urban landscapes and economic activities of surrounding areas. Therefore, as a catalyst for the long-term development and renewal of urban spaces, sports buildings and clusters must perform greater missions, including invigorating city dynamics, ensuring the balance between old and new areas of the city, showing respect for history and culture, expressing the city's spirit and temperament through abstract representation of geographical features and natural vegetation, attracting investments, and facilitating the efficient operation of the urban life. The strategic vision for future development of urban spaces must take sports facilities' long-term "non-sports" community attributes into full consideration, and combine watching, fitness, leisure, entertainment, commercial uses to drive the development of the regional economy, improving the living environment for people, and weave them into the fabric of the future urban life.

During the construction of the sports venues for the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, underdeveloped places 12 to 15 kilometres away from the centres of the two cities were chosen for development. PTW Architects designed the aquatics centres for hosting cities, as well as the athletes' villages and their transformation into residential communities after the games. In both cases, we can notice its efforts to divert compound "non-sports" urban activities to the new centres. Now, it's already 10 and 8 years respectively from the hosting of the Beijing and Sydney Olympic Games. The suburban venues and villages have been remodeled as new centres of urban activities, equipped with a diverse and complete set of urban amenities and communities of comprehensive functions. All the design practices of sports venues worldwide, including PTW Architects' design of sports facilities in Doha and London, indicate the long-term visions and objectives of these uncompromising "catalysts for urban ecological development".

2 Sports in-between Global and Local vision

From 2000 to 2016, PTW Architect, through its participation in the design of venues for Sydney, Athens, Beijing, London, and Rio Olympic Games, demonstrated its passion for sports, dedication to sports events, and expertise in effective operation of sports venues during and after events, and expanded their influence from the Sydney event to sports events worldwide. During the 20-year interval, the architects of PTW Architects, through their planning and architectural design of sports venues, have introduced their experience in designing, operating and managing Olympic venues for a waterfront city in the last century to countries and regions such as Australia, Europe, Asia, South America, Africa, the Middle East, and developed design concepts incorporating a global vision with respect for the local culture.

5 孩子們自由奔跑嬉戲，怡然自得（攝影/Photo: Ben McMillan）

6 水立方表皮肌理

2 體育建筑作為全球化與當(dāng)?shù)匚幕囊曈X媒介

2000-2016年，悉尼、雅典、北京、倫敦、里約，5屆奧運(yùn)會,PTW把對體育運(yùn)動的熱愛，對體育賽事的專注，對賽時(shí)賽后有效運(yùn)營的專業(yè)視角，從悉尼帶向全球的體育盛會。同時(shí)，在這20年間，PTW建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)師們耕耘的體育場館的規(guī)劃與建筑設(shè)計(jì)，也將一個跨世紀(jì)的濱水城市的奧運(yùn)設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)營管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，帶到澳洲、歐洲、亞洲、南美、非洲、中東等多個國家和地區(qū)；孕育了既具備全球視野又尊重當(dāng)?shù)匚幕脑O(shè)計(jì)理念。

在悉尼，開敞平鋪的體育建筑群布局及游泳館的結(jié)構(gòu)造型，吻合悉尼濱水城市休閑文化所具備的直接、開放和輕松。

在北京，國家游泳中心作為奧運(yùn)時(shí)代最受矚目的明星建筑之一，巧妙地將水的主題與形態(tài)，既無形又有形地體現(xiàn)在功能、結(jié)構(gòu)、幕墻、環(huán)境的高度統(tǒng)一上；同時(shí)，上善若水，天圓地方，以及和鳥巢之間陰柔與陽剛相得益彰的關(guān)系，都充分融入中國文化和東方哲學(xué)的智慧。

在多哈卡塔爾，哈利法體育場的再開發(fā)與改擴(kuò)建，觀眾容量倍增，輕盈的弧形拱門及罩棚膜結(jié)構(gòu)架于原有看臺之上，使其成為中東最具矚目的現(xiàn)代體育場館之一。哈利法體育場自改造以來，承辦了2006年多哈亞運(yùn)會主會場、2011年亞洲杯、2019年世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽和2022年世界杯足球賽主會場。由于體育場運(yùn)用適宜的施工技術(shù)、結(jié)構(gòu)形式與輕巧的薄膜材料，既解決了生態(tài)環(huán)境上中東當(dāng)?shù)貜?qiáng)烈日照和風(fēng)環(huán)境對觀演體驗(yàn)上的不利影響，滿足諸多節(jié)能要求，又在審美上適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)刂袞|文化，使超過40年的原有建筑在功能體驗(yàn)、生態(tài)環(huán)境和視覺美學(xué)上重新煥發(fā)活力。因此，在2017年贏得全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展GSAS綠色四星獎，是全球第一個獲此殊榮的建筑。

在非洲剛果、加蓬、阿爾及利亞，2015年非洲運(yùn)動會體育建筑組群，2017年非洲杯足球賽讓蒂爾港球類綜合體育場，和賽迪夫體育場，均充分考慮非洲當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕白匀痪坝^，河流湖泊，植被在四季的變化，作為建筑及規(guī)劃構(gòu)成中滲透入基地和建筑本身的組成；建筑材料選取因地制宜，采用淺色反光材質(zhì)減少熱帶地區(qū)熱輻射吸收對內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的直接作用，同時(shí)利用太陽能緩解能源需求壓力；建筑表皮實(shí)現(xiàn)體量完整和引入自然風(fēng)，使內(nèi)場的空氣流動進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)，利用當(dāng)?shù)刈匀还庹?，減少眩光又進(jìn)一步削減照明和能源需求。

3 體育建筑成為健身休閑娛樂的復(fù)合載體

如果在全球范圍洞察未來體育建筑趨勢，體育建筑正在經(jīng)歷復(fù)合的“非體育化”或“泛體育化”——建筑提供的“休閑娛樂體驗(yàn)”。體育設(shè)施投入巨大，國際賽事使用也不超過一個月時(shí)間，承載國際賽事并非高頻事件，職業(yè)俱樂部聯(lián)賽在很多地區(qū)市場并不成熟。除競技要求外，如何用好85%以上的“非體育”時(shí)間，是長期投資回報(bào)和城市持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵，將生活體驗(yàn)和運(yùn)營內(nèi)容策劃及其操作主體前置植入到規(guī)劃與設(shè)計(jì)才能長治久安。

從悉尼開始，2000年之后“新世紀(jì)”諸多興建的體育場館在運(yùn)營模式上都引入了全民健身和大眾體育的成分，PTW建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所從悉尼奧運(yùn)會游泳館，到雅典游泳設(shè)施，再到北京水立方國家游泳中心的水上戲水樂園，都將休閑娛樂的內(nèi)容，前置在設(shè)計(jì)階段，并先于賽事對更長期的賽后使用進(jìn)行規(guī)劃。隨著人均GDP增長，個人健康關(guān)注度的提高，和體育產(chǎn)業(yè)在全球范圍的方興未艾，休閑娛樂內(nèi)置于體育場館作為長期運(yùn)營的成功因素，已成共識，但如何真正做好依然困難重重，需要專業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的設(shè)計(jì)并協(xié)助客戶精心策劃打造。

7 剛果布拉柴維爾體育中心承載了2015年的非洲運(yùn)動會（PTW+CCDI，2012年設(shè)計(jì)，2015年竣工，圖片來源：ARUP）

8 夜景燈光下水立方表皮更加立體豐富

9 最新建成的咸陽奧體中心（PTW2015年設(shè)計(jì)，2018年竣工）

10 即將建成的加蓬讓蒂爾港足球場是非洲杯足球賽的主要場地

11 施工中的西安體育中心體育場

In Sydney, the open, expansive and sleek layout of the sports cluster and the structure of the swimming centre are in line with the openminded and relaxing leisure culture of Sydney as a waterfront city.

In Beijing, the National Aquatics Centre, as one of the most eye-catching star buildings in the era of Olympics, aptly represents the theme and forms of water in tangible and intangible ways through an ingenuous fusion of functions, structures, facades, and the surroundings. Besides, the Water Cube, featuring elements of water, echoes with the Chinese philosophical teaching that "the greatest kindness is like water", and the fact that the square Water Cube symbolic of the earth and the round Bird's Nest emblematic of the heaven stand next to each other is a perfect illustration of the balance and harmony between Yin and Yang. All these details highlight a sufficient blending of the wisdom of Chinese culture and eastern philosophy.

In Doha of Qatar, the redeveloped and expanded Khalifa International Stadium, which can seat much more spectators than ever and features light curved arches and shed structures mounted on the original stands, is one of the most famous modern sports arenas in the Middle East. Since its renovation, the Khalifa International Stadium has been a major venue for the 2006 Doha Asian Games, the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, the 2019 World Athletics Championships and the 2022 World Cup. Through appropriate uses of construction techniques and structures as well as lightweight film materials, architects minimize the adverse impact of intense sunlight and harsh winds unique to the ecological environment of the Middle East on watching experiences, satisfy requirements for energy efficiency, and ensure aesthetic alignment with the local Middle East culture, thus rejuvenating a sports facility of more than 40 years old in terms of functionality, experience, eco-friendliness and visual aesthetics. Therefore, it received a four star rating from the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS), the very first in the world to be awarded this rating.

In Congo, Gabon, and Algeria of Africa, the cluster of sports buildings for the 2015 African Games, the Stade de Port-Gentil for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, and the SAI DI FU stadium all integrate the local African culture, natural sceneries, rivers, lakes and changes of vegetation throughout four seasons into the foundations and the buildings through architectural and planning compositions. Based on the particular local conditions, lightcoloured reflective construction materials are selected and used to reduce the direct effect of thermal radiation absorption of the tropical region on the internal structure, and solar energy is utilized to alleviate the pressure of energy demands. In addition, the exterior of the construction makes use of natural winds to further enhance indoor air f l ows, and local natural light is employed to reduce glare and meet needs for lighting and energy.

3 New Experience of Wellness, Leisure &Entertainment

To understand the future sports architecture trends globally, it's necessary to pay attention to the "non-sports" or "pan-sports" uses of sports buildings, or the "recreation and entertainment experience" provided by such buildings. To build a sports stadium requires tremendous inputs. However, an international event only lasts for no more than one month, and international events do not take place frequently. What's more, professional clubs and leagues are yet to be developed in many regions and markets. Thus, an efficient use of more than 85% of the time when no sports events are organised is the key to long-term investment returns and sustainable urban development. To achieve benefits in the long run, it's important to blend recreational experience, operation, and planning into the planning and design of a sports stadium.

Since the 2000 practice in Sydney, many stadiums built in the new century, in terms of their operation models, have integrated functions for mass fitness and sports exercises. From the Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre to the swimming facilities for the Athens Olympic Games and then to the water park located inside the Beijing National Aquatics Centre, nicknamed the Water Cube, PTW Architects mixed leisure and entertainment features into their design for the stadium and planned its post-event uses even before the start of the event. With the rising per capita GDP, growing concerns for personal health, and the continued booming of sports worldwide, it's become an universal agreement to integrate leisure and entertainment features into a stadium for long-term operation success. However, to achieve that, it requires highly professional teams to overcome enormous challenges and tailor for clients meticulous design solutions.

Jacques Jean Marie Rogge, former President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), once commented, "The post-event operation of the Water Cube is a paradigm for post-event uses of sports venues in the history of international Olympics."

Of all venues for the Beijing Olympic Games, the Water Park inside the Water Cube, used as a theme water amusement park, is the most successful example of integrating post-event operation into the venue design. 1/4 of the 177m × 177m Water Cube was reserved for post-event water amusement activities even during earlier planning of the stadium for the Olympic Games. After the event, equipment was purchased, and a water park was built and put into operation. To incorporate water amusement facilities, the reserved space was designed high enough to flexibly accommodate function changes occurring over time. Now, in addition to redesigning and remodeling of the sports space into aquatic entertainment facilities, the remaining interior spaces of the Water Cube also provide a suitable venue for large events such as CCTV network broadcasts, film releases, and art exhibitions, and even the grand APEC banquet. Both the inside and outside of the stadium have become an integral part of the urban life.

國際奧委會主席羅格評價(jià)：“水立方的賽后運(yùn)營是國際奧林匹克史當(dāng)中場館賽后利用的一個典范?！?/p>

水立方的水上娛樂主題樂園，是北京奧運(yùn)諸多場館中，賽后運(yùn)營設(shè)計(jì)前置最成功的案例。在水立方177m×177m見方的空間中，有1/4面積在奧運(yùn)之前早期策劃時(shí)就預(yù)留給賽后各項(xiàng)水上娛樂活動，奧運(yùn)之后進(jìn)行設(shè)備采購并進(jìn)入建造運(yùn)營。預(yù)留的空間高度，已在奧運(yùn)前考慮水上設(shè)備的各種組合，使之具備滿足隨時(shí)間推移功能變化帶來的靈活需求。如今，除水上娛樂設(shè)施的改建，水立方的內(nèi)場空間也為多項(xiàng)大型活動提供了適宜場所，從CCTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)播放、電影發(fā)布、藝術(shù)展覽，到國家級APEC會議晚宴代表國家形象的會場，場館內(nèi)外已經(jīng)成為城市生活的有機(jī)體。

4 科技對體育建筑空間的影響

體育建筑與觀演體驗(yàn)將如何面向科技與未來？信息碎片化和互聯(lián)時(shí)代，AR體驗(yàn)逐步升級，AI是否會帶來體育新體驗(yàn)的革命？新建體育建筑未來是否還有存在的意義？觀演體驗(yàn)可以發(fā)生在任何時(shí)間任何地點(diǎn)，對未來體育建筑意味著什么？我們不妨?xí)诚耄?/p>

（1）運(yùn)動空間、觀演空間、抵離空間進(jìn)一步融合，提升公眾體驗(yàn)趣味，使用更復(fù)合多元；運(yùn)營內(nèi)容的不斷翻新，建筑空間靈活布局，既滿足賽事使用需求，又成為長期不斷進(jìn)化的城市生活的有機(jī)組成。

（2）材料和結(jié)構(gòu)工藝的持續(xù)創(chuàng)新：從厚重體量到輕質(zhì)桿件，汲取動植物界自然之美，衍生更有效的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，用更少更輕的材料和對環(huán)境影響更小的策略完成大跨大空間目標(biāo)。ETFE、PTFE薄膜、金屬折板、弦支穹頂、復(fù)合網(wǎng)架對結(jié)構(gòu)和材料特性的跨界組合創(chuàng)新及生產(chǎn)工具工藝的智能化，提供更多高效路徑與可能。

（3）設(shè)計(jì)過程采用更多的數(shù)字化科技工具，參數(shù)化技術(shù)。參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)與BIM的運(yùn)用，深入到新建體育場館的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施過程。工具層面，參數(shù)化帶來的優(yōu)勢，不僅將1～2周的工作量縮短到1天之內(nèi)，數(shù)字化支持和數(shù)據(jù)庫擴(kuò)展，會快速完善多專業(yè)多工種協(xié)同優(yōu)化，甚至數(shù)字采集公眾反饋的終端體驗(yàn)需求。

（4）AI、AR對觀演體驗(yàn)的沖擊。體育運(yùn)動參與者和觀演消費(fèi)個體，在運(yùn)動和競技本身帶來的愉悅之外，互聯(lián)時(shí)代獲取信息和體驗(yàn)方式會爆發(fā)式多元增長。AR、VR工具幫助運(yùn)動體驗(yàn)和觀演體驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品化和“增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)”的廣泛傳播；AI人工智能和深度學(xué)習(xí)對競賽大數(shù)據(jù)分析和競技策略建議，會增加改變競技方式與競技空間，逐漸推動物理和虛擬兩個世界里體育建筑體驗(yàn)的相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

體育建筑在真實(shí)世界中，依然作為比賽、觀演、聚集的空間場域。光線、綠蔭、風(fēng)聲、氣味、汗水、淚花、歡呼、掌聲、國歌、空氣中散開來的震撼歡愉緊張和激情……依然是不可替代的體驗(yàn)，社會情感需求、彼此心理連接的愿望放大了作為“人”和“人的聚集”最本質(zhì)的社會性體驗(yàn)。理解這些體育場所的本質(zhì)及個體的需求后，科技創(chuàng)新才能更好地為消費(fèi)者創(chuàng)造更多體驗(yàn)價(jià)值和意義。

在PTW事務(wù)所的百年歷史中，體育建筑愈發(fā)成為最重要的實(shí)踐類型之一。體育建筑的新契機(jī)即在當(dāng)下：催化城市更新與進(jìn)化，尊重生態(tài)，因地制宜，可持續(xù)有節(jié)制地發(fā)展；追求科技創(chuàng)新、藝術(shù)文化、休閑娛樂體驗(yàn)的多方位貢獻(xiàn)。這是人類共同的未來?！?/p>

13 咸陽奧體中心，建筑表皮細(xì)節(jié)折射出古城的新意

14 濟(jì)南奧林匹克體育中心建筑細(xì)部

15 相互映襯的水立方與鳥巢

16 Vrdaren網(wǎng)創(chuàng)業(yè)公司LiveLike表示，他們正與Fox體育合作，推出Fox體育VR APP

17 水立方室內(nèi)賽事場景（攝影/Photo: Ben McMillan）

4 Sports Architecture Embracing Technology and Future

How will sports architecture and watching experience adapt to technological advances and the future? In the age of information fragmentation and interconnection when the AR experience is gradually upgraded, will AI bring about a revolution about new sports experiences? Is it still meaningful for new sports architecture to exist in the future? What will it mean for future sports architecture when people can watch sports events at any time and any place? The following is what we envisage for the future:

(1) Further integration of sports spaces, watching spaces, and entrance and exit spaces will enhance the audience experiences and diversify functions. Continuous innovation of operational contents and flexible design of architectural spaces can help meet the need for hosting sports events and constitute an integral part of an evolving urban life in the long run.

(2) Continuous innovation of construction materials, structures and processes: With the change from heavy and clumsy parts to lightweight components, the employment of beautiful natural elements from the flora and fauna communities to generate more effective construction structures and forms, the application of smaller quantities of lighter materials and strategies with lesser environmental impact to achieve greater objectives for large-span spatial structures, and the use of ETFE, PTFE, metal folding plates, suspended-dome structures, composite mesh frames, interdisciplinary combinations of structural and material innovations, and smart production tools and techniques, more efficient solutions and possibilities will be provided.

(3) More applications of digital technological tools during the design process; parametric technology. Parametric design and BIM will be further applied to the design and construction processes of new stadiums. At the tool level, the parametric technology can help shorten what otherwise takes 1 to 2 weeks to just one day, provide digitalised support, facilitate database expansion, efficiently complete coordination and optimisation of diverse types of professional work, and even collect data about people's feedbacks on user experience and needs.

(4) The impact of AI and AR on viewing experience. In addition to the joys that athletes and spectators experience from participating in and watching competitive sports events, there will be explosive and diversified growth in the forms of information collection and experience in the era of Internet. AR and VR tools will facilitate further commercialisation and wider AR-powered communication of athletic and watching experiences. AI, or artificial intelligence, and deep learning will be applied to analyse big data about competitive sports events and provide advice for competition tactics, change the forms and spaces of competition, and gradually drive the interconnection of physical and virtual experiences of sports architecture.

In the real world, sports buildings still serve as spacious arenas for competitions, watching experiences and gatherings. Light, green shades, breezes, smells, sweats, tears, cheers, applauses, national anthems, and the awe, joy, tension and excitement one can feel in the air are still irreplaceable experiences, reflecting social emotions and needs as well as psychological desires for connection and networking, and magnifying people's most fundamental social experience as humans in human gatherings. After a good understanding of the nature of these sports venues and needs of individuals, technological innovations can be better used to create more invaluable and meaningful experiences for consumers.

During the practice of PTW Architects over the past 100 years, sports architecture has become one of the most important types of architecture. The new opportunities for sports architecture lie in fueling urban renewal and evolution to show respect for the ecological environment, adapt to local conditions, and achieve sustainable and well-controlled development, as well as pursuing technological innovation and creating artistic, cultural, recreational and entertainment experiences. This is the shared future of the mankind.□

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