邱葆珍
【摘 要】修辭體現(xiàn)著語(yǔ)言和文化的發(fā)展,文學(xué)作品和翻譯作品以其優(yōu)美、富于創(chuàng)造性的語(yǔ)言體現(xiàn)其文化內(nèi)涵和文學(xué)價(jià)值,修辭可為文學(xué)創(chuàng)作和翻譯操作提供豐富的語(yǔ)言手段和翻譯技巧;文學(xué)作品、翻譯作品也為修辭研究和發(fā)展提供詳實(shí)的資料和依據(jù),修辭注重在不同語(yǔ)境下的表達(dá)效果,是文學(xué)和譯作的精辟所在。本文依據(jù)比利時(shí)μ學(xué)派敘事辭格理論,探討內(nèi)容-形式辭格在文學(xué)譯作方面的呈現(xiàn)──地點(diǎn)的修辭作用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】敘事辭格;內(nèi)容-形式辭格;地點(diǎn)信息
中圖分類號(hào): H15 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào): 2095-2457(2018)23-0205-002
DOI:10.19694/j.cnki.issn2095-2457.2018.23.091
【Abstract】Rhetoric represents the development of language and culture. Rhetoric provides linguistic methods and operation skills literature creation and translation need. Literature works and translation works make contributions to the development of rhetoric by means of detailed information and data. As essence of literature and translation, rhetoric has a high value in the expressive effect of different contexts. Based on rhetorical figures of narration of Group μ, the present paper studies the application of figures of content-form in works of literature translation ─ rhetorical function of location.
【Key words】Rhetorical figures of narration;Figures of content-form;Information of location
0 引語(yǔ)
根據(jù)比利時(shí)μ學(xué)派的敘事辭格理論,語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)會(huì)受到書寫符號(hào)、語(yǔ)言形式、時(shí)間持續(xù)、時(shí)序方向、空間、事件、原因、敘事視點(diǎn)、情節(jié)、行為、人物、地點(diǎn)、景物等各種要素的影響,出現(xiàn)“添加”、“抑減”、“添加-抑減”、“換序”、“換位”等修辭操作,在表達(dá)的實(shí)體、表達(dá)的形式、表達(dá)的內(nèi)容等方面發(fā)生敘事偏離,產(chǎn)生表達(dá)-實(shí)體辭格、表達(dá)-形式辭格、內(nèi)容-形式辭格等。敘事辭格是一個(gè)嶄新的領(lǐng)域,它涉及話語(yǔ)修辭,適用于各種表達(dá)模式。
1 敘事辭格之內(nèi)容-形式辭格
敘事辭格理論是比利時(shí)列日大學(xué)μ學(xué)派(Group μ)在繼承傳統(tǒng)辭格理論的基礎(chǔ)上吸收現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論而創(chuàng)建的結(jié)構(gòu)主義辭格體系,列日學(xué)派是西方現(xiàn)代修辭學(xué)的重要流派之一,列日學(xué)派辭格理論包括兩部分:基礎(chǔ)修辭和普通修辭?;A(chǔ)修辭討論基礎(chǔ)辭格并建立基礎(chǔ)辭格系統(tǒng),普通修辭討論敘事人稱辭格和敘事辭格?!捌x”理論是列日學(xué)派辭格理論的顯著特點(diǎn),敘事辭格基于結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué),涉論語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)容和表達(dá),涵括表達(dá)-實(shí)體、表達(dá)-形式、內(nèi)容-形式,且涵括結(jié)構(gòu)主義辭格系統(tǒng)的操作,通過實(shí)體的添加、抑減、抑減-添加等操作,敘事發(fā)生偏離,產(chǎn)生表達(dá)-實(shí)體辭格、表達(dá)-形式辭格和內(nèi)容-形式辭格?!捌x”理論是列日學(xué)派辭格理論的顯著特點(diǎn),敘事偏離現(xiàn)象體現(xiàn)在敘事性話語(yǔ)、敘事性文字的抑減、增加、抑減-增加、和換序方面。列日學(xué)派認(rèn)為修辭是一系列偏離和自行糾正,即打破語(yǔ)言的常規(guī)。根據(jù)列日學(xué)派的敘事辭格理論,修辭效果是由偏離產(chǎn)生的,是對(duì)慣例、常規(guī)的偏離。內(nèi)容-形式辭格主要涉及情節(jié),情節(jié)中對(duì)常規(guī)的“偏離”涉及地點(diǎn)、景物、行為。
2 修辭與敘事地點(diǎn)
修辭是加強(qiáng)言辭或文句效果的藝術(shù)手法。自語(yǔ)言出現(xiàn),人類就有修辭的需要。修辭以其獨(dú)特的技巧,將表達(dá)的內(nèi)容描述得生動(dòng)、具體、形象,給人以鮮明深刻的印象,要么借助豐富的想象,使具體事物人格化,要么提示事物的本質(zhì)、特征,烘托氣氛,加強(qiáng)渲染力,要么在語(yǔ)氣、意義的排列上加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì)和語(yǔ)言氣氛,使其節(jié)奏感凸顯。修辭的手法不同,呈現(xiàn)的效果各異,使作品的敘事呈現(xiàn)無限藝術(shù)魅力。根據(jù)列日學(xué)派的敘事辭格理論,語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)同樣受到地點(diǎn)要素的影響,出現(xiàn)“添加”、“抑減”等修辭操作,在表達(dá)的實(shí)體、表達(dá)的形式、表達(dá)的內(nèi)容等方面發(fā)生敘事偏離,產(chǎn)生修辭。
1)呈現(xiàn)中性作用的地點(diǎn):地點(diǎn)指所在的地方。地點(diǎn)的近義詞包括場(chǎng)所,地方,處所,住址,位置,地址等。常規(guī)理念中的地點(diǎn)是中性的,是記錄故事的信息源,如,街道street,超市market,房屋house,山mountain,電影院cinema,劇院theater,學(xué)校school,醫(yī)院hospital,餐館restaurant,地鐵站subway station,火車站railway station等。
2)呈現(xiàn)修辭作用的地點(diǎn):在一定情況下,地點(diǎn)具有文化和社會(huì)功能,如,村落中的祠堂ancestral hall。祠堂是祭祀祖先或先賢的場(chǎng)所,主要用于祭祀祖先,此外作為各家族辦理婚、喪、壽、喜等的場(chǎng)所,族親商議族內(nèi)的重要事物,也常在祠堂進(jìn)行,體現(xiàn)了宗族的文化和傳統(tǒng),祠堂也是族長(zhǎng)行使族權(quán)的地方,凡族人違反族規(guī),在祠堂被教育和受到處理,祠堂具有封建道德法庭的作用,在中性的村落中涉入祠堂,使人聯(lián)想到的是家族、家規(guī);城鎮(zhèn)中的教堂church,做為宗教活動(dòng)傳播的主要場(chǎng)所,是基督教三大流派舉行彌撒禮拜等宗教事宜的地方,教堂源于歐洲,是人類文明的結(jié)晶,在歐洲政教合一的年代,教堂既規(guī)模巨大又建造豪華,歐洲的教堂體現(xiàn)了宗教信仰、財(cái)富、權(quán)利和建筑技術(shù),在中性的城市中呈現(xiàn)恢弘的教堂,可襯托出宗教文化所向、昔日的經(jīng)濟(jì)輝煌。地點(diǎn)也因其封閉性和開闊性而呈現(xiàn)對(duì)立性,如,描寫視角中臥室與足球場(chǎng)、辦公室與草原等,這種地點(diǎn)的明顯封閉性和地點(diǎn)的明顯開闊性的描寫,呈現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)封閉性的明顯對(duì)立,偏離了常規(guī)呈現(xiàn),偏離了受眾的常規(guī)。根據(jù)μ學(xué)派偏離理論,偏離常規(guī)的呈現(xiàn)即有修辭形成,因此,地點(diǎn)的呈現(xiàn)具有修辭作用。本論文研究文學(xué)譯作中關(guān)涉偏離常規(guī)的地點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)、偏離受眾常規(guī)的地點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)。
3 文學(xué)譯作中地點(diǎn)的修辭呈現(xiàn)
以文學(xué)譯作《Old Land New Tales:20 Best Stories of Shaanxi Writers》中《Oh,A Colt 》為例,作品講述農(nóng)村改革中年輕干部Zheng Quanzhang的經(jīng)歷。敘事通過地點(diǎn)偏離常規(guī)的呈現(xiàn),展現(xiàn)了敘事辭格之內(nèi)容-形式辭格中地點(diǎn)的修辭作用,使我們認(rèn)識(shí)到地點(diǎn)修辭在內(nèi)容-形式辭格的重要作用。
(1)地點(diǎn):根據(jù)μ學(xué)派偏離理論,偏離常規(guī)的呈現(xiàn)即有修辭形成。在文學(xué)譯作《Oh,A Colt 》中,Vice Secretary Tang of prefecture Party committee and Ma Zhankui are relatives by marriage.…“Ma Zhankui lodged a complaint with the Prefectural Party Committee that the institutional restructuring group failed its duty by leaving him half-examined and he demanded a conclusion”.“Another thing is about the four mu capital construction lands he purchased for the Fertilizer Bureau.We found the Fertilizer Bureau made a 40 grand expenditure,but the seller Nanguan II Village only received 20 grand.Where did the rest of the 20 grand go?One villager offered testimony that he once overheard Ma Zhankui,ht emayor of the village,and the accountant discussing privately how to divide the 20 grand.Weve got the written proof”.Ma Zhankui “is not the right candidate we want to consider, since his work for the Fertilizer Bureau was a complete mess”.了解譯作中人物MaZhankui 之后,通過地點(diǎn)的偏離常規(guī)呈現(xiàn),使地點(diǎn)的修辭作用不言而喻地顯現(xiàn):“Before lunch, in search of the proper persons to reexamine Ma Zhankuis case,he(Zheng Quanzhang)was surprised to meet Ma Zhankui right outside the WC.It was odd for him to come here to relieve himself.The Fertilizer Bureau was not in the county committee courtyard.Ma Zhankui hurried out of the restroom with his pants half-belted to catch Zheng Quanzhang by his hand.Apparently he had hard Zheng passing by”.短短的一段中,出現(xiàn)三個(gè)地點(diǎn)名詞,county committee courtyard、Fertilizer Bureau 和 WC。就county committee而言,常規(guī)的地點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)應(yīng)該是office 或conference room,地點(diǎn)WC的出現(xiàn)顯然偏離常規(guī),偏離受眾的常規(guī),有偏離就有修辭形成,此處地點(diǎn)WC所呈現(xiàn)的修辭毋庸贅言。
文學(xué)作品中地點(diǎn)偏離常規(guī)所形成修辭之例不勝枚舉,譯作《Oh,A Colt 》結(jié)尾中,“A baby colt appeared on the road.He kicked up his heels and ran off into the distance,turned back from afar and then dashed away another time.He ran with relief,enjoyment and pride. Apparently he wanted to comfortably revel in the joy of life and youth and knew that someone was watching him closely for he played tricks the next time he dashed off. He titled his body and veered into poplars on the one side of the road and cornered beautifully before dashing out toward the main road.Unfortunately,he stepped into a roadside puddle,his fore hoofs skidding and causing him to fall to his knees.He then stood up quickly and walked onto the main road…”.文中baby colt從地點(diǎn)road 到地點(diǎn)main road之間經(jīng)歷了地點(diǎn)roadside puddle,在敘事地點(diǎn)中,road與main road 間的常規(guī)地點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)應(yīng)該是譯作《Oh,A Colt 》開頭中的green fields of wheat和yellow fields of rape flowers,地點(diǎn)roadside puddle是偏離常規(guī)的呈現(xiàn),是偏離受眾常規(guī)的呈現(xiàn),這種偏離常規(guī)的地點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)所形成的修辭,促使讀者沉思其寓意的深刻。
4 結(jié)語(yǔ)
敘事辭格對(duì)文學(xué)創(chuàng)作與文學(xué)賞析有著重要的意義,作家、編導(dǎo)使用敘事辭格可藝術(shù)地、有效地進(jìn)行文學(xué)作品、藝術(shù)作品創(chuàng)作;讀者、觀眾研究敘事辭格可深度賞析敘事作品、了解敘事人物的心理活動(dòng)。
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