何燁希

英語中帶引號，直接引用別人原話的句子稱之為直接引語，而用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的意思，或引用自己說過的話，則稱之為間接引語，間接引語多數(shù)用賓語從句來表達(dá)。將直接引語改為間接引語有許多變化，掌握這些變化的規(guī)則，就能讓你運用自如。下面我們一起來看一看將直接引語改為間接引語時到底有多少變化。

一、變?nèi)朔Q

將直接引語改為間接引語時人稱要相應(yīng)地改變，把直接引語中的第一人稱（如：1，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours）變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱。

例如：He said，“I enjoy the movie very much.”他說：“我非常喜歡這部電影?！?/p>

→He said that he enjoyed the movie very much.他說他非常喜歡這部電影。（I改為he）

把直接引語中的第二人稱（you，your，yours）變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語（即聽話人，如無聽話人，可根據(jù)上下文的理解人為確定一個人稱）相一致的人稱。

例如：He said，“You told me this terrible news.”他說：“你告訴過我這個糟糕的消息。”

→He said that I had told him that terrible news.他說我告訴過他那個糟糕的消息。（You改為I，me改為him）

直接引語中的第三人稱（he，him，his，she，her，hers， it，its， they， their， theirs，them）變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。如：He said to me，“She's left her book on your desk.”伯對我說：“她把書放在你的桌上了。”

He told me that she had left her book on my desk.他對我說她把書放在我的桌子上了。（she不變，her不變，your改為my）

二、變時態(tài)

如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句的時態(tài)則應(yīng)是與主句時態(tài)相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。①一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時；②一般過去時→過去完成時；③現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時-過去進(jìn)行時；④現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時；⑤過去完成時→過去完成時（不變）；⑥一般將來時→過去將來時。一般情況是：時態(tài)向后退一格。例如：

The secretary said，“I'm sorry for being late for work.”→The secretary said that she was sorry for being late for work.

注意：1.直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，如果主句中的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，則間接引語從句的時態(tài)保持不變。例如：

He says，“I have finished my homework.”→He says that he has finished his homework.

She will say，“I'll do it tomorrow.”→She will say that she'II do it the next day.

2.直接引語如果是客觀事實或真理，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，從句時態(tài)不變。例如：

The teacher said，“The earth moves around the sun.”→The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

三、變動詞

一般說來，主句謂語動詞常為said或said to，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，如直接引語是陳述句，said不變；如直接引語是一般疑問句或者特殊疑問句，則要把said或said to變?yōu)閍sked/asked sb.。

需要特別注意的是，直接引語句中的come， bring需在間接引語中改為go，take。

四、變指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語

將直接引語改為間接引語時，相關(guān)的時間狀語、地點狀語和指示代詞都要做相應(yīng)的變化，具體變化可見下表：

例如：

1.He said，“l(fā) met your sister today.”他說：“我今天遇到你姐姐了?！?/p>

→He said that he had met my sister that day.他說他那天見到我姐姐了。

2.He said，“We went to the cinema yesterday.”他說：“我們昨天去看電影了?！?/p>

→He said they had gone to the cinema the day before.他說前一天他們?nèi)タ措娪傲恕?/p>

3.He said，“It is already two o'clock now.”他說：“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)兩點了?！?/p>

→He said that it was already two o'clock then.他說那時已經(jīng)兩點了。

4.He said，“My sister was here three days ago.”他說：“三天前我妹妹在這兒?！?/p>

→He said that his sister had been there three days before.他說三天前他妹妹在那兒。（here→there； ago—}before）

5。Mr.Smith said，“I will come here this evening.”史密斯先生說：“今晚我會來這兒?！?/p>

→Mr.Smith said that he would go there that evening.史密斯先生說那晚他將去那兒。（come→go； here→there； this→that）

注意：以上這些變化，要根據(jù)說話的具體時間和具體地點的情況而定，不可機械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here就不必改為there，come也不必改為go，如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。直接引語中的一般過去時如與一個具體的過去時間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時時態(tài)不變。

例如：Father said，“I am free this afternoon.”父親說：“我今天下午有空?！?/p>

→Father said that he was free this afternoon.父親說他今天下午有空。

He said，“I am coming here tomorrow.”他說：“我明天來這里?！?/p>

He said that he was coming here tomorrow.他說他明天來這里。

五、不同句式中直接引語改為間接引語的變化

1.直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，that往往可以省略。

例如：She said，“Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”

→ She said （that） their bus would arrive in five minutes.

2.直接引語如果是反意疑問句、選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

例如：He said，“Can you swim，Jack？”他說：“你會游泳嗎，杰克？”

→He asked Jack if he could swim.他問杰克會不會游泳。

“You have finished the homework，haven't you？”my mother asked.“你已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了，是嗎？”我媽媽問道。

→My mother asked me whether l had finished the homework.我媽媽問我是否已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)。

“Do you go to school by bus or by bike？”“你上學(xué)坐公交還是騎車？”

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.他問我上學(xué)是坐公交還是騎車。

3.直接引語如果是特殊疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。

例如：She asked me，“When do they usually get up in the morning？”她問我：“他們早上通常什么時候起床？”

→She asked me when they usually got up in the morning.她問我他們早上通常什么時候起床。

4.直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應(yīng)改為tell（ask，order， beg等）sb. （not） to do sth.句型。

例如：“Don't touch any thing here，”she said to her students.“別碰這里任何東西?！彼龑λ膶W(xué)生說。

→She told （ordered） her students not to touch anything there.她告訴她的學(xué)生別碰那里任何東西。

“Bring me a cup of tea，please，”said his mother.“請給我一杯茶。”他媽媽說。

→His mother asked him to bring her a cup of tea.他媽媽讓他給她一杯茶。

Practice

1. "Hello， how are you？"， he said to me.

2. Tom said to me angrily， "Why don't you tell me you have been here for two weeks？"

3. John said to Mary， "Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you？"

4. The teacher said to Li Ming， "Don't make the same mistake again."

5. "Are you leaving today or tomorrow？" I asked her.

6. The nurse said to the children， "The sun rises in the east."

答案

1. He asked me how I was.

2. Tom asked me angrily why I didn't tell him I had been there for two weeks.

3. John asked Mary if she remembered he had borrowed a diamond necklace from her.

4. The teacher told Li Ming not to make the same mistake again.

5. I asked her whether she was leaving that day or the next day.

6. The nurse told the children that the sun rises in the east.