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柔性樁黏性土的非極限主動(dòng)土壓力

2018-09-30 08:51李朝陽謝強(qiáng)康景文趙夢怡郭永春
土木建筑與環(huán)境工程 2018年5期

李朝陽 謝強(qiáng) 康景文 趙夢怡 郭永春

摘 要:

以柔性樁支護(hù)的黏性土基坑邊坡為研究對(duì)象,考慮樁后土拱效應(yīng)、非極限狀態(tài)下樁土內(nèi)摩擦角和黏聚力發(fā)揮值、樁后土體內(nèi)摩擦角和黏聚力發(fā)揮值的影響,從黏性土應(yīng)力莫爾圓出發(fā),采用微層分析法建立靜力平衡,搜索樁后土體潛在滑動(dòng)面,推導(dǎo)柔性樁黏性土的非極限主動(dòng)土壓力計(jì)算式。通過實(shí)例計(jì)算對(duì)比分析了本文計(jì)算理論與經(jīng)典Rankine計(jì)算理論,本文計(jì)算方法計(jì)算得到的主動(dòng)土壓力大于Rankine計(jì)算值,合力作用位置高于Rankine計(jì)算值,潛在滑動(dòng)面范圍小于Rankine極限狀態(tài)滑動(dòng)面。

關(guān)鍵詞:應(yīng)力莫爾圓;非極限狀態(tài);主動(dòng)土壓力;微層分析法;土拱效應(yīng)

中圖分類號(hào):TU432

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):16744764(2018)05006407

收稿日期:20170918

基金項(xiàng)目:

中建股份科技研發(fā)課題(CSCEC2014Z48)

作者簡介:

李朝陽(1990),男,博士生,主要從事巖土工程與地質(zhì)工程研究,Email:773675752@qq.com。

Received:20170918

Foundation item:

China State Construction Engineering Corporation Technology Research and Development Project(CSCEC2014Z48)

Author brief:

Li Zhaoyang(1990),PhD candidate,main research interests:geotechnical engineering and geological engineering,Email:773675752@qq.com.

Active earth pressure of cohesive soil against flexible

pile under nonlimit state

Li Zhaoyang1,Xie Qiang1,Kang Jingwen2,Zhao Mengyi1,Guo Yongchun1

(1.Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031,P.R.China;

2.China Southwest Geotechnical Investigation & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000,P.R.China)

Abstract:

Considering soil arching effects, the internal friction angle and cohesive force between pile and soil, between soil particles are generally under nonlimit state. Cohesive soil slope supported by flexible pile is studied and the potential slope sliding surface is searched and the formulas of the active earth pressure of cohesive soil under nonlimit state against flexible pile is derived via Mohr circle of stress, micro layer analysis method as well as the static equilibrium. The difference between the theory proposed and Rankine solution is studied via comparison with engineering applications. The active earth pressure calculated by proposed method in this paper is greater, while the location impacted by resultant force of the active earth pressure is higher. Besides, the ranse of potential sliding surface is smaller than that of sliding surface under Rankine limit state.

Keywords:

mohr circle of stress; nonlimit state; active earth pressure; micro layer analysis method; soil arching effects

主動(dòng)土壓力產(chǎn)生的根源在于土體中的側(cè)向應(yīng)力,經(jīng)典的Rankine和Coulomb計(jì)算理論計(jì)算的是墻的位移達(dá)到極限狀態(tài)時(shí),土體對(duì)墻的作用力,理論簡單實(shí)用,應(yīng)用廣泛[13]。但不適用于位移需要嚴(yán)格控制、支護(hù)形式為柔性樁的基坑邊坡。

在目前的研究中,一方面,徐日慶等[4]總結(jié)了非極限狀態(tài)土壓力計(jì)算通常采用的兩種方法:一是擬合土壓力隨位移變化的關(guān)系曲線;二是推導(dǎo)非極限狀態(tài)下的強(qiáng)度參數(shù)發(fā)揮值,替換經(jīng)典土壓力理論的極限強(qiáng)度參數(shù)。由于土壓力和位移的關(guān)系并不具有唯一性,方法一具有一定的局限性[5];方法二能夠反映邊坡位移變化后墻后土應(yīng)力的變化,因此,研究較多。Chang[6]假設(shè)內(nèi)摩擦角發(fā)揮值隨位移線性增加,提出了非極限狀態(tài)下土壓力的計(jì)算方法;盧坤林等[7]、張永興等[8]、胡俊強(qiáng)等[9]、朱建明等[10]、王仕傳等[11]假設(shè)墻后滑動(dòng)面為一水平傾角不變的直線,采用水平層析法、應(yīng)力莫爾圓和靜力平衡條件推導(dǎo)了擋土墻砂性土非極限狀態(tài)下的主動(dòng)土壓力計(jì)算方程;徐日慶等[4]、涂兵雄等[12]、婁培杰[13]考慮黏聚力的影響給出了擋土墻黏性土非極限主動(dòng)土壓力的計(jì)算公式。另一方面,對(duì)具有柔性變形支護(hù)樁基坑邊坡的主動(dòng)土壓力的研究文獻(xiàn)較少,大多非極限主動(dòng)土壓力研究建立在剛性擋墻基礎(chǔ)上。Milligan[14]采用模型試驗(yàn)研究了砂性土內(nèi)撐式柔性擋土墻滑裂面的發(fā)展。陳頁開[15]概述了柔性擋墻涉及到的土拱、土壓力沿樁身分布的研究狀況,采用數(shù)值分析方法,探討了柔性擋墻的土壓力問題。陸培毅等[16]通過室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)對(duì)柔性擋土墻土壓力分布進(jìn)行了測試。應(yīng)宏偉等[17]采用中間狀態(tài)系數(shù)研究了任意位移下柔性擋墻主動(dòng)土壓力合力及其分布的計(jì)算方法。

綜上所述,目前針對(duì)柔性樁黏性土的非極限主動(dòng)土壓力的理論研究和推導(dǎo)較少,基坑支護(hù)設(shè)計(jì)仍然采用經(jīng)典的土力學(xué)理論,并沒有學(xué)者提出一個(gè)針對(duì)柔性樁的土壓力計(jì)算改進(jìn)公式。章瑞文[18] 認(rèn)為,墻后土拱效應(yīng)引起的滑動(dòng)面土體主應(yīng)力偏角沿墻高變化,滑動(dòng)面應(yīng)是一條水平傾角由上向下逐漸減小的曲面,研究了在主應(yīng)力偏轉(zhuǎn)、水平土層剪應(yīng)力作用和滑動(dòng)面傾角變化,剛性擋土墻平移、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)等條件下,砂性土的主動(dòng)土壓力理論,簡化考慮強(qiáng)度參數(shù)與墻高線性相關(guān),研究成果并非完全適用于柔性變形條件下黏性土的非極限土壓力理論。在章瑞文[18]的基礎(chǔ)上,本文考慮非極限位移狀態(tài)下內(nèi)摩擦角、黏聚力的發(fā)揮值與樁身位移的關(guān)系,應(yīng)用微層分析法、應(yīng)力莫爾圓分析樁后土體應(yīng)力狀態(tài),迭代計(jì)算搜索樁后潛在滑動(dòng)面,推導(dǎo)研究在柔性變形模式下,黏性土非極限主動(dòng)土壓力計(jì)算式。

1 非極限狀態(tài)下強(qiáng)度參數(shù)的發(fā)揮值

當(dāng)柔性樁背離土體移動(dòng)而處于中間主動(dòng)狀態(tài)時(shí),土的內(nèi)摩擦角沒有全部發(fā)揮,而是處于初始值和極限值之間的某個(gè)值。徐日慶等[4]利用黏性土應(yīng)力莫爾圓以及卸荷應(yīng)力路徑的三軸試驗(yàn)類比墻后土體的側(cè)向變形過程,建立了非極限狀態(tài)下土體內(nèi)摩擦角發(fā)揮值φm與位移比η的關(guān)系。

式中:η=S(z)/Sa;δ0=φ/2,δ為實(shí)測值,缺乏資料時(shí),可取δ=2φ/3,極限狀態(tài)所需位移值在《加拿大基坑工程手冊(cè)》[20](第四版)中有相關(guān)取值建議。

同時(shí),假設(shè)樁土之間黏聚力發(fā)揮值cqm和土的黏聚力發(fā)揮值cm隨位移具有相同的變化規(guī)律。樁土之間的黏聚力 cq= 2c/3[21], 黏聚力發(fā)揮值可根據(jù)應(yīng)力莫爾圓的幾何關(guān)系得到。

2 柔性樁樁后黏性土應(yīng)力狀態(tài)分析

基坑邊坡在變形過程中,樁后土體形成一條水平傾角由上向下逐漸減小的滑裂面,如圖1所示的BC面。取樁后滑動(dòng)土體某一層土條進(jìn)行力學(xué)行為分析,如圖2所示。土條受到下部土體和柔性樁的雙重約束,下部土體阻止其水平移動(dòng),樁身阻止其豎向移動(dòng),在雙重約束共同作用下,樁后土體產(chǎn)生土拱效應(yīng),出現(xiàn)剪應(yīng)力和剪切變形,且兩個(gè)方向的剪應(yīng)力大小相等,方向相反。若樁面光滑,樁后土體便不會(huì)出現(xiàn)剪應(yīng)力作用,與朗肯土壓力理論一致。因此,考慮樁身摩擦作用,樁后滑動(dòng)土體的水平土條間一定存在剪應(yīng)力作用。

3 柔性樁非極限土壓力計(jì)算公式推導(dǎo)

對(duì)作用在單元水平土條上的各個(gè)力進(jìn)行分析,上述各式中σ1i為自重應(yīng)力。

土條表面各點(diǎn)的剪應(yīng)力不同,但數(shù)值較小,可近似按平均值計(jì)算。

4 柔性樁主動(dòng)土壓力計(jì)算結(jié)果比較

成都某黏性土基坑邊坡深6.0 m,長30.0 m,采用柔性樁支護(hù),樁長11.0 m,樁徑1.0 m,樁間距10 m。黏性土土性參數(shù)為:重度γ=22 kN/m3,強(qiáng)度c=25 kPa,φ=15°。樁土之間強(qiáng)度參數(shù)不明,可取cq=2c/3=16.67 kPa,δq=2φ/3=10°。柔性樁采用預(yù)埋測斜管進(jìn)行變形測試,基坑開挖后柔性樁樁身變形測試結(jié)果如圖6所示。

根據(jù)以上幾何、土性參數(shù)以及邊坡位移條件,采用本文的理論推導(dǎo)過程進(jìn)行柔性樁黏性土非極限主動(dòng)土壓力求解,同時(shí),與徐日慶等[4]計(jì)算理論、經(jīng)典Rankine計(jì)算理論進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。本文計(jì)算理論潛在滑動(dòng)面曲線和徐日慶等計(jì)算理論、經(jīng)典Rankine計(jì)算理論滑動(dòng)面曲線如圖7所示。計(jì)算得到的潛在滑動(dòng)面為一水平傾角逐漸減小的曲面,滑動(dòng)面頂寬7 m,徐日慶法滑動(dòng)面頂寬10 m,Rankine極限滑動(dòng)面頂寬14.3 m,范圍均大于本文計(jì)算潛在滑動(dòng)面,且為一水平傾角不變的直線。

土壓力計(jì)算結(jié)果如圖8所示。本文計(jì)算的非極限主動(dòng)土壓力合力為529 kN/m,作用位置距樁底2.89 m;徐日慶法滑動(dòng)面范圍大于本文計(jì)算滑動(dòng)面,滑動(dòng)的土塊作用在支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的土壓力更大,計(jì)算得到的非極限主動(dòng)土壓力合力為541 kN/m,比本文計(jì)算值大2%,作用位移距樁底2.91 m,比本文計(jì)算值大0.6%;Rankine理論滑動(dòng)面范圍最大,滑動(dòng)的土塊最大,但邊坡在極限位移狀態(tài)時(shí)作用在支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的土壓力以變形的形式進(jìn)行了釋放,計(jì)算的極限主動(dòng)土壓力合力為418 kN/m,比本文計(jì)算值小22%,作用位置距樁底2.68 m,比本文計(jì)算值小8%。

5 結(jié)論

1)分析研究了在柔性變形模式下樁后黏性土應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。分析過程考慮了非極限狀態(tài)下強(qiáng)度參數(shù)的發(fā)揮值、主應(yīng)力偏轉(zhuǎn)、水平土層剪應(yīng)力作用和柔性樁、滑動(dòng)面傾角變化的影響。

2)通過微層力學(xué)分析、靜力平衡、莫爾強(qiáng)度理論等方法搜索了非極限柔性變形模式下黏性土基坑邊坡潛在滑動(dòng)面,同時(shí),推導(dǎo)了柔性樁黏性土非極限主動(dòng)土壓力的計(jì)算式。

3)本文計(jì)算理論與經(jīng)典理論實(shí)例計(jì)算結(jié)果表明,本文計(jì)算理論得到的主動(dòng)土壓力大于經(jīng)典理論計(jì)算值,合力作用位置高于經(jīng)典理論值,計(jì)算得到的潛在滑動(dòng)面為一水平傾角逐漸減小的曲面,范圍明顯小于極限條件下滑動(dòng)面。

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(編輯 王秀玲)

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