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急性腎臟損傷標(biāo)志物的研究進(jìn)展及應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)

2018-09-26 11:35劉亞?wèn)|邢延芳
關(guān)鍵詞:腎小管肌酐尿液

劉亞?wèn)| 邢延芳

[摘要] 傳統(tǒng)反映腎臟急性損傷(AKI)的標(biāo)志物在出現(xiàn)異常改變時(shí),腎臟往往已發(fā)生微觀形態(tài)學(xué)和組織學(xué)改變,從而嚴(yán)重影響患者預(yù)后。本文從生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)、分布表達(dá)、損傷機(jī)制、檢測(cè)時(shí)機(jī)、優(yōu)勢(shì)及不足等方面對(duì)新型生物標(biāo)志物人中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白、腎損傷分子1、胱蛋白酶抑制物C、白細(xì)胞介素18、N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶、人肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白-7進(jìn)行綜述,以期為AKI早期診斷、發(fā)生發(fā)展及預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后等方面提供臨床依據(jù)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 人中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白;腎損傷分子1;胱蛋白酶抑制物C;白細(xì)胞介素18;N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶;人肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白;胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白-7

[中圖分類號(hào)] R692 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)06(c)-0032-04

[Abstract] When the markers of acute kidney injury (AKI) are abnormal, the kidney often has micromorphology and histological changes, which seriously affect the prognosis of the patients. In this paper, the biological markers of human neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule 1, cystine inhibitor C, interleukin-18, N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase, liver fatty acid binding protein and insulin like growth factor binding protein-7 are reviewed in order to provide a clinical basis for the early diagnosis, development and prognosis of AKI.

[Key words] Gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Kidney injury molecule 1; Cystine inhibitor C; Interleukin-18; N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase; Liver fatty acid binding protein; Insulin like growth factor binding protein-7

急性腎臟損傷(AKI)是多種病因?qū)е碌?、涉及臨床多學(xué)科的一種常見(jiàn)的、嚴(yán)重危害身體健康的臨床癥候群,是腎臟不可逆性損傷,慢性及終末期腎病獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因素,每年因AKI死亡的人數(shù)高達(dá)170多萬(wàn)[1],其根本原因在于沒(méi)有及時(shí)地對(duì)早期AKI進(jìn)行有效地干預(yù)和治療。2012年美國(guó)腎臟病基金會(huì)(KDIGO)發(fā)布的AKI指南[2]仍依靠血清肌酐和尿量的變化診斷AKI,對(duì)腎臟損傷早期診斷存在滯后性,易使患者錯(cuò)過(guò)最佳治療時(shí)機(jī)[3],故需尋找早期的AKI生物標(biāo)志物指導(dǎo)臨床早期干預(yù)治療,對(duì)降低AKI的發(fā)生率和死亡率具有重要意義。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的若干新型生物標(biāo)志物均可較血肌酐提前24~48 h預(yù)測(cè)AKI的發(fā)生[4],而AKI是一種多病因?qū)е碌呐R床綜合征,不同AKI患者的發(fā)病機(jī)制存在差異[5],故檢測(cè)單一的新型生物標(biāo)志物難以作為AKI早期診斷、治療及其預(yù)后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),只有了解了新型AKI生物標(biāo)志物的意義,動(dòng)態(tài)檢測(cè)其變化規(guī)律,才能對(duì)特定的AKI患者進(jìn)行及早干預(yù)及治療,使臨床早期診斷和治療AKI成為可能。

1 中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)

NGAL是一種分子量為25 kD的脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載小分子蛋白,由中性粒細(xì)胞分泌,正常時(shí)低表達(dá)于中性粒細(xì)胞、腎小管上皮細(xì)胞和肺臟組織[5],血液中的NGAL通過(guò)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò),在腎小管重吸收[6],具有腎臟保護(hù)功能,其機(jī)制如下:①可與螯合物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)鐵,形成NGAL-貼載體-鐵復(fù)合物,將細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至腎小管上皮細(xì)胞,阻止細(xì)菌吸收鐵;②參與腎臟的發(fā)育,NGAL-貼載體-鐵復(fù)合物對(duì)腎臟上皮細(xì)胞的分化起關(guān)鍵作用;③具有轉(zhuǎn)鐵蛋白的活性,使近端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞攝取鐵,刺激缺血損傷的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞再生[7],保護(hù)腎臟。

尿液NGAL在腎小球缺血2 h內(nèi)顯著升高,6 h達(dá)峰值,腎損傷5 d后尿液NGAL仍處于高水平[8],有腎臟的“肌鈣蛋白”之稱[9],在診斷AKI時(shí),尿液NGAL優(yōu)于血清NGAL[10]。尿液NGAL預(yù)測(cè)住院患者AKI透析和死亡的ROC-AUC為0.71[11]。預(yù)測(cè)AKI患者12 h內(nèi)由1期發(fā)展為2期或者3期的ROC-AUC為0.72[2],且較血清肌酐檢測(cè)易于采集,患者易接受。但是血清NGAL水平在預(yù)測(cè)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(eGFR)異常等方面優(yōu)于肌酐和胱蛋白酶抑制物C(CysC),eGFR<78 mL/min時(shí),血清NGAL水平對(duì)eGFR異常預(yù)測(cè)的特異性為100%,敏感性為96%[12]。且血清NGAL含量與序貫器官衰竭評(píng)分及病死率顯著相關(guān)[13]。

2 腎損傷分子1(KIM-1)

KIM-1是一種相對(duì)分子量38.7 kD的跨膜Ⅰ型糖蛋白。在正常腎臟組織中幾乎不表達(dá),高度表達(dá)于損傷的腎臟近曲小管上皮細(xì)胞,受損傷的細(xì)胞外域在基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶作用下,裂解為可溶性的片段釋放到細(xì)胞外,后排入尿液中,與腎臟損傷的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[14]。KIM-1有腎臟保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制為:①通過(guò)吞噬壞死細(xì)胞和凋亡小體,參與腎臟間質(zhì)的纖維化及腎小管上皮細(xì)胞早期損傷的修復(fù)等過(guò)程[15-16];②抑制KIM-1脫落,增加KIM-1數(shù)量,延長(zhǎng)上皮細(xì)胞存活,清除壞死的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞碎片。

尿液中KIM-1水平是AKI患者預(yù)后的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。AKI時(shí),尿液中KIM-1的釋放具有延遲效應(yīng),在2~3 d后才達(dá)到峰值。在KIM-1尚未達(dá)到峰值時(shí),干預(yù)治療可以減輕腎臟損傷的進(jìn)展,有針對(duì)性地促進(jìn)線粒體的生物學(xué)發(fā)生和治療功能障礙的線粒體,也是修復(fù)受損腎上皮細(xì)胞的重要過(guò)程[17]。作為AKI標(biāo)志物,腎臟缺血10 min時(shí),尿液KIM-1水平顯著上調(diào),其不足之處在于尿液中KIM-1濃度升高無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確區(qū)別AKI是處于損傷加重階段還是恢復(fù)階段,僅提示腎臟損傷或修復(fù),故臨床檢測(cè)時(shí)應(yīng)與其他標(biāo)志物聯(lián)合檢測(cè)。

3 CysC

CysC是一種非糖基化蛋白,由有核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,分子量13.3 kD,由20個(gè)氨基酸組成。血液中CysC不受性別、年齡、炎性反應(yīng)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況等影響,恒定釋放入血,可自由通過(guò)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò),在腎小管幾乎被全部重吸收,之后被全部降解,不再重復(fù)進(jìn)入血液中[18],腎臟是唯一清除CysC的器官[19],健康人群尿液中CysC含量極少,且晝夜節(jié)律不影響尿液中CysC的排泄,在20℃下可保存48 h,穩(wěn)定性好[20],便與檢測(cè)。

CysC是一種較好的AKI早期鑒別指標(biāo),優(yōu)于血清肌酐[21-22],血清CysC對(duì)診斷AKI的特異性為82%,敏感性為86%,AUC為0.87,預(yù)測(cè)AKI的比值比為27.7[23]。當(dāng)腎小管發(fā)生輕微病變時(shí),血液中CysC水平升高,是反映eGFR新的標(biāo)志物[24]。

4 白細(xì)胞介素18(IL-18)

IL-18是一種相對(duì)分子量22 kD的促炎性細(xì)胞因子,腎臟損傷后,在半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1的介導(dǎo)下,IL-18數(shù)量增加,被半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1激活后參與炎性反應(yīng),一方面,半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1激活迅速表達(dá)的IL-18前體,參與腎臟的損傷和修復(fù)過(guò)程;另一方面,被激活的IL-18通過(guò)上調(diào)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通路,誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞趨化因子-1、單核細(xì)胞趨化因子-2、一氧化氮合酶、腫瘤壞死因子α,促進(jìn)中性粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)腎間質(zhì)。IL-18在AKI發(fā)生后6 h升高,12 h達(dá)到峰值,可高于正常25倍。

IL-18是較好的死亡預(yù)測(cè)因子,將尿液IL-18與KIM-1聯(lián)合測(cè)定,可使AKI惡化或者死亡的AUC由0.89提高至0.93,將尿液IL-18與肌酐升高百分比聯(lián)合,對(duì)AKI預(yù)后不良的AUC也可提高至0.93[25]。動(dòng)物模型發(fā)現(xiàn),AKI時(shí),對(duì)IL-18進(jìn)行靶向治療可以減輕腎臟損傷,尿液中IL-18在腎臟損傷6 h后開(kāi)始升高,12~18 h達(dá)峰值,但是在腎臟損傷6 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行抗IL-18治療的效果還需要臨床進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

5 N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)

NAG是一種分子量為130 kD的溶酶體,正常腎小管上皮細(xì)胞會(huì)分泌少量的NAD,正常時(shí)尿液中含量很少,尿液NAG水平升高的機(jī)制為:①腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)膜功能受損時(shí),蛋白濾過(guò)增加,在近曲腎小管重吸收激活溶酶體,使尿液中NAG含量增加[26];②腎臟發(fā)生病變時(shí),腎臟實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞變性壞死,細(xì)胞內(nèi)溶酶體釋放進(jìn)入尿液,使尿液中NAG含量增加。動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)尿液NAG水平可反映病情變化的趨勢(shì)及評(píng)估AKI轉(zhuǎn)歸[27]。尿液中NAG水平隨機(jī)體尿液流率而變化,故NAG與尿液中肌酐的比值可以反映尿液NGA的排出率。不足之處在于尿液肌酐易受糖尿病、藥物等因素影響,可能影響比值。

尿NAG水平與AKI患者腎臟替代治療(RRT)需要性呈顯著相關(guān)[27],預(yù)測(cè)RRT治療需要性的AUC為0.81,敏感性為0.85。腎臟移植術(shù)后、心臟手術(shù)后、一些腎臟毒性藥物等作用均可使尿液中NAG水平急劇升高,且尿液中NAD水平越高,患者需要RRT治療比例越高,病死率也越高[28]。

6 人肝型脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(L-FABP)

L-FABP是一種相對(duì)分子量14 kD的腎臟保護(hù)蛋白,在肝臟產(chǎn)生,與細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞膜的蛋白質(zhì)有關(guān),可與長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)脂質(zhì)代謝[29],起抗氧化和促進(jìn)新陳代謝的作用。應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,游離脂肪酸(FFA)在腎臟近端小管內(nèi)大量集聚,氧化及過(guò)氧化產(chǎn)物會(huì)加重腎小管損傷,L-FABP通過(guò)受損細(xì)胞膜而快速溢出。

L-FABP可較早發(fā)現(xiàn)腎小管損傷,預(yù)測(cè)血清肌酐還未升高的AKI[30],并預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后[31],尿液L-FABP在早期AKI患者預(yù)后的ROC-AUC為0.79,尿液NGAL次之[32],在造影劑腎臟病、腎臟移植、心臟術(shù)后的AKI患者中具有重要作用[33],且尿液L-FABP是造影劑腎病的最佳預(yù)測(cè)因子[34]。不足之處是肝臟可大量表達(dá)L-FABP,故在肝移植或肝腎疾病合并腎損傷時(shí),尿液中L-FABP檢測(cè)的特異性和敏感性可能受到影響[35]。

7 胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白-7(IGFBP-7)

IGFBP-7是一種由血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、上皮細(xì)胞等分泌的分泌性糖蛋白,也稱為腫瘤衍生黏附因子、前列環(huán)素刺激因子、血管調(diào)節(jié)素。屬于胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子結(jié)合蛋白家族的一員,相對(duì)分子量為29 kD,在血漿、尿液及腎臟、膀胱、腸道等組織中可被檢測(cè)到。受損后的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞可分泌IGFBP-7,對(duì)腎臟的作用為:①上調(diào)P53和P21,減輕腎臟損傷;②IGFBP-7濃度升高可拮抗類胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子1,從而改變腎臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué),使腎臟損傷加重。

IGFBP-7水平與AKI有密切的關(guān)系[36-37]。尿液IGFBP-7持續(xù)高表達(dá)直至腎損傷修復(fù),這有可能是AKI早期應(yīng)答機(jī)制的一種[38]。IGFBP-7升高可預(yù)測(cè)AKI患者2~3期(KDIGO標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的發(fā)生(AUC為0.76)[39]。

AKI是一種常見(jiàn)的臨床綜合征,早期診斷和干預(yù)可改善患者預(yù)后。臨床在應(yīng)用新型AKI標(biāo)志物時(shí),首先,與腎功能指標(biāo)聯(lián)合檢測(cè);其次,特異性高與敏感性高的AKI標(biāo)志物聯(lián)合檢測(cè);最后,診斷價(jià)值高與預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值高的AKI標(biāo)志物聯(lián)合檢測(cè),以便指導(dǎo)臨床治療和預(yù)測(cè)AKI的發(fā)生發(fā)展。隨著臨床研究和實(shí)踐的不斷深入,選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)腁KI標(biāo)志物必將是未來(lái)評(píng)估腎臟損傷及預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后的發(fā)展方向。

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