彭傳真 宋兆錄 李開艷 吳曉 冷寧
[摘要] 目的 探討血管緊張素受體AT1相關(guān)的受體蛋白(APJ)拮抗劑Apelin13(F13A)對腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細胞極化及其誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞系MCF-7細胞遷移和侵襲的影響。 方法 用白細胞介素-13(IL-13)(10 ng/mL)處理RAW264.7細胞24 h誘導(dǎo)M2型極化(M2RAW),同時用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共同處理24 h,再與MCF-7細胞非接觸共培養(yǎng)48 h。采用MTT法檢測RAW和MCF-7細胞的增殖。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法檢測RAW細胞培養(yǎng)液上清中TGF-β和IL-10水平。Western blot檢測RAW細胞中M2型極化標(biāo)志蛋白Arg-1表達。劃痕實驗和Transwell實驗檢測MCF-7細胞的遷移和侵襲力。 結(jié)果 與RAW組比較,M2RAW組TGF-β、IL-10及Arg-1的表達水平均顯著增加,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW組比較,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)組TGF-β、IL-10水平及Arg-1的表達水平顯著降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。與RAW+MCF-7組比較,M2RAW+MCF-7組MCF-7細胞劃痕顯著減小,侵襲的細胞數(shù)明顯增加,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW+MCF-7組比較,Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7組MCF-7細胞劃痕顯著增加,侵襲的細胞數(shù)明顯減少,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 Apelin13(F13A)可抑制巨噬細胞M2型極化及其誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞遷移和侵襲。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 血管緊張素受體AT1相關(guān)的受體蛋白;拮抗劑;乳腺癌;腫瘤侵襲;腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細胞;M2型極化
[中圖分類號] R737.9 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)05(c)-0013-06
Effect of putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1 antagonist Apelin13 (F13A) on the invasion induced by M2 type tumor related macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells and probable mechanism
PENG Chuanzhen SONG Zhaolu LI Kaiyan WU Xiao LENG Ning
Department of Radiotherapy, Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao City, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266300, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate effect of putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1 (APJ) antagonist Apelin13 (F13A) on the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and the invasion induced by M2 type macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells. Methods Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with IL-13 (10 ng/mL) for 24 h to induce M2 type polarization (M2RAW) and the cells were treated with Apelin-13(F13A) (10.00 pm/mL) for 24 h. RAW and MCF-7 cells were co-cultured for 48 h in non-contact manner. The proliferation of RAW and MCF-7 was detected by MTT. Levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in culture medium were tested by ELISA. Expression of marker protein of M2 type polarization arginase 1 (Arg-1) were measured by Western blot. Migration and invasiveness of MCF-7 cells were tested by scratch test and Transwell method. Results Compared with RAW group, levels of TGF-β and IL-10 and expression of Arg-1 in M2RAW group were significantly increased, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with M2RAW group, levels of TGF-β and IL-10 and expression of Arg-1 in M2RAW+Apelin-13 (F13A) group were significantly decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with RAW+MCF-7 group, scratch area was significantly decreased, the number of cell through the membrane was significantly increased in M2RAW+MCF-7 group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with M2RAW+MCF-7 group, scratch area was significantly increased, the number of cell through the membrane was significantly decreased in Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7 group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Apelin13 (F13A) inhibits the polarization of tumor related macrophages and the invasion induced by M2 type macrophages in breast cancer cells line MCF-7 cells.
[Key words] Putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1; Antagonists; Mammary cancer; Tumor invasion; Tumor-associated macrophages; M2 type polarization
乳腺癌是常見的女性惡性腫瘤,全球患者每年高達20萬[1]。血管緊張素受體AT1相關(guān)的受體(putative receptor protein related to the angiotensin receptor AT1,APJ)是屬于G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,Apelin是其天然配體[2]。Apelin/APJ系統(tǒng)與乳腺癌、口腔癌和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤等的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[3-4]。Apelin和APJ在多種腫瘤中的表達上調(diào),APJ激活可促進腫瘤細胞增殖和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[5-6]。Apelin13(F13A)是Apelin-13的類似物,能與APJ結(jié)合,不能激活A(yù)PJ,是APJ阻斷劑。腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAM)是在腫瘤組織中分布具有抗炎功能的巨噬細胞,TAM不同的極化表型與腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[7-8]。因此2017年7~12月,筆者通過實驗觀察Apelin13(F13A)對巨噬細胞極化及其誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞系MCF-7細胞遷移和侵襲的影響,旨在為乳腺癌的防治提供新的靶點和策略。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
MCF-7細胞(中國科學(xué)院細胞研究所),RAW 264.7細胞(中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所細胞中心)。Apelin 13(F13A)(Sigma)。胎牛血清(杭州四季青生物工程材料有限公司),DMEM培養(yǎng)基(Gibco)。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和白細胞介素-10(interleukin10,IL-10)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(ELISA)檢測試劑盒(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司)。山羊抗鼠精氨酸酶-1(Arginase-1,Arg-1)抗體和二抗(Santa Cruz)。SM600多功能酶標(biāo)儀(上海永創(chuàng)醫(yī)療器械有限公司),垂直電泳儀與轉(zhuǎn)膜系統(tǒng)(Hoefer公司),凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)(北京六一生物科技有限公司),圖像分析系統(tǒng)(成都泰盟科技有限公司)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 MCF-7和RAW264.7細胞的培養(yǎng)與實驗分組 MCF-7和RAW264.7細胞用DMEM培養(yǎng)液(10%胎牛血清)培養(yǎng)在37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中。0.25%胰蛋白酶消化和傳代,取對數(shù)生長期、融合度達80%左右的細胞用于實驗。
實驗分為以下組:RAW264.7組(RAW):含DMEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)24 h;M2型RAW264.7組(M2RAW):用IL-13(10 ng/mL)處理RAW 24 h;Apelin-13(F13A)組:用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)孵育RAW 24 h;M2型RAW264.7+Apelin-13(F13A)(M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)):用IL-13(10 ng/mL)和Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共處理24 h;MCF-7組(MCF-7):DMEM培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)48 h;RAW264.7+MCF-7組(RAW+MCF-7):DMEM培養(yǎng)基非接觸共培養(yǎng)48 h;M2型RAW264.7+MCF-7組(M2RAW+MCF-7):先用IL-13(10 ng/mL)處理24 h,再與MCF-7在非接觸共培養(yǎng)48 h;Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW264.7+MCF-7組(Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW+MCF-7):先用Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)處理RAW 24 h,再與MCF-7非接觸共培養(yǎng)48 h;Apelin-13(F13A)+M2型RAW 264.7+MCF-7組(Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7):先用IL-13(10 ng/mL)和Apelin-13(F13A)(10.00 pm/mL)共同處理RAW 24 h,換培養(yǎng),再與MCF-7非接觸共培養(yǎng)48 h;
1.2.2 ELISA檢測 各組處理結(jié)束后,收集細胞培養(yǎng)液上清,采用ELISA法檢測培養(yǎng)液上清中TNF-α和IFN-γ的水平。按說明書進行操作,BCA法定量培養(yǎng)液上清中總蛋白水平,結(jié)果用“ng/g蛋白”表示。
1.2.3 Western blot分析 處理結(jié)束后,收集細胞,提取細胞總蛋白,BCA法定量蛋白濃度。取適量蛋白樣本,在上樣緩沖液中煮沸10 min。冷卻后SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏氟乙烯膜上,電流強度為80~100 mA,時間為1 h。麗春紅染色,觀察蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移效果,確定蛋白分子量標(biāo)準位置。5%脫脂牛奶室溫下孵育聚偏氟乙烯膜2 h。加入山羊抗鼠Arg-1和β-actin的相應(yīng)一抗,4℃過夜。洗膜3次,加入二抗,4℃下孵育4 h。蛋白質(zhì)印跡熒光檢測試劑盒曝光于X線,顯影、暗室曝光,采用凝膠圖像分析系統(tǒng)對膠片掃描,結(jié)果以目的蛋白和β-actin灰度比值表示進行半定量分析。
1.2.4 MTT法檢測細胞活力 RAW細胞制成細胞懸液(2×105/mL)接種于半透膜孔徑為0.4 μm的Transwell上室中。RAW264.7細胞貼壁后將Transwell放置在預(yù)先接種了MCF-7的24孔板中,構(gòu)建非接觸共培養(yǎng)體系,37℃、5%CO2孵育48 h。取出Transwell小室,每孔加入100 μL MTT繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。每孔加入100 μL DMSO,振蕩,酶標(biāo)儀上測定波長為490 nm的吸光度(OD)值。計算細胞存活率:存活率(%)=處理組OD值/對照組OD值×100%。
1.2.5 劃痕實驗 MCF-7細胞,制成細胞懸液(1×105個細胞/孔)接種6孔培養(yǎng)板。將RAW細胞接種在Transwell上室,Transwell置于6孔培養(yǎng)板中,MCF-7生長融合至90%時,移除上室,100 μL移液器槍頭垂直劃,PBS洗2次。繼續(xù)共培養(yǎng)48 h,倒置顯微鏡觀察劃痕中細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,拍照記錄,圖像分析軟件測量劃痕寬度,計算劃痕愈合率=[(0 h劃痕面積-48 h劃痕面積)/0 h劃痕面積×100%]。
1.2.6 Transwell實驗 RAW細胞(1×105個細胞/孔)接種于24孔板中。孔徑為8.0 μm半透膜置于Transwell上室底部,加入基質(zhì)膠,固化。MCF-7制成細胞懸液,接種于Transwell上室(5×105個細胞/孔),Transwell置于預(yù)接種了RAW的24孔板孔中,非接觸共培養(yǎng)體48 h。移出上室,4%多聚甲醛固定,加入0.1%結(jié)晶紫溶液,染色20 min。在高倍鏡(×200)下隨機取3個視野計數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移細胞數(shù)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗;以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義
2 結(jié)果
2.1 IL-13和Apelin-13(F13A)對RAW細胞活力的影響
M2RAW組(105.34±5.67)、Apelin-13(F13A)組(99.73±6.18)和M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)組(102.85±7.49)的細胞存活率與RAW組(100.00±0.00)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖1。
2.2 Apelin-13(F13A)抑制RAW264.7細胞的M2型極化
與RAW組(100.00±0.00)比較,M2RAW組TGF-β[(15.46±1.43)ng/g蛋白vs.(36.84±2.55 ng/g)蛋白)]和IL-10[(13.76±1.15)ng/g蛋白vs.(31.49±3.12)ng/g蛋白)]水平顯著增加,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW組比較,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)組TGF-β[(6.84±2.55)ng/g蛋白vs.(18.21±2.13)ng/g蛋白)]和IL-10[(31.49±3.12)ng/g蛋白vs.(15.71±1.81)ng/g蛋白)]水平顯著降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖2。
進一步檢測RAW264.7細胞中M2型極化標(biāo)志蛋白Arg-1的水平,與RAW組(0.21±0.03)比較,M2RAW組(1.13±0.09)細胞中Arg-1的表達顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW組(1.13±0.09)比較,M2RAW+Apelin-13(F13A)組(0.31±0.04)細胞中Arg-1的表達顯著降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖3。
2.3 RAW巨噬細胞對MCF-7細胞活力的影響
RAW+MCF-7組[104.59±6.71)%]、M2RAW+MCF-7組[(104.72±8.46)%]、Apelin-13(F13A)+RAW+MCF-7組[(102.37±11.26)%]、Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7組[(103.53±7.31)%]的細胞存活率與MCF-7組[(100.00±0.00)%]比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖4。
2.4 Apelin-13(F13A)抑制巨噬細胞M2型極化而抑制其誘導(dǎo)的MCF-7細胞遷移和侵襲
與RAW+MCF-7組[(94.76±8.73)%]比較,M2RAW+MCF-7組[(38.87±5.44)%]MCF-7的運動遷移速度明顯增加,細胞劃痕顯著減小,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW+MCF-7組[(38.87±5.44)%],Apelin-13[(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7組[(86.56±8.97)%]MCF-7的運動遷移速度明顯減慢,細胞劃痕顯著增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖5。
與RAW+MCF-7組[(513.36±45.67)個/視野]比較,M2RAW+MCF-7組[(1145.66±87.39)個/視野]破壞基質(zhì)膠侵襲的MCF-7細胞數(shù)明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);與M2RAW+MCF-7組[(1145.66±87.39)個/視野],Apelin-13(F13A)+M2RAW+MCF-7組[(675.35±57.96)個/視野]破壞基質(zhì)膠侵襲的MCF-7細胞數(shù)明顯減少,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖6。
3 討論
乳腺癌是女性因癌癥死亡的首要原因,嚴重威脅著女性的健康[9-10]。盡管乳腺癌的治療手段已取得了很大進步,但是整體上來說乳腺癌的預(yù)后仍然較差,手術(shù)后5年復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率較高[11-12]。乳腺癌治療失敗的主要原因是腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移,因此探索新的抑制乳腺癌細胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移侵襲的有效治療方法是目前乳腺癌研究領(lǐng)域的熱點課題。本研究的結(jié)果顯示APJ受體的拮抗劑Apelin13(F13A)可抑制巨噬細胞M2型極化,同時抑制了M2型極化巨噬細胞誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞遷移和侵襲。
Apelin是APJ在機體內(nèi)的天然配體,Apelin和APJ在肺癌、乳腺癌和子宮癌等中高表達[13-14]。APJ抑制劑能有效抑制血管新生,抑制腫瘤細胞的增殖,已經(jīng)成為腫瘤治療的新靶點[15-16]。Apelin-13(F13A)是同Apelin-13具有相似化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的一種相似物,Apelin-13(F13A)同樣具有與APJ受體結(jié)合的能力,但不能激活A(yù)PJ受體,被認為是APJ的拮抗劑[17]。
TAM是實體腫瘤組織中主要的基質(zhì)細胞,TAM是腫瘤微環(huán)境中的一類具有很強的可塑性和功能異質(zhì)性的細胞[18-19]。TAM有經(jīng)典活化(M1型)和替代活化(M2型)兩種極化類型。M1型TAM具有遞呈抗原和促進炎性反應(yīng)的作用,腫瘤細胞具有殺傷作用。M2型TAM具有抑制炎癥、促進組織修復(fù)、腫瘤組織內(nèi)血管新生和促進腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等作用[20]。本研究中觀察了Apelin-13(F13A)阻斷APJ系統(tǒng)對巨噬細胞極化狀態(tài)的影響,結(jié)果顯示Apelin-13(F13A)抑制了IL-13誘導(dǎo)的M2型極化。由于M2型極化的TAM可以促進腫瘤細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,因此建立RAW264.7細胞與乳腺癌細胞系MCF-7細胞的非接觸共培養(yǎng)體系,檢測MCF-7的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移能力。結(jié)果表明Apelin-13(F13A)抑制IL-13誘導(dǎo)的M2型極化,也抑制了M2型TAM誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,提示Apelin-13(F13A)可能是乳腺癌治療的一個新的有效的途徑。
綜上所述,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Apelin13(F13A)抑制巨噬細胞M2型極化,從而抑制了M2型極化的巨噬細胞誘導(dǎo)的乳腺癌細胞遷移和侵襲。本研究為乳腺癌的防治提供了新的線索和途徑。
[參考文獻]
[1] 劉慶義,樊英怡,裴曉華.全科醫(yī)生對乳腺癌病因預(yù)防的策略和展望[J].中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2016,13(30):45-48.
[2] Huang S,Chen L,Lu L,et al. The apelin-APJ axis:A novel potential therapeutic target for organ fibrosis [J]. Clin Chim Acta,2016,456(1):81-88.
[3] 鄧衛(wèi)平,舒寬勇,肖仲清.Apelin/APJ系統(tǒng)與腫瘤的相關(guān)性研究進展[J].實用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2014,30(21):3405-3407.
[4] Yang Y,Lv SY,Ye W,et al. Apelin/APJ system and cancer [J]. Clin Chim Acta,2016,457(1):112-116.
[5] Muto J,Shirabe K,Yoshizumi T,et al. The apelin-APJ system induces tumor arteriogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma [J]. Anticancer Res,2014,34(10):5313-5320.
[6] Peng X,Li F,Wang P,et al. Apelin-13 induces MCF-7 cell proliferation and invasion via phosphorylation of ERK1/2 [J]. Int J Mol Med,2015,36(3):733-738.
[7] Cheng Y,Zhu Y,Xu J,et al. PKN2 in colon cancer cells inhibits M2 phenotype polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via regulating DUSP6-Erk1/2 pathway [J]. Mol Cancer,2018,17(1):13.
[8] Cortesi F,Delfanti G,Grilli A,et al. Bimodal CD40/Fas-Dependent Crosstalk between iNKT Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Impairs Prostate Cancer Progression [J]. Cell Rep,2018,22(11):3006-3020.
[9] 吳旦平,張紅丹,符煒,等.乳腺癌篩查在我國農(nóng)村婦女早期乳腺癌診斷中的作用及知信行現(xiàn)狀分析[J].中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2015,12(17):35-38.
[10] Maghous A,Rais F,Ahid S,et al. Factors influencing diagnosis delay of advanced breast cancer in Moroccan women [J]. BMC Cancer,2016,16(1):356.
[11] 葉錦荷.乳腺癌改良根治術(shù)后早期階段性功能鍛煉對患者康復(fù)效果的影響[J].中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2015,12(17):35-38.
[12] Yoon HI,Yoon J,Chung Y,et al. Individual case review in a phase 3 randomized trial to investigate the role of internal mammary lymph node irradiation for breast cancer:Korean Radiation Oncology Group 08-06 study [J]. Radiother Oncol,2017,123(1):15-21.
[13] Zhang W,Zhang DG,Liang X,et al. Effects of apelin on retinal microglial cells in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity [J]. J Cell Biochem,2018,119(3):2900-2910.
[14] Zhou Q,Cao J,Chen L. Apelin/APJ system:A novel therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases (Review) [J]. Int J Mol Med,2016,37(5):1159-1169.
[15] Novakova V,Sandhu GS,Dragomir-Daescu D,et al. Apelinergic system in endothelial cells and its role in angiogenesis in myocardial ischemia [J]. Vascul Pharmacol,2016,76(1):1-10.
[16] Hou J,Wang L,Long H,et al. Hypoxia preconditioning promotes cardiac stem cell survival and cardiogenic differentiation in vitro involving activation of the HIF-1α/apelin/APJ axis [J]. Stem Cell Res Ther,2017,8(1):215. [17] Lu Q,Jiang YR,Qian J,et al. Apelin-13 regulates proliferation,migration and survival of retinal Müller cells under hypoxia [J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2013,99(2):158-167.
[18] Chen X,Chen J,Zhang W,et al. Prognostic value of diametrically polarized tumor-associated macrophages in multiple myeloma [J]. Oncotarget. 2017,8(68):112 685-112 696.
[19] Madsen DH,Jürgensen HJ,Siersbük MS,et al. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Derived from Circulating Inflammatory Monocytes Degrade Collagen through Cellular Uptake [J]. Cell Rep,2017,21(13):3662-3671.
[20] Cheng Y,Zhu Y,Xu J,et al. PKN2 in colon cancer cells inhibits M2 phenotype polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via regulating DUSP6-Erk1/2 pathway [J]. Mol Cancer,2018,17(1):13.
(收稿日期:2018-01-31 本文編輯:任 念)