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腰方肌阻滯對(duì)經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的影響

2018-08-28 08:51葉琦剛葉克平王以瑞盛玲玲王文偉許麗華
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2018年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:T淋巴細(xì)胞術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛

葉琦剛 葉克平 王以瑞 盛玲玲 王文偉 許麗華

[摘要] 目的 探討腰方肌阻滯對(duì)經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的影響,為臨床提供參考。 方法 選擇本院2016年5月~2017月11月?lián)衿诮?jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)患者30例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為腰方肌阻滯組(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)和切口局部浸潤阻滯組(對(duì)照組),每組15例。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者全麻誘導(dǎo)后行超聲引導(dǎo)下雙側(cè)前外側(cè)路腰方肌阻滯,每側(cè)注射0.375%羅哌卡因20 mL,對(duì)照組則全麻誘導(dǎo)后切口部位0.375%羅哌卡因40 mL進(jìn)行局部浸潤阻滯。觀察并記錄兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、失血量、丙泊酚輸注總量、有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間、術(shù)后每12小時(shí)舒芬太尼輸注量以及術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)(術(shù)后2、6、12、24、36、48 h)靜息VAS評(píng)分。于麻醉前30 min(T0)、術(shù)后2 h(T1)、術(shù)后1 d(T2)和術(shù)后3 d(T3)抽取靜脈血1 mL,采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)。 結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組丙泊酚用量明顯少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間明顯長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后0~12 h和12~24 h時(shí)間段內(nèi)舒芬太尼用量明顯少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后6 h和12 h靜息VAS評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+在T2時(shí)明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。與T0比較,T1和T2時(shí)兩組的CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+明顯低于T0(P<0.05);T2時(shí)對(duì)照組CD8+明顯低于T0(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 雙側(cè)腰方肌阻滯可以明顯改善經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減輕手術(shù)應(yīng)激對(duì)T淋巴細(xì)胞的抑制。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 腰方肌阻滯;直腸癌根治術(shù);術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛;T淋巴細(xì)胞

[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)14-0127-05

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of quadratus lumborum block on postoperative analgesia and T lymphocyte subsets in patients receiving transabdominal radical resection of rectal cancer, so as to provide clinical references. Methods From May 2016 to November 2017, 30 patients receiving selective radical resection of rectal cancer in our hospital were selected. The random number table was used to divide the patients into quadratus lumborum block group(experimental group) and incision partial infiltration block group(control group), with 15 patients in each group. After induction of general anesthesia, the experimental group underwent ultrasound-guided bilateral anterior lateral quadratus lumborum block. Each side was injected with 0.375% ropivacaine of 20 mL. The control group was induced by general anesthesia and 0.375% ropivacaine of 40 mL was injected for local infiltration block. The surgery time, volume of blood loss, total infusion volume of propofol, effective analgesia time, the amount of sufentanil infusion every 12 hours after surgery and resting VAS scores at postoperative different time points(2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours postoperatively) were observed and recorded. Venous blood (1 mL) was drawn 30 minutes before anesthesia(T0), 2 hours after surgery(T1), 1 day after surgery(T2) and 3 days after surgery(T3). T lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry(CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+). Results Compared with the control group, the dosage of propofol in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group(P<0.05); the effective analgesia time in the experimental group was significantly longer than that in the control group(P<0.01); the amount of sufentanil in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group at 0-12 h and 12-24 h after surgery(P<0.05); the resting VAS scores in the experimental group at 6 h and 12 h after the surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05); the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group at T2(P<0.05). Compared with T0, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ at T1 and T2 in the two groups were significantly lower than those at T0(P<0.05); at T2, CD8+ in the control group was significantly lower than that at T0(P<0.05). Conclusion Bilateral quadratus lumborum block can significantly improve postoperative analgesia effect in patients receiving radical resection of rectal cancer and reduce the inhibition of T lymphocytes by surgical stress.

[Key words] Quadratus lumborum block; Radical resection of rectal cancer; Postoperative analgesia; T lymphocytes

近年來,我國直腸癌的發(fā)病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),已快速躍升至全部惡性腫瘤的前五位,手術(shù)切除是重要的治療手段之一[1]。然而,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的手術(shù)又可激發(fā)應(yīng)激反應(yīng),抑制機(jī)體的免疫功能,增加患者術(shù)后感染及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。有研究顯示全麻復(fù)合神經(jīng)阻滯可以減少手術(shù)的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),影響機(jī)體的免疫功能,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的治療和預(yù)后[3]。隨著超聲技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,腰方肌阻滯作為多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的一部分,已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于腹部外科手術(shù)的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[4,5]。目前,腰方肌阻滯對(duì)直腸癌根治術(shù)免疫功能影響的研究較少,本研究旨在探討腰方肌阻滯對(duì)經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果及T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的影響,為臨床提供參考。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料

本研究已獲本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并與患者簽署知情同意書。選擇本院2016年5月~2017月11月擬擇期經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)患者30例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡48~75歲,性別不限,體重48~75 kg,身高≥150 cm,體重指數(shù)BMI≤35 kg/m2,ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),經(jīng)腸鏡下病理診斷為直腸癌、無遠(yuǎn)處淋巴結(jié)及臟器轉(zhuǎn)移患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前嚴(yán)重系統(tǒng)性疾病、免疫功能異常,凝血功能異常、穿刺部位感染及放療化療或激素治療史者;存在腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移或擬經(jīng)腹肛門聯(lián)合切口的患者也將排除。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為腰方肌阻滯組(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)和切口局部浸潤阻滯組(對(duì)照組),每組15例。

1.2麻醉方法

術(shù)前患者常規(guī)禁食8 h禁飲2 h,除抗生素外無其他術(shù)前用藥。入室后建立靜脈通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電、無創(chuàng)血壓、氧飽和度,局麻下建立有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈監(jiān)測(cè),監(jiān)測(cè)BIS值。兩組均采用靜脈快誘導(dǎo)氣管內(nèi)插管全麻,麻醉誘導(dǎo):丙泊酚(1.5~2)mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.4 μg/kg,順式阿曲庫銨0.2 mg/kg。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者全麻誘導(dǎo)后行超聲引導(dǎo)下雙側(cè)前外側(cè)路腰方肌阻滯,每側(cè)注射0.375%羅哌卡因(批號(hào):PS05069,AstraZeneca公司,瑞典)20 mL,對(duì)照組則全麻后切口部位0.375%羅哌卡因40 mL進(jìn)行局部浸潤阻滯。麻醉維持:瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·h),丙泊酚4~8 mg/(kg·h),間斷追加順式阿曲庫銨,根據(jù)BIS值調(diào)節(jié)丙泊酚劑量,BIS維持于40~60。術(shù)中若血壓心率低于基礎(chǔ)值的20%,給予麻黃堿5 mg或阿托品0.5 mg靜注升高血壓或加快心率。

腰方肌阻滯操作如下:患者平臥,局部消毒鋪巾,采用EDGE超聲儀(SonoSite公司,美國),選用2~5 MHz凸陣探頭,置于無菌鏡套內(nèi),內(nèi)涂超聲耦合劑,探頭放置于Petit三角,顯示典型的三層腹肌結(jié)構(gòu),隨后逐漸向后移動(dòng),追蹤腹橫肌直到出現(xiàn)腹橫肌腱膜,腰方肌通常位于腹橫肌腱膜的內(nèi)側(cè)[6]。采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù),穿刺針(貝朗Stimuplex,22G,100 mm)從腹側(cè)向背側(cè)穿刺,將局麻藥注射于腰方肌側(cè)面,超聲下可見藥物在腰方肌與腹橫筋膜的交界處擴(kuò)散表示注射成功[7]。所有的麻醉操作均由同一位麻醉醫(yī)生完成。

兩組患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛均采用博創(chuàng)電子泵行PCIA,藥物配為舒芬太尼400 μg,0.9%氯化鈉液稀釋至200 mL。參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)為背景劑量2 mL/h,負(fù)荷劑量4 mL,單次按壓劑量為2 mL,鎖定15 min。所有患者當(dāng)VAS評(píng)分(0分為不痛,10分為劇痛)>3分時(shí),開啟PCIA。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)

觀察并記錄兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、失血量、丙泊酚輸注總量、有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間、術(shù)后每12小時(shí)舒芬太尼輸注量以及術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)(術(shù)后2、6、12、24、36、48 h)靜息VAS評(píng)分。有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間定義為局麻藥注射至首次開啟PCIA的時(shí)間。于麻醉前30 min(T0)、術(shù)后2 h(T1)、術(shù)后1 d(T2)和術(shù)后3 d(T3)抽取靜脈血1 mL,抗凝后采用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)。所有觀察由一位不知分組的麻醉醫(yī)生進(jìn)行隨訪觀察記錄,檢測(cè)T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群由另一位不知分組的檢驗(yàn)技師完成。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件和GraphPad prism5進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間資料比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)資料比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)或百分率表示,比較采用Fisher確切概率法,鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間采用中位數(shù)(95%可信區(qū)間)表示,比較采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較

本研究共納入30例患者,每組15例,所有患者均完成研究。兩組患者的性別、年齡、體重、身高差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表1)。

2.2兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量及術(shù)中丙泊酚用量比較

兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組丙泊酚用量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。

2.3兩組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間比較

實(shí)驗(yàn)組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間為620 min(529.1~710.9 min),而對(duì)照組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間為260 min(195.6~324.4min)。與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間明顯長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(圖1)。

2.4兩組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間段舒芬太尼用量比較

與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后0~12 h和12~24 h時(shí)間段內(nèi)舒芬太尼用量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在24~36 h和36~48 h時(shí)間段內(nèi)舒芬太尼用量與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖2)。

2.5兩組術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)靜息VAS評(píng)分比較

與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后6 h和12 h靜息VAS評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);實(shí)驗(yàn)組在術(shù)后2 h、24 h、36 h和48 h靜息VAS評(píng)分與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖3)。

2.6 兩組T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群比較

與對(duì)照組相比,實(shí)驗(yàn)組CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+在T2時(shí)明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而在T0、T1和T3時(shí)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;CD8+在T0~T3時(shí)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與T0比較,T1和T2時(shí)兩組的CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+明顯低于T0,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而T3時(shí)兩組CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;與T0比較,T2時(shí)對(duì)照組CD8+明顯低于T0,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),而T1和T3時(shí)兩組以及T2時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)組的CD8+比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。

3討論

直腸癌是目前最為常見的惡性腫瘤之一,手術(shù)是腫瘤治療的重要措施。然而,經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)雖為下腹部手術(shù),但是手術(shù)時(shí)間冗長(zhǎng),手術(shù)范圍較廣,對(duì)機(jī)體生理的干擾及創(chuàng)傷明顯大于一般下腹手術(shù)[8]。手術(shù)麻醉導(dǎo)致的機(jī)體應(yīng)激又進(jìn)一步損害機(jī)體的免疫功能,對(duì)腫瘤患者的治療及預(yù)后產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因此,麻醉技術(shù)與腫瘤患者免疫功能的影響成為目前關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

近年來,隨著快速康復(fù)外科(ERAS)理念的不斷深入,區(qū)域神經(jīng)阻滯作為多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的重要組成部分,越來越受到重視。腰方肌阻滯是一種新興的神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)[9],目前,已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于各類腹部手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期的疼痛管理,并獲得良好的效果[10,11]。本研究通過比較腰方肌阻滯和切口浸潤阻滯對(duì)經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,結(jié)果顯示腰方肌阻滯術(shù)后有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),術(shù)后舒芬太尼消耗量更少,術(shù)后靜息VAS評(píng)分更低??赡艿脑蚴茄郊∽铚r(shí)藥物可通過胸腰筋膜擴(kuò)散至胸腰椎旁間隙,阻滯范圍更加廣泛,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生更加良好更為持久的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[12,13]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腰方肌阻滯組術(shù)中丙泊酚用量明顯少于切口局部浸潤阻滯組,也提示了腰方肌阻滯有效鎮(zhèn)痛和節(jié)儉全麻藥的優(yōu)勢(shì)[14]。另外,本研究結(jié)果顯示腰方肌阻滯術(shù)后有效鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間約為10 h,而Blanco等[15]比較腰方肌阻滯與腹橫肌平面阻滯用于剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)腰方肌阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)間可達(dá)48 h,與本研究結(jié)果差距較大??赡艿脑蚴茄芯咳巳阂约把芯糠椒ǖ牟煌?,本研究對(duì)象為經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)患者,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,術(shù)后疼痛明顯,因此,術(shù)后有效鎮(zhèn)痛的時(shí)間明顯短于一般手術(shù)患者。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與切口浸潤阻滯相比,腰方肌阻滯術(shù)后0~12 h和12~24 h時(shí)間段內(nèi)舒芬太尼用量明顯減少,術(shù)后6 h和12 h靜息VAS評(píng)分明顯降低,而對(duì)術(shù)后24 h以后的舒芬太尼用量及術(shù)后12 h后的VAS評(píng)分無影響,這些結(jié)果與Blanco等[16]的研究結(jié)果相似。因此,有一些研究采用腰方肌置管持續(xù)輸注局麻藥用于腹部手術(shù)的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[17]。

細(xì)胞免疫在抗腫瘤免疫中起重要的作用,T淋巴細(xì)胞是細(xì)胞免疫中參與免疫應(yīng)答的核心細(xì)胞。其中CD3+代表外周血成熟的T淋巴細(xì)胞,協(xié)助T細(xì)胞受體識(shí)別抗原;CD4+代表輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞,輔助B細(xì)胞分化產(chǎn)生抗體及其他細(xì)胞參與免疫應(yīng)答;CD8+表達(dá)于抑制細(xì)胞與殺傷性T細(xì)胞,抑制T細(xì)胞增殖和B細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生抗體并對(duì)靶細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生殺傷作用;而CD4+/CD8+間的平衡非常重要,比值的變化反映免疫功能的紊亂[3]。許多研究已經(jīng)證明不同的麻醉方法對(duì)腫瘤患者T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生影響,進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的治療和預(yù)后[18,19]。目前,有關(guān)于腰方肌阻滯對(duì)直腸癌根治術(shù)患者T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群影響的研究較少,本研究結(jié)果顯示所有患者術(shù)后2 h及術(shù)后1 d的CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均明顯低于術(shù)前,而術(shù)后3 d恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平。提示無論是腰方肌阻滯抑或切口局部浸潤阻滯,直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后1 d內(nèi)患者細(xì)胞免疫功能均受到明顯抑制,術(shù)后3 d趨于恢復(fù)。與切口局部浸潤阻滯組相比,腰方肌阻滯組CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+在術(shù)后1 d時(shí)明顯高于切口局部浸潤阻滯組。提示腰方肌阻滯可減輕患者手術(shù)應(yīng)激對(duì)T淋巴細(xì)胞的抑制,改善直腸癌根治術(shù)術(shù)后的免疫功能。其可能的機(jī)制是腰方肌阻滯增強(qiáng)了麻醉的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,有效減輕了手術(shù)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的免疫抑制;另外腰方肌阻滯明顯節(jié)儉了全身麻醉藥及阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥的應(yīng)用,降低了這些藥物對(duì)機(jī)體免疫功能的影響[20]。

總之,本實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下得出,雙側(cè)腰方肌阻滯可以明顯改善經(jīng)腹直腸癌根治術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減輕手術(shù)應(yīng)激對(duì)T淋巴細(xì)胞的抑制。因本研究為單中心研究,且樣本量較小,有待于多中心大樣品的研究來進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[11] Ben-David B,Kaligozhin Z,Viderman D.Quadratus lumborum block in management of severe pain after uterine artery embolization[J].Eur J Pain,2018.

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[16] Blanco R,Ansari T,Riad W,et al.Quadratus lumborum block versus transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative pain after cesarean delivery:A randomized controlled trial[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(6):757-762.

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(收稿日期:2018-01-19)

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