梁東新 聶葵葵 宋玉強(qiáng)
[摘要]腦白質(zhì)疏松是一個(gè)影像學(xué)術(shù)語,又稱為白質(zhì)高信號(hào),臨床上可以導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙、步態(tài)異常、排尿功能障礙等。目前的研究認(rèn)為,腦白質(zhì)疏松與缺血/低灌注、血腦脊液屏障的破壞、內(nèi)皮功能障礙、基因遺傳學(xué)等有關(guān)。顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄的腦卒中病人常合并腦白質(zhì)疏松,引起人們的普遍關(guān)注。本文主要對(duì)腦白質(zhì)疏松與顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行闡述,以期對(duì)疾病的預(yù)防和診治提供一定的理論依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]腦白質(zhì)疏松癥;動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;動(dòng)脈狹窄;綜述
[中圖分類號(hào)]R743.9
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]20965532(2018)02024904
腦白質(zhì)疏松(LA)由HACHINSKI教授等首次提出,是一個(gè)影像學(xué)術(shù)語,傳統(tǒng)上,LA指腦積水的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),這里指腦小血管病的病理表現(xiàn)之一。LA又稱腦白質(zhì)高信號(hào)、腦白質(zhì)改變、腦白質(zhì)病變和腦白質(zhì)損傷。LA的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)為:顱腦磁共振成像(MRI)T2序列及T2 Flair序列顯示腦室周圍及半卵圓中心區(qū)腦白質(zhì)高信號(hào);顱腦CT顯示腦白質(zhì)區(qū)邊界不清的斑點(diǎn)狀或彌漫低密度影[1]。LA的主要病理表現(xiàn)為脫髓鞘、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡、軸突損傷等[2]。盡管大多數(shù)的LA病人無臨床癥狀[3],但LA并不是一個(gè)良性的病變,臨床上可以導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能減退、癡呆、步態(tài)異常、排尿功能障礙等[46]。LA可以影響腦卒中病人的預(yù)后,是腦卒中復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[79]。顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈狹窄或閉塞引起的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化常導(dǎo)致腦灌注不足,腦灌注不足又可以導(dǎo)致LA的發(fā)生[10]。目前,LA與大動(dòng)脈狹窄之間的關(guān)系還存在著爭議。而明確大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及狹窄與LA的相關(guān)性,以期及早進(jìn)行干預(yù),對(duì)臨床有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。
1LA的危險(xiǎn)因素
LA的危險(xiǎn)因素眾多,其中高齡和高血壓是兩個(gè)主要的危險(xiǎn)因素[1112]。LA與動(dòng)態(tài)血壓的關(guān)系是近幾年的研究熱點(diǎn)[1314]。AVET等[15]研究健康老年人群LA與動(dòng)態(tài)血壓的關(guān)系,結(jié)果表明LA與動(dòng)態(tài)血壓有關(guān),而與診室血壓缺乏相關(guān)性。針對(duì)夜間血壓與LA的關(guān)系,KOKUBO等[16]也進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的研究,結(jié)果表明在老年高血壓病人中夜間收縮壓的水平與LA的體積呈正相關(guān)。舒張壓水平與LA的關(guān)系也相當(dāng)密切,平均舒張壓的增高可使LA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[14]。LA還與糖尿病[17]、高同型半胱氨酸血癥[18]、高脂血癥、高尿酸血癥[19]、腔隙性腦梗死、吸煙、飲酒等有關(guān)[1112]。
2LA的解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
根據(jù)LA的影像學(xué)特點(diǎn),將LA分為側(cè)腦室旁及深部白質(zhì)/皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)。側(cè)腦室周圍白質(zhì)的血供主要來源于軟腦膜動(dòng)脈的長穿支動(dòng)脈及脈絡(luò)膜動(dòng)脈或豆紋動(dòng)脈終末支,之間相互吻合稀疏,形成動(dòng)脈血供分水嶺區(qū),這種解剖特點(diǎn)使腦室周圍白質(zhì)對(duì)缺血損傷極為敏感。同樣,深部皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)主要接受短支的血供,這些短支血管垂直起源于彎曲的長穿支動(dòng)脈,且大部分短支僅來源于長穿支動(dòng)脈,因此,皮質(zhì)下白質(zhì)對(duì)缺血低氧性損害也極敏感,U型纖維常不受累。
3LA的發(fā)病機(jī)制
LA的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍存在著爭論,目前主要的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為LA的發(fā)病與缺血/低灌注[20]、血腦脊液屏障的破壞[2122]、內(nèi)皮功能障礙[23]、基因遺傳學(xué)等有關(guān)[3,24]。LA是腦缺血易感性增加的標(biāo)志[25],早在1997年P(guān)ANTONI等[26]就提出腦白質(zhì)疏松的缺血起源。對(duì)LA病人進(jìn)行尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn),腦白質(zhì)病變區(qū)域動(dòng)脈壁明顯增厚,管腔明顯變小[27]。FEMANDO等[28]對(duì)人腦標(biāo)本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦白質(zhì)病變區(qū)域腦組織低氧誘導(dǎo)因子 (HIFs)持續(xù)表達(dá),從分子病理學(xué)角度證明了LA的慢性低灌注損傷起源。此外,近來靜脈膠原病也被列為LA的發(fā)病機(jī)制[2]。
4LA與顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈狹窄相關(guān)性
顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈狹窄引起的缺血性腦血管病事件中多數(shù)由腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化引起。LA的發(fā)生與缺血、低灌注有關(guān)。腦灌注顯像是比較直觀的反映腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化的檢查方法,包括CT灌注成像和MR灌注成像,常用的參數(shù)包括腦血流速度(CBF)、腦血流量(CBV)、腦血流平均經(jīng)過時(shí)間(MTT)、最大峰值時(shí)間(TTP)等。MARKUS等[29]通過磁共振灌注顯像監(jiān)測CBF、CBV和MTT,結(jié)果顯示LA組CBF較對(duì)照組降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。VERNOOIJ等[30]致力于研究全腦灌注與LA的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示全腦灌注越低者,其LA的體積越大。TURK等[31]應(yīng)用頸動(dòng)脈超聲監(jiān)測頸動(dòng)脈的血流速度等參數(shù),結(jié)果表明LA病人頸動(dòng)脈血流速度減慢、血流量減少,這與 LA發(fā)生的低灌注學(xué)說相一致。TURK等[32]應(yīng)用經(jīng)顱多普勒(TCD)對(duì)LA病人大腦中動(dòng)脈血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示LA病人大腦中動(dòng)脈血流速度減慢。BAHRANI等[33]對(duì)腦室周圍白質(zhì)高信號(hào)與皮質(zhì)下深部白質(zhì)高信號(hào)分別進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示,兩者的腦血流量都減少,且腦室周圍白質(zhì)更明顯。但是,亦有研究結(jié)果顯示兩者無相關(guān)性[34]。
LA與顱內(nèi)外大動(dòng)脈狹窄相關(guān)性的研究中,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄是比較熱門的研究對(duì)象[35]。DEMIRTAS等[36]為研究LA與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的關(guān)系,納入了194例因各種原因行CT血管造影(CTA)的病人,結(jié)果顯示LA與頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄呈正相關(guān)。KANDIAH等[37]提出頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄是LA的危險(xiǎn)因素。AMMIRATI等[38]對(duì)輕中度頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果顯示LA與頸動(dòng)脈狹窄程度有相關(guān)性。有些研究則聚焦于頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人LA的半球差異性,ENZINGER等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄同側(cè)LA體積較對(duì)側(cè)更大且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。PU等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然單發(fā)血管狹窄與LA無明顯相關(guān)性,但多支血管狹窄可能增加LA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。LIN等[41]對(duì)后循環(huán)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化與LA的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基底動(dòng)脈分支系統(tǒng)狹窄者腦室周圍白質(zhì)高信號(hào)更嚴(yán)重。腦內(nèi)血管側(cè)支代償情況對(duì)LA也有一定的影響,CHUANG等[42]研究顯示,頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人Willis環(huán)不完整者可以導(dǎo)致更為嚴(yán)重的LA。該研究同時(shí)對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈支架術(shù)術(shù)前、術(shù)后的腦灌注成像及LA變化重新評(píng)估,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后腦灌注恢復(fù),且LA較前得到改善。進(jìn)一步說明動(dòng)脈狹窄合并側(cè)支循環(huán)不良更易導(dǎo)致局部血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定,進(jìn)而對(duì)腦灌注產(chǎn)生影響,導(dǎo)致LA的發(fā)生發(fā)展。這與KAO等[43]的研究結(jié)果相一致,與非狹窄側(cè)比較,單側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈狹窄合并Willis環(huán)側(cè)支循環(huán)不良時(shí)腦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)之間有很大差異。PATANKAR等[34]研究頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人LA與腦血流量的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示雖然嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病人LA的嚴(yán)重程度更高,但與腦血流減少無關(guān),提示腦血管狹窄所致的腦白質(zhì)病變有可能是因?yàn)樾⊙懿∽円鸬?。在頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化導(dǎo)致血管狹窄的同時(shí)不能排除遠(yuǎn)端小血管動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化疾病的存在,所以有些研究人員認(rèn)為頸動(dòng)脈狹窄可伴有但不直接引起慢性缺血性小血管病相關(guān)腦白質(zhì)疏松癥[4445]。另有研究表明,大動(dòng)脈狹窄與LA及其嚴(yán)重程度沒有明顯的相關(guān)性[40,46]。
大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化與LA之間也存在緊密的聯(lián)系。多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果表明,不穩(wěn)定型斑塊與LA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有顯著的相關(guān)性[4748]。AMMIRATI等[38]采用前瞻性研究方法證明,潰瘍斑塊的存在與LA的發(fā)生有關(guān)。SABA等[49]的研究結(jié)果也表明,脂質(zhì)型斑塊相較于鈣化型斑塊更能增加LA的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這可能與不穩(wěn)定型斑塊引起的動(dòng)脈到動(dòng)脈的栓塞有關(guān)。LUCATELLI等[50]進(jìn)行的回顧性研究顯示,頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度的變化與LA體積顯著相關(guān),并可作為腦血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志。BENASSAYAG等[51]通過對(duì)頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度、斑塊的超聲檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),LA與內(nèi)中膜厚度、頸動(dòng)脈斑塊有顯著相關(guān)性,進(jìn)一步證明在缺血性腦卒中病人中,LA與頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化之間的緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。
各研究結(jié)果的不一致可能與研究方法、樣本選取、病變檢測方法、LA嚴(yán)重程度及血管狹窄的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等不同有關(guān)。此外,許多研究所采用磁共振血管造影(MRA)的方法可能會(huì)對(duì)血管狹窄進(jìn)行過度評(píng)價(jià)。
5展望
LA嚴(yán)重影響著人們的健康,尤其是老年人,易增加卒中和癡呆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。眾多研究表明,LA是缺血性腦卒中(特別是腔隙性腦梗死)的預(yù)測因素[7,52],對(duì)LA及時(shí)干預(yù)可能會(huì)成為預(yù)防缺血性腦卒中的新策略。LA的防治除了控制眾多危險(xiǎn)因素外,針對(duì)其致病機(jī)制的有效干預(yù)有望為我們提供新的思路。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對(duì)于LA的嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)估多采用定量體積測量方法,這種方法較視覺評(píng)定量表準(zhǔn)確度高。對(duì)于血管狹窄程度的評(píng)估還要區(qū)分?jǐn)?shù)字減影血管造影(DSA)、CTA、MRA及血管超聲等,雖然DSA是血管狹窄評(píng)價(jià)的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是作為一種有創(chuàng)檢查,存在一定的局限性。未來關(guān)于兩者關(guān)系的研究應(yīng)該在臨床數(shù)據(jù)收集和成像數(shù)據(jù)分析方面做更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)需增加一些腦灌注成像的證據(jù),將大動(dòng)脈狹窄、腦灌注、LA三者聯(lián)系起來研究,以期增加結(jié)果可靠性。
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(本文編輯劉寧黃建鄉(xiāng))
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2018年2期