王偉濱
雞年末尾,陳凱歌以一部《妖貓傳》撞開了狗年的大門。雞犬相隨,妖貓卻來插上一爪,也算是這畜生不安分性格的一個(gè)小小體現(xiàn)吧。
錢鐘書《管錐編》有一則,論及“雞犬升天,而貓獨(dú)不去”的典故:話說,當(dāng)年大漢朝淮南王劉安服仙丹飛升,“余藥器置于中庭,雞犬舐啄之,盡得升天”,貓雖同樣“舐啄”,卻并不隨雞犬而去,蓋因,“貓認(rèn)屋,狗認(rèn)人”1。雞犬都是跟在主人身后,或討便宜,或被支使,而貓卻不然,它認(rèn)為自己就是屋子的主人,既是主人,當(dāng)然不會(huì)隨便離去了。
貓?zhí)焐褪莻€(gè)特立獨(dú)行的角色,總是與“常規(guī)”發(fā)生些抵牾。因?yàn)樨埖膫魅荆B(yǎng)貓之人也多少與“常人”有所不同。我有個(gè)美國朋友舒爾茨教授(Elizabeth Schultz),八十多歲的老太太,孑然一身,只與貓兒為伴。雖是一人,卻并無孤獨(dú)寂寥之感,行事決斷、利落。靜,能在書山中悅讀;動(dòng),則能在高速路上驅(qū)車飛馳。前日來信,報(bào)告她家貓兒近況,有如下妙語:“Eddy, after some months of sickness (a yeast infection in his ear which interfered with his respiratory system), is well and is eager to chase strings, feather, fluff balls from here to there. He will get even with all the dogs who are promoting The Year of the Dog when The Year of the Tiger arrives.”【艾迪病了幾個(gè)月(耳朵里真菌感染,又影響了呼吸系統(tǒng)),現(xiàn)已痊愈,每天忙著四處追繩子、羽毛或是小毛球??粗桑鹊交⒛甑絹淼臅r(shí)候,他再跟那些忙著推銷狗年的狗兒們算賬?!?/p>
在《哈利·波特》的故事中,邁高教授幻化成一只可以讀報(bào)紙的貓,讓一貫標(biāo)榜“正常”的德斯利一家著實(shí)吃了一驚。話說德斯利家是那種最“正?!辈贿^的人家?!癟hey were the last people youd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didnt hold with such nonsense.”(要說到奇怪或是神秘的事,那一定找不到他家人頭上,因?yàn)樗麄兏静宦犨@些胡說八道。)這樣的人家當(dāng)然是不會(huì)養(yǎng)貓的,他家的唯一寵物,就是胖兒子達(dá)德利:“The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere.”2(德斯利夫婦有個(gè)小兒子,名叫達(dá)德利,在他們看來,這就是世界上最好的孩子)。
不過,就算他們百般努力,避開各種“怪力亂神”,還是被“神秘”之事找上了門:“It was on the corner of the street that he noticed the first sign of something peculiar—a cat reading a map. For a second, Mr. Dursley didnt realize what he had seen—then he jerked his head around to look again. There was a tabby cat standing on the corner of Privet Drive, but there wasnt a map in sight. What could he have been thinking of? It must have been a trick of the light. Mr. Dursley blinked and stared at the cat. It stared back. As Mr. Dursley drove around the corner and up the road, he watched the cat in his mirror. It was now reading the sign that said Privet Drive—no, looking at the sign; cats couldnt read maps or signs. Mr. Dursley gave himself a little shake and put the cat out of his mind.”3(在街角上,他注意到第一個(gè)奇怪的征兆—— 一只貓?jiān)谧x地圖。有一秒鐘,德斯利先生沒有明白他看到的是什么—— 后來他扭過頭去再看。有只虎斑貓正站在普利維道的角落里,但是看不見地圖。他剛才想什么呢?一定是光線搗的鬼。德斯利先生眨了眨眼,又盯著那只貓看。那貓也盯著他。德斯利先生把車開過街角,上了大路,在反光鏡里看那貓?,F(xiàn)在貓?jiān)谧x寫著“普利維道”的路牌——不對(duì),是看那個(gè)路牌;貓是不會(huì)讀地圖或是路牌的。德斯利先生晃晃頭,把貓的事拋到腦后。)
貓眼,雖不是皆可用來讀書看報(bào),卻真有不同于凡物之處。
與其他寵物不同,貓很少仰視,哪怕是主人;經(jīng)常躥房越脊的它們,常常是居高臨下地看待這個(gè)世界。古語說,“狗眼看人低”,其實(shí)這話并不對(duì),狗看人總是仰著頭的,是“看人高”才對(duì),倒是貓眼看人才會(huì)低吧。夏目漱石有個(gè)著名小說,叫《我是貓》,可謂“貓眼看世界”的杰作。貓的眼睛,的確是看到了太多事,以至于會(huì)讓人有一種恐慌之感,似乎貓?zhí)焐褪情g諜;不過,夏目的貓,更像是個(gè)“見怪不怪”的哲人?!笆朗伦冞w就像貓的眼珠一樣變幻莫測(cè)?!甑走^去了,正月過去了,花朵凋謝,新葉又生。以后世界將如何變化,我不了解,只不過,水缸中的貓的瞳孔,應(yīng)該可以凝固成瞬間的永恒?!?
日本作家村上春樹的作品中也有許多與貓有關(guān)。比如,在《海邊的卡夫卡》中,老人中田是個(gè)專門幫人找貓的人——不知為什么會(huì)有那么多的貓平白地不知去向。在那個(gè)故事中,與那些或自以為是或茫然無知的人類相比,反倒是貓兒們配得上“理性生物”的稱號(hào)。那個(gè)被人看作弱智的老人,只有在與貓兒的交流中,才能顯出他的“正?!保?/p>
Cat: I must say that for a human you have an odd way of talking.
Nakada: Yes, everybody tells me that. But this is the only way Nakada can speak. I try to talk normally but this is what happens. Nakadas not very bright, you see. I wasnt always this way, but when I was little I was in an accident and Ive been dumb ever since. Nakada cant write. Or read a book or a newspaper.
Cat: Not to boast or anything, but I cant write either. Id say my mind is average, though, so Ive never found it inconvenient.
Nakada: In the cat world thats to be expected. But in the human world if you cant read or write youre considered dumb...
Cat: But youre able to talk with cats.
Nakada: thats correct.
Cat: then youre not so dumb after all.5
(貓:我得說,作為人,你說話方式有些怪呀。
中田:是,人人都這么說。但是,我只會(huì)這樣說話。我想要說話正常,可說出來的話就是這樣。你知道吧,中田不太聰明。我不是天生這樣,小時(shí)候,我遇到個(gè)事故,后來就變蠢了。中田不會(huì)寫字,也不會(huì)讀書看報(bào)。
貓:不是吹,其實(shí),我也不會(huì)寫字。我覺得我的頭腦算是中等水平,我也沒覺得有什么不方便的。
中田:在貓兒的世界里,那挺正常。但是在人類的世界里,你要是不會(huì)讀書寫字,人們就說你是蠢貨……
貓:但你會(huì)跟貓說話呀。
中田:這倒是。
貓:那你就不蠢呀。)
《妖貓傳》原著,日本小說《沙門空?!分械难垼龤鈽O重,卻并沒有什么靈氣。與之相比,倒是電影中的“御貓”,既有情義,又睿智了許多。“御貓”只吃魚眼睛,傷人時(shí),也多是傷人眼睛,想來是要提醒人們,蕓蕓眾生,盲信“眼見為實(shí)”,實(shí)則是被自己的眼睛騙了。
其實(shí),小說中說話冷嘲熱諷,專好惡作劇害人的妖貓,更像日本傳說中的貍貓,有趣的是后者在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中其實(shí)是一種犬科動(dòng)物——貉(raccoon dog)。這種介乎犬和貓之間的騎墻派,最大的魔力,就是忽然嚇你一下。
在小泉八云的《怪談》中有一篇“Mujina”(《貍貓》),講了著名的“貍貓”耍弄人的故事。
有個(gè)叫紀(jì)國坂的地方,十分荒涼:“On one side of this slope you see an ancient moat(護(hù)城河), deep and very wide, with high green banks rising up to some place of gardens; —and on the other side of the road extend the long and lofty walls of an imperial palace. Before the era of street-lamps and jinrikishas(人力車), this neighborhood was very lonesome after dark; and belated pedestrians would go miles out of their way rather than mount the Kii-no-kuni-zaka, alone, after sunset. All because of a Mujina that used to walk there.”(在坂的一邊,有條古老的護(hù)城河,又深又寬,綠草覆蓋的高高河岸一直延伸到遠(yuǎn)處花園里;—— 路的另一邊是圍繞著宮殿的長長的高墻。在還沒有路燈和人力車的年代,這一帶天一黑下來,就特別荒涼;太陽落山后,孤身夜行的人寧愿繞行幾里路,也不愿從紀(jì)國坂上走過去。這都是因?yàn)樵诟浇问幍囊恢回傌垼?/p>
多年前,有個(gè)小販從坂下路過,見到個(gè)漂亮姑娘以袖掩面在河邊哭,他就上前搭訕。結(jié)果,“Then that O-jochu turned around, and dropped her sleeve, and stroked her face with her hand; —and the man saw that she had no eyes or nose or mouth,—and he screamed and ran away.”(那姑娘轉(zhuǎn)過身,放下衣袖,用手抹一把臉;——小販看見她沒有眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴,—— 他嚇得大叫一聲,掉頭就跑。)小販魂飛魄散,嚇得往坂上飛跑,終于見到個(gè)賣蕎麥面的,就向這人哆嗦著講述他的遭遇?!啊甀 saw... I saw a woman—by the moat;—and she showed me... Ah! I cannot tell you what she showed me!‘He! Was it anything like THIS that she showed you? Cried the soba-man, stroking his own face—which therewith became like unto an Egg... And, simultaneously, the light went out.”6(“我看見,看見個(gè)女的——就在護(hù)城河邊;——她那樣子……啊呀,我說不出她那樣子!”“呵呵!她是這個(gè)樣子吧?”賣蕎麥面的大叫一聲,抹了一把臉——那張臉立刻變成了雞蛋模樣……正在此時(shí),燈光熄滅了。)
不過,電影《妖貓傳》中那只誓死守護(hù)女主人的黑貓,其實(shí)并沒有多少東方味道,倒更像是來自愛倫·坡;進(jìn)一步說,楊貴妃的死,活埋,在棺中復(fù)活,以及再次死去等情節(jié),也同樣來自愛倫·坡。
愛倫·坡最有名的兩篇小說《黑貓》(“The Black Cat”)和《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(“The Fall of the House of Usher”)為這部電影提供了兩大元素——縈繞不去的黑貓和陰魂不散的美麗女人。
在《黑貓》的故事里,曾經(jīng)熱愛生活、整日被寵物環(huán)繞的“我”,也許因?yàn)樾锞?,也許因?yàn)樨毟F,也許因?yàn)榧兇鈵耗Ц襟w,反正,“我”折磨甚至殺死了“我”的黑貓。不久,一只同樣模樣的貓又進(jìn)入“我”家,像冤魂一般纏繞著“我”。一天,“我”一怒之下向貓舉起斧頭,卻砍死了前來阻攔的妻子。“我”把妻子砌在墻內(nèi),卻不見了黑貓。警察來調(diào)查時(shí),墻壁內(nèi)貓的凄厲叫聲,引得大家七手八腳把墻壁拆開:“The corpse, already greatly decayed and clotted with gore, stood erect before the eyes of the spectators. Upon its head, with red extended mouth and solitary eye of fire, sat the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder, and whose informing voice had consigned me to the hangman. I had walled the monster up within the tomb.”7(暴露在眾人面前的是一具極度腐爛、沾滿血污、直挺挺的尸體。尸體頭上端坐的,正是張著血盆大口,瞪著冒火的獨(dú)眼的,那頭可怕的畜生。是它用詭計(jì)引誘我犯下謀殺之罪,是它用叫聲把我送上絞刑架。我把這個(gè)怪物砌到墳?zāi)怪辛?。?/p>
《厄舍古屋的倒塌》則說的是一對(duì)有著病態(tài)的親密關(guān)系的兄妹,幽居在一棟陰森的老宅中;宅子一天天朽爛,兄妹兩人也一天天失去生機(jī),直到有一天,哥哥將妹妹活生生地埋入墳?zāi)?。然后,在一個(gè)風(fēng)雨交加的夜晚,忽然傳來敲門聲……
大唐王朝,如同厄舍古屋一般,在“極樂之宴”之后搖搖欲墜,美人、宮殿都無法留住,迅速走向朽壞、破碎、消亡,但固執(zhí)的貓兒卻要一直守候下去……
1. 錢鐘書,《管錐編》。三聯(lián)書店,2008。990頁。
2. J. K. Rowling. Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Scholastic, 1998. p. 1.
3. Ibid, p. 3.
4. 夏目漱石著,曹曼譯,《我是貓》。浙江文藝出版社,2015。附錄,“夏目漱石說”。
5. Haruki Murakami, trans. Philip Gabriel. Kafka on the Shore. Vintage, 2005. p. 51.
6. 引自kindle版,無頁碼。
7. Edgar Allan Poe, Selected Tales. Penguin Popular Classics, 1994. p. 321.