陳堅(jiān) 羅忠光 邱志兵
摘 要 本文簡(jiǎn)要綜述了維生素D3治療腸易激綜合征(IBS)的最新進(jìn)展以及可能涉及的潛在機(jī)制。Vit D3/VDR信號(hào)通路在維持腸黏膜免疫耐受方面起著重要作用。隨著對(duì)Vit D3研究的日益深入,Vit D3有望作為一種新型的安全有效的免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑,在IBS的治療中發(fā)揮重要的作用。
關(guān)鍵詞 維生素D3 維生素D受體 樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞 免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑
中圖分類號(hào):R574.4; R977.24 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2018)07-0039-04
The update of vitamin D3 in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
CHEN Jian*, LUO Zhongguang, QIU Zhibing
(Department of Digestive Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)
ABSTRACT The present paper briefly reviews the recent progress of vitamin D3 in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its potential mechanisms involved. The signaling pathway of vitamin D3 and vitamin D receptor plays an important role in maintaining the immune stability within intestinal mucosa. Vitamin D3 will be expected to be a novel immunomodulator in the treatment of IBS with the increasingly deeper research on vitamin D3.
KEy WORDS vitamin D3; vitamin D receptor; dendritic cell; immunomodulator
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)是一種常見(jiàn)的功能性胃腸病,臨床主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛、腹脹以及腹瀉、便秘等排便習(xí)慣的改變。全世界IBS患病率為3%~25%[1],亞洲國(guó)家報(bào)道為4%~10%[2]。在美國(guó),每年用在IBS單病種上的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用高達(dá)200億美元之巨。目前IBS的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,普遍認(rèn)為該病系內(nèi)臟敏感性升高、腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙、遺傳或環(huán)境因素、心理因素、腦腸軸功能失調(diào)等所致[1,3]。最新研究認(rèn)為IBS可能與腸黏膜屏障受損及低度慢性炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)[4]。IBS的治療強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體化的綜合治療,即包括精神心理行為干預(yù)、飲食調(diào)整(如低FODMAP)、藥物治療(如以得舒特為代表的選擇性鈣離子拮抗劑和以雙歧桿菌、乳酸桿菌為代表的益生菌調(diào)理),但總體療效差強(qiáng)人意,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量,帶來(lái)沉重的心理及社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,亟待探索針對(duì)IBS治療的安全有效的新療法。
1 維生素D3治療IBS有效
維生素D(vitamin D, Vit D)為固醇類衍生物,是一種脂溶性維生素,分為5種化合物。天然Vit D有兩種,即Vit D2和Vit D3。人體內(nèi)每日可合成Vit D3約200~400 IU。正常成年人每天需要Vit D 400 IU(約合10 μg)[5]。不論Vit D2或Vit D3,本身都沒(méi)有生物活性,它們必須在肝、腎中經(jīng)羥化酶代謝轉(zhuǎn)變成具有生理活性的化合物,即1,25-二羥維生素D3[1,25-(OH)2D3]后才能發(fā)揮其生理功能:促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)和骨骼鈣化,維持血液中檸檬酸鹽的水平恒定等。
全世界約有30%~50%的人群有Vit D缺乏,IBS患者中伴有骨質(zhì)疏松者也明顯高于常人[6]。2012年 Sprake首次報(bào)道應(yīng)用Vit D3干預(yù)能改善IBS患者的癥狀;此后的33例小樣本臨床研究也證實(shí)約70% IBS患者對(duì)Vit D3療法(每天口服3 000 IU Vit D3)有顯著的改善作用[7]。Abbasnezhad等[8]學(xué)者開(kāi)展了Vit D3治療IBS的擴(kuò)大樣本量的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究:90例IBS患者隨機(jī)分成Vit D3干預(yù)組和安慰劑對(duì)照組;干預(yù)組每2周口服50 000 IU Vit D3,堅(jiān)持半年后發(fā)現(xiàn)與安慰劑組相比,干預(yù)組患者的腹脹、腹痛、腹瀉、便秘等IBS癥狀明顯好轉(zhuǎn),治療前后IBS嚴(yán)重度積分(IBSSS)明顯下降(53.82±23.3 vs 16.85±25.01,P<0.001),IBS相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量(IBS-QOL)明顯提高(14.26±3 vs 11±2.34,P<0.001)。更有趣的是,即使基線Vit D3水平不低的IBS患者大劑量補(bǔ)充Vit D3后也能明顯獲益。以上結(jié)果提示Vit D3對(duì)IBS的治療有重要作用,但目前尚缺乏針對(duì)國(guó)人的循證醫(yī)學(xué)研究數(shù)據(jù)。
2 Vit D與Vit D受體
近年來(lái),隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)Vit D3及其受體研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)1,25-(OH)2D3與Vit D 受體[vitamin D(1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor, VDR]結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,引起VDR 的構(gòu)象變化和磷酸化,從而使VDR 轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榛罨问?;Vit D/VDR除了維持體內(nèi)鈣環(huán)境相對(duì)穩(wěn)定外,還參與調(diào)節(jié)多種細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)分化,具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抑制腫瘤、抗炎等作用[9]。VDR 分為膜受體(mVDR)和核受體(nVDR),在人體各組織細(xì)胞中廣泛存在,幾乎所有的有核細(xì)胞均能表達(dá)VDR,其中結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞中VDR表達(dá)量較高。Abreu等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在外觀正常的結(jié)腸黏膜,血清Vit D水平與結(jié)腸VDR表達(dá)正相關(guān);而在內(nèi)鏡下外觀有病變的結(jié)腸黏膜, VDR表達(dá)與結(jié)腸黏膜炎癥呈負(fù)相關(guān)。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Vit D/VDR信號(hào)通路可以通過(guò)抑制腸道上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡而改善2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸誘發(fā)的小鼠結(jié)腸黏膜炎癥[11-12]。還有學(xué)者證實(shí)1,25-(OH)2 D3可保護(hù)革蘭陰性桿菌產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)毒素(如脂多糖)對(duì)Caco-2腸上皮細(xì)胞組成的細(xì)胞間緊密連接的破壞[13]。以上結(jié)果提示Vit D/VDR在結(jié)腸黏膜炎癥時(shí)下調(diào),上調(diào)腸黏膜Vit D/VDR有望改善腸黏膜的屏障功能。Raftery等[14]報(bào)道在克羅恩病中保持1,25-(OH)2D3血濃度大于75 nmol/L可對(duì)IBD患者產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。眾所周知,高濃度的Vit D會(huì)產(chǎn)生高鈣血癥甚至Vit D中毒,故IBS患者若長(zhǎng)期外源性補(bǔ)充Vit D過(guò)程中也需要摸索最佳劑量及最佳血藥濃度。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,健康SD大鼠經(jīng)Vit D干預(yù)后,尿鈣及尿結(jié)晶體明顯增多;而經(jīng)Vit K干預(yù)后,尿草酸及尿結(jié)晶體明顯減少,提示Vit D可能是尿結(jié)石的高危因素而Vit K可能是尿結(jié)石的保護(hù)因素[15]。故美國(guó)有款著名的保健品Isotonix推薦成人每日補(bǔ)充Vit D3 5 000 IU 聯(lián)合 Vit K2 45 mg,可以促進(jìn)鈣的骨質(zhì)沉著,最大限度地減少鈣質(zhì)的異位沉積。丹麥利昂公司為了找出一種既能調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),又對(duì)鈣代謝影響不大的Vit D3的衍生物,反復(fù)試驗(yàn)并終于在1985年合成了鈣泊三醇[16]。
3 維生素D3與免疫耐受
腸道黏膜免疫系統(tǒng)包括Peyer淋巴濾泡和腸系膜淋巴結(jié),以及彌漫分布在黏膜固有層和腸上皮中的諸多淋巴細(xì)胞。小腸黏膜固有層的樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell, DC)是人體最重要的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,其通過(guò)形成跨上皮的樹(shù)突積極攝取腸道細(xì)菌。腸道上皮細(xì)胞和DC在攝取抗原和維護(hù)腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)中起著關(guān)鍵作用[17]。一方面二者必須識(shí)別腸道中有害的抗原,另一方面負(fù)責(zé)誘導(dǎo)對(duì)共生菌和外界食物的抗原耐受。腸道相關(guān)淋巴組織和DC通過(guò)協(xié)同效應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)黏膜免疫。同一類DC在不同環(huán)境及不同成熟階段可起到不同的調(diào)控作用:成熟DC捕獲抗原的能力下降,但可激活T淋巴細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)Th1免疫應(yīng)答;靜息狀態(tài)下黏膜不成熟的DC主要誘導(dǎo)Th2免疫應(yīng)答及免疫耐受[18]。DC作為主要的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,可誘導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg+)的產(chǎn)生,其產(chǎn)生的調(diào)節(jié)性細(xì)胞因子如IL-2、IL-10、TGF b等在腸黏膜穩(wěn)態(tài)中起重要作用[19]。
最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1,25-(OH)2D3對(duì)人體免疫系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)是多方面的,包括調(diào)節(jié)DC的分化,單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖以及細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)[20],而這些細(xì)胞均可表達(dá)VDR。VDR基因多態(tài)性主要包含5個(gè)位點(diǎn)(ApaI, BsmI, Cdx-2, FokI, TaqI),已有研究顯示VDR基因多態(tài)性與炎癥性腸病、結(jié)直腸癌等易感性相關(guān)[21-22]。已有報(bào)道中國(guó)漢族人群中VDR的Bsm I基因多態(tài)性與潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的易感性有關(guān)[23]。但目前尚無(wú)VDR基因多態(tài)性與Vit D治療IBS療效相關(guān)性的研究,值得相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的專家作進(jìn)一步深入探索。
研究表明[24],1,25-(OH)2D3調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能主要通過(guò)以下三種途徑:①調(diào)節(jié)造血細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞的增殖和分化,修飾T、B 淋巴細(xì)胞活性,產(chǎn)生免疫球蛋白,增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力;②通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)IL-1、IL-2、IL-3、TNFa以及免疫球蛋白從而修飾免疫反應(yīng);③調(diào)節(jié)單核、巨噬細(xì)胞以及淋巴細(xì)胞由胸腺及脾臟向血液遷移;④調(diào)節(jié)單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖和分化。研究證實(shí),1,25-(OH)2D3有望作為一種新型的免疫抑制劑,應(yīng)用于多種免疫相關(guān)性疾病的治療中(如多發(fā)性硬化、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等)[25-26]。
近年來(lái)隨著對(duì)腸道菌群研究的日益深入,越來(lái)越多證據(jù)表明IBS可能與腸道菌群的改變及慢性低度炎癥反應(yīng)存在密切關(guān)系[27]。小腸細(xì)菌過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)(small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, SIBO)是指遠(yuǎn)端腸道內(nèi)菌群因各種原因移位進(jìn)入小腸,主要表現(xiàn)為營(yíng)養(yǎng)吸收不良、腹瀉、腹脹及小腸動(dòng)力異常等。大量研究顯示[27],IBS 患者中SIBO 發(fā)生率可高達(dá)40%~80%,且根治 SIBO 后 IBS 的癥狀可得到明顯緩解,提示二者間具有一定的相關(guān)性[28]。因此,很多學(xué)者認(rèn)為SIBO可能在IBS,尤其是感染后IBS(post-infectious IBS, PI-IBS)的致病中起著至關(guān)重要的作用[29],其機(jī)制就可能涉及腸黏膜屏障的紊亂以及黏膜免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)的丟失。
研究表明,1,25-(OH)2D3通過(guò)作用在DC細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的nVDR,抑制DC的成熟,使其處于未成熟狀態(tài),并對(duì)促使其成熟的刺激反應(yīng)鈍化,因此不能夠有效激活初始T細(xì)胞,使Th1免疫應(yīng)答不能持續(xù)。此外,1,25-(OH)2D3還可抑制單核細(xì)胞向DC的分化及成熟。CD4+ T細(xì)胞也存在VDR,也是Vit D3作用的直接靶點(diǎn)。Vit D3一定程度上可誘導(dǎo)Th1/Th2的天平向Th2方向漂移,從而誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受[30]。這也可能是Vit D3能夠治療IBS及IBD有效的最重要免疫學(xué)機(jī)制。
4 結(jié)語(yǔ)
綜上所述,Vit D3/VDR信號(hào)通路在維持腸黏膜屏障完整性及改善IBS患者癥狀方面起著重要作用。隨著對(duì)Vit D研究的日益深入,Vit D3有望作為一種新型的安全有效的備選藥物,在IBS及IBD的治療中發(fā)揮重要的作用。該療法有助于探索IBS這一困擾國(guó)人健康的常見(jiàn)病多發(fā)病的治療新策略,同時(shí)可拓展Vit D3這一老藥的臨床新用途,具有重大的臨床意義及社會(huì)價(jià)值。
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