山東 趙厚軍
動詞不定式、動名詞或名詞性從句等用作主語時,在句式上容易造成“頭重腳輕”而使句式不平衡,所以往往用it作形式主語,把真正的主語放在后面,此時的it沒有任何意義。
在初中階段,it作為形式主語時常常用在以下幾種句型中:
it代替真正的主語——動詞不定式(短語)。形容詞應(yīng)是能表示邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征、程度等的詞,常見的有interesting,sorry,happy,glad,difficult,easy等。例如:
①It's nice to meet you.很高興見到你。
②It's very interesting to read your email.讀你的電子郵件很有趣。
③It was very difficult to tell his exact age.很難說出他的確切年紀。
④It is easier to lose friends than to make friends.失去朋友比交朋友更容易。
it代替真正的主語——動詞不定式(短語)。動詞不定式的邏輯主語是由介詞of引起的,形容詞必須是能表示邏輯主語性格特點的詞。常見的有bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good(好心的),honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice(有教養(yǎng)的),polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong等。例如:
①It is kind of you to invite us.您太好了邀請我們。
②It is wrong of me to pick up your umbrella.錯拿了你的傘,這是我的不對。
③It was honest of him to tell me the truth.他誠實地跟我說了實話。
it代替真正的主語——動詞不定式(短語)。動詞不定式的邏輯主語是由介詞for引起的,形容詞通常是描述事物重要性、緊迫性、頻繁程度、難易、安全等情況的詞。常見的有 important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant等。例如:
①It is important for her to come to the party.能來參加聚會對她來說很重要。
②It is difficult for him to do the math problem.做這道數(shù)學(xué)題對他來說是困難的。
③It's very dangerous for you to run so fast.你跑得這么快是很危險的。
it代替真正的主語——動名詞(短語),可用于這類句型的名詞或形容詞有dangerous,nice,foolish,worth,waste,no good,not any good,no use,not any use等。例如:
①It's nice seeing you.很高興見到了你。
②I thought it was worth buying that book.我認為值得買那本書。
③It is a waste of time talking about it with him.同他談這件事是浪費時間。
④It is no good reading in dim light.在昏暗的燈光下看書是不好的。
it代替真正的主語——that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。由于主句中的形容詞不同,that后的從句中要用虛擬語氣的“should+動詞原形”形式,有時should可以省略。例如:
①It was right that I should be present.我自然應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)綀觥?/p>
②It is necessary that he(should)remember these words.他應(yīng)記住這些話是必要的。
③It is important that he(should)be quiet.他該保持安靜是重要的。
it代替真正的主語——that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。該句型結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為“據(jù)說(據(jù)報道,據(jù)悉……)”,可用于這類句型的過去分詞還有known,thought,told,believed,hoped,announced(宣稱),expected(預(yù)期)等。例如:
①It's said that his father has come back from Hong Kong.據(jù)說他父親已從香港回來了。
②It was reported that the railway was built in 2010.據(jù)報道,那條鐵路是在2010年修建的。
③I let it be known that I was not interested.我讓其他人知道我對此不感興趣。
④Has it been decided that we shall go by train?已經(jīng)決定我們乘火車去了嗎?
it代替真正的主語——that引導(dǎo)的主語從句??捎糜谠摼湫偷拿~詞組有an honor,a good thing,a fact,a surprise,a pity,a shame(恥辱),a question,good news等。例如:
①It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match.可惜你錯過了這場精彩的足球賽。
②It's a wonder that you could finish such a hard task.你能完成如此艱巨的任務(wù)真是個奇跡。
③It is good news that our team has won the championship.我們隊贏得冠軍是個好消息。
it代替真正的主語——動詞不定式(短語)。全句意為“做……要花費某人……”,其中的sb.sometime/money是雙賓語,表示時間或金錢的詞作直接賓語。例如:
①It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.修建長城花費了數(shù)千人許多年的時間。
②It will take a whole day to get to the top of the mountain on foot.步行到山頂將花費一整天的時間。
③It takes a lot of money to buy a house.買一所房子要花一大筆錢。
it代替真正的主語——that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。seem作為動詞,意為“似乎……”。類似的動詞還有appear,happen,look,matter,make等。例如:
①It seemed that we had carried the joke too far.看來我們玩笑開過頭了。
②It happened that I went out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
③It appears that he won't be back until 10 o'clock.看來他要到十點鐘才會回來。
④It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。
瘋狂英語·新策略2018年5期