何琳琳
陜西理工大學(xué) 1生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,2維生素D生理與應(yīng)用研究所(陜西漢中 723000)
經(jīng)血源性干細(xì)胞(menstrual blood?derived stem cells,MenSCs)是2007年首次發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種來源于女性經(jīng)血的成體干細(xì)胞[1],其來源豐富、易于獲得、免疫原性很低、無致瘤性,具有多向分化潛能,目前已成為再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)成體干細(xì)胞的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。本文對MenSCs的增殖能力、分離純化、分化潛能、臨床前研究和臨床應(yīng)用方面的研究進(jìn)展作一系統(tǒng)綜述,以期為推進(jìn)MenSCs的基礎(chǔ)和臨床應(yīng)用研究提供理論依據(jù)。
22~30歲女性MenSCs和19~32歲女性骨髓源性間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow?derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)在24孔板的倍增時間分別為20.5 h和40.1 h,表明MenSCs的增殖能力很強(qiáng)[2],與MENG等[3]報道19.4 h的倍增時間基本一致。30~40歲女性MenSCs在12孔板和24孔板的倍增時間為55.5 h和62 h,40~50歲女性MenSCs在12孔板和24孔板的倍增時間為70.4 h和72.4 h[4],表明MenSCs的增殖能力隨年齡增大顯著降低。
MenSCs的分離純化主要采用密度梯度離心法結(jié)合貼壁培養(yǎng)法,少數(shù)采用貼壁培養(yǎng)法。
2.1 密度梯度離心法結(jié)合貼壁培養(yǎng)法 采用無菌杯收集女性月經(jīng)血,在含有抗生素的PBS緩沖液中洗滌,F(xiàn)icoll密度梯度離心分離單核細(xì)胞,接種后通過更換培養(yǎng)液移除非貼壁細(xì)胞,貼壁培養(yǎng)獲得 MenSCs[2-3,5?20]。
2.2 貼壁培養(yǎng)法 將經(jīng)血直接接種在培養(yǎng)基中[21-22],或加入紅細(xì)胞裂解液去除經(jīng)血中紅細(xì)胞[23],或用含有抗生素的PBS緩沖液將經(jīng)血離心[1],或?qū)㈦x心后經(jīng)血在含有抗生素的PBS緩沖液中離心[24-25],接種在培養(yǎng)基中,通過更換培養(yǎng)液移除非貼壁細(xì)胞,貼壁培養(yǎng)獲得MenSCs。
3.1 骨細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs經(jīng)成骨誘導(dǎo)后茜素紅染色有鮮艷的紅色鈣結(jié)節(jié)形成[3?4,25],表明成骨分化潛能較高。然而也有 MenSCs在成骨誘導(dǎo)后茜素紅染色[2,18,26]或 von Kossa染色[26]較弱,表明成骨分化潛能較低。成骨誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基中添加人血小板來源的生長因子或人血小板釋放物,可增強(qiáng) MenSCs成骨分化能力[2,18]。
3.2 軟骨細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs經(jīng)成軟骨誘導(dǎo)后免疫染色顯示表達(dá)Ⅱ型膠原[5]。在普通培養(yǎng)皿或二維培養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)中MenSCs經(jīng)成軟骨誘導(dǎo),阿爾新藍(lán)染色顯示其具有較強(qiáng)的成軟骨分化能力[22?25]。在含有特定生長因子和分化因子的納米纖維支架上MenSCs可向軟骨細(xì)胞方向分化,阿爾新藍(lán)染色顯示成軟骨分化很強(qiáng),可作為軟骨組織工程的候選細(xì)胞[6,27]。
3.3 脂肪細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs經(jīng)成脂肪誘導(dǎo)后油紅O染色脂滴呈鮮紅色,表明其向脂肪細(xì)胞方向分化能力強(qiáng),可作為軟組織損傷治療的干細(xì)胞替代物[3,23,28],然而也有研究顯示其向脂肪細(xì)胞方向分化能力較弱[26]。
3.4 肌肉細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs成肌誘導(dǎo)后表達(dá)α?輔肌動蛋白[3],表明其具有成肌分化潛能。MenSCs成肌肉細(xì)胞分化潛能很強(qiáng),體內(nèi)或體外誘導(dǎo)可分化為肌肉細(xì)胞,甚至無誘導(dǎo)也表達(dá)骨骼肌分化標(biāo)志物,可用于肌肉損傷和慢性肌肉疾病的細(xì)胞治療[1]。
3.5 心肌細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs向心肌細(xì)胞分化[3,23],比BM?SCs的心肌細(xì)胞分化潛能更高[21,29],含有大量心肌前體樣細(xì)胞,體外誘導(dǎo)可分化為自發(fā)性搏動的心臟前體細(xì)胞[29。
3.6 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞方向誘導(dǎo),表達(dá)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞特有的表面標(biāo)志[3,24,30]。MenSCs經(jīng)成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)后可分化為少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、成熟神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[23],也可分化為神經(jīng)元樣細(xì)胞[20];MenSCs可合成腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子,易于向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞方向分化[31],在體外先后分化成神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)樣細(xì)胞[19],對未來神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的干細(xì)胞治療有一定應(yīng)用前景。
3.7 肝細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs向肝細(xì)胞導(dǎo)表達(dá)成熟肝細(xì)胞表面標(biāo)志且誘具有一定的肝細(xì)胞功能[3,5,7],可用于肝臟疾病的細(xì)胞治療。MenSCs比BMSCs肝細(xì)胞分化潛能強(qiáng),是一種安全的可用于慢性肝臟疾病干細(xì)胞治療的BMSCs替代物[8]。種植在納米纖維支架上的MensSCs可分化為肝細(xì)胞,表明納米纖維支架和MenSCs可為肝臟疾病治療提供肝細(xì)胞來源[9]。
3.8 髓核樣細(xì)胞分化 與髓核(nucleus pulposus,NP)細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的MenSCs分化為NP樣細(xì)胞,可作為未來治療椎間盤退變種子細(xì)胞的新來源[32]。
3.9 其他細(xì)胞分化 MenSCs可向呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞[3]、胰腺細(xì)胞[3]、表皮細(xì)胞[11]、顆粒細(xì)胞和卵泡膜細(xì)胞[10]、生殖細(xì)胞[33]方向進(jìn)行分化。缺氧環(huán)境與阿基里斯腱細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)的MenSCs向腱細(xì)胞方向分化,可用于阿基里斯腱炎治療[34]。
4.1 用于心肌梗死治療 實(shí)驗(yàn)性誘導(dǎo)心肌梗死大鼠移植的MenSCs在梗死部位高效分化成心肌細(xì)胞,使心肌纖維化面積減少且左心室收縮功能恢復(fù),是一種無創(chuàng)傷且有效的心肌疾病細(xì)胞治療的新的干細(xì)胞來源[21]。將MenSCs通過心肌內(nèi)注射移植給冠狀動脈結(jié)扎心肌梗死模型大鼠,其在梗死區(qū)域內(nèi)顯著保護(hù)存活心肌且明顯增強(qiáng)心臟功能,表明其可作為異體心肌再生醫(yī)學(xué)的干細(xì)胞來源[35]。心肌梗死后心肌纖維化與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞向間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(endothelial to mesenchymal transition,EndMT)相關(guān),將MenSCs心肌內(nèi)注射給永久結(jié)扎冠狀動脈的急性MI模型大鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠左心室顯著增厚,梗死面積顯著減少,心肌膠原沉積顯著減少,至少部分原因是由于抑制TGF?β/Smad誘導(dǎo)的心肌梗死部位 EndMT[36]。
4.2 用于膠質(zhì)瘤、卵巢癌和肺癌治療 顱內(nèi)膠質(zhì)瘤小鼠靜脈注射MenSCs可減少約50%腫瘤體積,可能由其抗血管生成引起[37]。腺病毒感染獲得分泌型腫瘤壞死因子相關(guān)凋亡誘導(dǎo)配體(secretable tumor necrosis factor?related apoptosis?inducing ligand,sTRAIL)過表達(dá)的 MenSCs即MenSC?sTRAIL,其在體外可顯著抑制U?87 MG增殖并誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,注射在體內(nèi)可顯著抑制皮下U?87 MG移植瘤生長,表明其可作為細(xì)胞治療基因運(yùn)載工具用于治療膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤和其他腫瘤[38]。新型腫瘤腺病毒AR2011在體外可溶解卵巢腫瘤細(xì)胞系和惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞,然而腹水液體中的抗體抑制其活性,預(yù)先加入MenSCs可解除這種抑制作用,MenSC?AR可抑制裸鼠卵巢癌腫瘤生長,表明MenSCs可用于解除腹水液體對病毒抗卵巢腫瘤效應(yīng)的抑制[39]?;煾深A(yù)的A549肺癌小鼠移植MenSCs,可使小鼠雙肺濕重、腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移率及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移個數(shù)顯著降低,抑制轉(zhuǎn)移率為71.8%,表明MenSCs協(xié)同化療對抑制小鼠肺癌腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移有一定效果[40]。
4.3 用于中風(fēng)治療 大鼠原代神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞與MenSCs共培養(yǎng)或在MenSCs產(chǎn)生的培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),可極顯著減少神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡,這是由于MenSCs釋放神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子引起的;實(shí)驗(yàn)誘導(dǎo)缺血性中風(fēng)的成年大鼠大腦內(nèi)或靜脈內(nèi)移植Men?SCs,可導(dǎo)致其行為障礙和組織學(xué)損傷極顯著降低,表明MenSCs可作為中風(fēng)治療的干細(xì)胞來源[30]。
4.4 用于1型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)治療 T1DM小鼠靜脈注射MenSCs,可逆轉(zhuǎn)高血糖和體重減少,延長生存期并增加胰島素產(chǎn)生,恢復(fù)胰島結(jié)構(gòu)和增加β細(xì)胞數(shù)量,大多數(shù)MenSCs遷移進(jìn)入受損胰腺組織且位于胰島、胰管和外分泌組織中,表明MenSCs治療T1DM不是通過分化為胰島素產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞,而是通過促進(jìn)內(nèi)在前體細(xì)胞分化從而刺激β細(xì)胞再生[12]。
4.5 用于卵巢功能早衰(premature ovarian failure,POF)治療 環(huán)磷酰胺誘導(dǎo)小鼠POF卵巢移植的MenSCs可至少存活14 d,卵巢表達(dá)更高水平的卵巢標(biāo)志物抗苗勒管激素(anti?Müllerian hormone,AMH)、抑制素(inhibin)a/b和促卵泡激素受體(follicle?stimulating hormone receptor,F(xiàn)SHR),表達(dá)增殖標(biāo)志物Ki67,卵巢重量、血清雌二醇(estradiol,E2)水平和正常卵泡數(shù)量增加,表明MenSCs是干細(xì)胞移植治療POF的理想種子細(xì)胞[13]。移植MenSCs可使甲磺酸丁二醇二酯和環(huán)磷酰胺誘導(dǎo)的POF小鼠體重增加,發(fā)情周期改善和絕育小鼠生育能力恢復(fù),表明MenSCs可作為自體干細(xì)胞用于恢復(fù)受損的卵巢功能[41]。MenSCs移植腹腔注射順鉑構(gòu)建的POF小鼠,體質(zhì)量逐漸增加,食欲增強(qiáng),活動增多,移植后第10天FSH濃度顯著降低,E2濃度顯著升高,原始卵泡、生長卵泡及成熟卵泡數(shù)顯著增多,卵巢間質(zhì)纖維化程度減輕,表明MenSCs移植對卵巢組織結(jié)構(gòu)及內(nèi)分泌功能起修復(fù)作用[42]。
4.6 用于Duchenne型肌營養(yǎng)不良癥(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)、重癥阿謝曼氏綜合征(Asherman′s syndrome,AS)、急性后肢缺血治療 DMD小鼠肌肉移植MenSCs,可誘導(dǎo)部分骨骼肌更新,其肌肉修復(fù)作用是基于小鼠肌細(xì)胞和表達(dá)肌萎縮蛋白的MenSCs之間的細(xì)胞融合[1]。自體移植MenSCs可顯著增加重癥AS女性的子宮內(nèi)膜厚度,顯著增加其胚胎移植受孕和自發(fā)懷孕的概率[43]。急性后肢缺血模型小鼠移植MenSCs可顯著改善后肢缺血,表明經(jīng)血是一種很有前途的用于分離治療后肢體缺血的干細(xì)胞來源[14]。
4.7 用于肝纖維化、暴發(fā)性肝衰竭(fulminant hepatic fail?ure,F(xiàn)HF)、急性肝衰竭、急性肺損傷(Acute lung injury,ALI)、坐骨神經(jīng)損傷治療 四氯化碳誘導(dǎo)肝纖維化小鼠移植的MenSCs可遷移到損傷部位,移植后2周內(nèi)可顯著改善肝臟功能,減少膠原沉積,抑制活化的肝星狀細(xì)胞,表明MenSCs可通過靶向肝星狀細(xì)胞改善小鼠肝纖維化,可能是慢性肝臟疾病的替代治療方法[15]。MenSCs來源的外分泌體可顯著改善肝臟功能,提高生存率,移植后6 h抑制肝細(xì)胞凋亡,可能是治療FHF的替代治療方法[44]。四氯化碳誘導(dǎo)的急性肝衰竭小鼠移植MenSCs或BMSCs后肝臟有一定程度再生,MenSCs治療組的肝臟生化標(biāo)志物恢復(fù)、肝標(biāo)志物mRNA水平變化及炎癥標(biāo)志物的抑制比BMSCs治療組更顯著,表明MenSCs是一種治療急性肝衰竭的BMSCs替代干細(xì)胞[45]。脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的ALI小鼠移植Men?SCs,可提高肺微血管通透性,降低組織病理損傷,使支氣管肺泡灌洗液中IL?1下調(diào)和IL?10上調(diào),增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)表達(dá)增加,caspase?3表達(dá)減少,表明MenSCs是一種有前途的ALI治療策略[16]。將MenSCs移植入人工合成的導(dǎo)管可改善坐骨神經(jīng)損傷大鼠的功能恢復(fù),表明其具有神經(jīng)再生效果,可作為外圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病細(xì)胞治療的選擇[46]。
MenSCs的臨床應(yīng)用較少,僅有3例報道,1例是Men?SCs移植,2例為MenSCs和其他干細(xì)胞混合移植。2009年ZHONG等[17]將臨床制備級別的MenSCs靜脈內(nèi)和鞘內(nèi)移植給4例多發(fā)性硬化癥男性患者,隨訪1年多未出現(xiàn)任何免疫排斥反應(yīng)和治療相關(guān)不良反應(yīng),這是首例MenSCs臨床應(yīng)用報道,表明MenSCs用于臨床移植治療的可行性。2010年ICHIM等[47]將MenSCs和CD34臍血細(xì)胞靜脈注射移植給充血性心力衰竭患者,患者射血分?jǐn)?shù)增加,腦鈉肽前體蛋白(pro?brain natriuretic peptide,Pro?BNP)顯著降低,隨訪約2年未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何和治療相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)和副作用。同年ICHIM等[48]將MenSCs和CD34臍血細(xì)胞混合細(xì)胞注射給1例DMD患者,再注射胎盤基質(zhì)來源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,無任何副作用且患者肌肉強(qiáng)度增加。
目前成體干細(xì)胞在再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)應(yīng)用較廣[49],Men?SCs作為一種重要的成體干細(xì)胞,其增殖能力強(qiáng),具有多向分化潛能,可向骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、肝臟細(xì)胞、髓核樣細(xì)胞、呼吸道上皮細(xì)胞、胰腺細(xì)胞、表皮細(xì)胞、顆粒細(xì)胞、卵泡膜細(xì)胞、生殖細(xì)胞、腱細(xì)胞方向進(jìn)行分化。MenSCs已被成功應(yīng)用于動物模型研究其對多種疾病如心肌梗死、膠質(zhì)瘤、卵巢癌、肺癌、中風(fēng)、T1DM、DMD、AS、急性后肢缺血、肝纖維化、FHF、急性肝衰竭、ALI和坐骨神經(jīng)損傷的治療潛力。MenSCs可用于臨床異體移植有效治療多發(fā)性硬化癥、充血性心力衰竭和DMD,迄今沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何移植后相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)。隨著更多的MenSCs臨床前和臨床數(shù)據(jù)積累,隨著其應(yīng)用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)的作用分子機(jī)制研究的深入,相信不久的將來MenSCs會在再生醫(yī)學(xué)的舞臺上大放光彩。
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