李男,毛明清,宋楠,趙龍,夏書月*
(1.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院2015級(jí)碩士研究生;2.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院2016級(jí)碩士研究生;3.沈陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬中心醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科)
從上世紀(jì)中葉英國(guó)倫敦?zé)熿F事件和美國(guó)洛杉磯光化學(xué)煙霧事件之后,大氣污染問(wèn)題越來(lái)越受到人們的廣泛關(guān)注。自2013年以來(lái),霧霾的逐漸加重?zé)o疑成為我國(guó)的一個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題。霧霾的主要成分為大氣細(xì)顆粒(airborne fine particulatematter,PM2.5),為大氣總懸浮顆粒物中直徑≤2.5μm的細(xì)顆粒物,具有顆粒小、表面積大等特點(diǎn),傳播距離遠(yuǎn),停滯時(shí)間長(zhǎng),容易進(jìn)入肺泡終端,且易溶解于呼吸系統(tǒng)乃至血液中[1]。美國(guó)實(shí)施PM10標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以來(lái)至今,多項(xiàng)研究顯示PM2.5對(duì)人體健康危害比 PM10、PM100 更嚴(yán)重[2]。2006年美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)(Environmental Protection Agency,EPA)更改PM2.5空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)年均值為15 μg/m3,日均值為 35 μg/m3[3]。我國(guó)于 2012 年1月1日開始實(shí)行由中國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)部發(fā)布的《環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB3095-2012),其中PM2.5的濃度限值是依照世界衛(wèi)生組織建議的最寬松的過(guò)渡期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而制定的,年平均濃度限值≥35μg/m3,日平均濃度限值≥75μg/m3。我國(guó)PM2.5主要由供暖期煤炭燃燒及機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣排放產(chǎn)生,尤其是北方的PM2.5濃度往往超過(guò)空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)極限值,其主要成分包括硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽、銨鹽、含碳顆粒、重金屬、礦物質(zhì)、細(xì)菌和病毒等[4]。當(dāng)PM2.5被吸入肺部時(shí),可通過(guò)氣血屏障進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)而到達(dá)其它組織器官,對(duì)全身各系統(tǒng)包括呼吸系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、泌尿系統(tǒng)、代謝系統(tǒng)及生殖系統(tǒng)都有一定的損害作用[5]。因此,研究PM2.5對(duì)機(jī)體的損害及其作用機(jī)制對(duì)于臨床醫(yī)生進(jìn)行相應(yīng)治療具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。
由于呼吸系統(tǒng)與外界環(huán)境直接接觸,是受PM2.5影響的最首要的部位。研究表明,急性下呼吸道感染、慢性阻塞性肺疾?。╟hronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、肺癌等呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病均與PM2.5暴露有關(guān)[6-8]。調(diào)查研究顯示,PM2.5與肺炎緊急住院治療事件存在相關(guān)性[9]。當(dāng)PM2.5與肺組織細(xì)胞接觸后,刺激肺巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬細(xì)顆粒物,并可釋放多種細(xì)胞因子,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)炎癥導(dǎo)致呼吸道局部免疫力下降[10]。PM2.5與COPD的形成也存在密切關(guān)系。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PM2.5中的有機(jī)成分多環(huán)芳香烴是造成COPD的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,其可促進(jìn)DNA的損傷和某些促炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,并可降低α1-抗胰蛋白酶的表達(dá),降低肺順應(yīng)性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)COPD的發(fā)生[11]。翟文慧等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年慢性支氣管炎患者的急性發(fā)作例數(shù)同PM2.5濃度呈正相關(guān)。長(zhǎng)期暴露在PM2.5的環(huán)境下,還可促進(jìn)肺癌發(fā)生。Deng等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5可進(jìn)入肺癌細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)部活性氧(ROS)水平顯著升高,其促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)loc146880的表達(dá),進(jìn)而上調(diào)自噬反應(yīng),從而促進(jìn)了肺癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。ROS或氧自由基亦可激活核因子-κB(NF-κB),上調(diào)趨化因子和炎癥介質(zhì)的表達(dá),再次啟動(dòng)肺部和系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)[14]。PM2.5可增加兒童哮喘患者發(fā)作率及住院率,同時(shí)可加重成人哮喘癥狀,并增加其急診就醫(yī)率和住院率[15-16]。Zhang等[17]研究顯示,PM2.5與兒童咳嗽變異型哮喘的發(fā)作存在相關(guān)性,其可使患者血中淋巴細(xì)胞比率、IgE、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白水平顯著升高,而使CD4+/CD8+T細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著下降,同時(shí)可導(dǎo)致FEV1預(yù)測(cè)值、FEV1/FVC、MMEF(最大呼氣中期流速)明顯降低,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)病情進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。以上提示,PM2.5的暴露對(duì)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病存在負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用。
長(zhǎng)期或短期暴露于PM2.5的環(huán)境中不僅會(huì)直接損傷肺組織,同時(shí)也會(huì)引起一系列心血管損傷及心血管事件發(fā)生。早在2004年,美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)就提出,暴露于高濃度PM會(huì)增加心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其是心肌梗死、卒中、心律失常、心力衰竭等[18]。其致病機(jī)制可能與炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激、內(nèi)皮功能紊亂、自主神經(jīng)功能失衡、RAS系統(tǒng)激活、凝血/纖溶系統(tǒng)平衡紊亂、通道激活等有關(guān)[19-23]。Xu等[24]以 2013年1月至2014年12月的188 198例缺血性心臟病患者為研究對(duì)象,應(yīng)用流行病學(xué)方法分析患者住院情況與該時(shí)段大氣細(xì)顆粒物PM10和PM2.5變化之間的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)PM2.5和PM10濃度日增加10 μg/m3時(shí),缺血性心臟病患者住院率同比增加0.25%(95%CI:0.10%~0.39%)和0.57%(95%CI:0.46%~0.68%),提示PM2.5可增加缺血性心臟病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另有研究報(bào)告,急性暴露于PM2.5后可致交感神經(jīng)興奮而副交感神經(jīng)抑制,導(dǎo)致心臟自主神經(jīng)協(xié)調(diào)失衡,增加心律失常和心臟性猝死等心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。長(zhǎng)期暴露于PM2.5亦可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體血壓升高[26],氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥反應(yīng)及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的激活[27],也可導(dǎo)致心血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞ROS和一氧化氮(NO)活化,由于ROS介導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激是導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷的重要機(jī)制之一,其與炎癥反應(yīng)和心血管疾病也存在關(guān)聯(lián)[28],因此,PM2.5導(dǎo)致心血管系統(tǒng)氧化應(yīng)激可能是PM2.5損傷內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的重要機(jī)制。Adar等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PM2.5可加速動(dòng)脈硬化,增強(qiáng)血管收縮,且PM2.5的密度越高,動(dòng)脈硬化的速度就會(huì)越快,而減少接觸顆粒污染物,則會(huì)大大降低動(dòng)脈硬化的進(jìn)程。
中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是人體神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的主體,其主要功能是調(diào)控機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)及信息的整合加工,是人體各功能的管理中心。隨著大氣污染的逐年加劇,PM2.5 的暴露機(jī)會(huì)也逐漸增加。Li等[30]的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,PM2.5濃度每升高10μg/m3,腦卒中發(fā)生的 OR值為 1.006(95%CI:1.002~1.010)。Franklin等[31]通過(guò)對(duì)1997年到2002年間美國(guó)27個(gè)社區(qū)總死亡人數(shù)與當(dāng)?shù)豍M2.5濃度的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5濃度每增加10μg/m3,總死亡率與腦卒中相關(guān)的死亡率分別增加1.21%和1.03%。我國(guó)調(diào)查研究顯示,武漢冬季大氣中可吸入顆粒物濃度PM10每增加10μg/m3,腦卒中的住院率增加1%[32]。PM2.5的暴露可使帕金森病患者住院率顯著增加3.23%[33],同時(shí)也可導(dǎo)致高齡人群的思維和記憶力明顯下降[34]。大氣細(xì)顆粒物對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的毒性作用機(jī)制主要包括氧化應(yīng)激[35-36]、炎性反應(yīng)[37]、促凋亡[38-39]等機(jī)制。當(dāng)PM2.5經(jīng)肺部進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后,一方面由肺上皮細(xì)胞和肺巨噬細(xì)胞接觸并相互作用釋放出大量的細(xì)胞因子和ROS[14],ROS通過(guò)血腦屏障隨血液循環(huán)直接進(jìn)入大腦,引起腦細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化,造成腦組織內(nèi)氧化與抗氧化系統(tǒng)的平衡失調(diào),導(dǎo)致一系列神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的氧化損傷。另一方面,進(jìn)入腦組織的毒性物質(zhì),進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡及腦內(nèi)環(huán)境炎癥反應(yīng),進(jìn)而引發(fā)一系列神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展。
隨著生活水平的提高,代謝系統(tǒng)疾病逐漸浮出水面,其主要代表疾病是糖尿病,且有研究證實(shí)該病的發(fā)生發(fā)展與大氣污染存在相關(guān)性。Schneider等[40]研究表明暴露于PM2.5可引起青少年糖化血紅蛋白、血脂及血壓的改變,可增加糖尿病的發(fā)生機(jī)率和糖尿病患者的住院率。Yi等[41]以妊娠期糖尿病孕鼠作為研究對(duì)象,使其在孕期暴露于低劑量的PM2.5中,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)暴露組孕鼠及胎鼠體重的增加明顯低于對(duì)照組,且該組大鼠胰腺病理已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變,血中單核細(xì)胞數(shù)、血小板數(shù)及IL-6表達(dá)水平明顯升高,胰腺組織勻漿中谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶(GSH-Px)顯著降低,胰腺葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)酶2(GLUT2)表達(dá)顯著降低,而丙二醛(MDA)表達(dá)增加,最終導(dǎo)致血糖明顯升高,其機(jī)制主要與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和炎性反應(yīng)相關(guān)。Requia等[42]對(duì)2007年至2014年間加拿大的117個(gè)衛(wèi)生區(qū)域進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5與糖尿病密切相關(guān),當(dāng)PM2.5濃度2年增加10μg/m3時(shí),糖尿病發(fā)病率增加5.34%(95%CI:2.28%~12.53%)。最近的一個(gè)Meta分析顯示,PM2.5長(zhǎng)期暴露與2型糖尿病發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān)(RR=1.25,95%CI:1.10~1.43),長(zhǎng)期暴露期間 PM2.5每增加 10 μg/m3,2型糖尿病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將增加25%[43]。
近年來(lái),隨著對(duì)PM2.5研究的不斷深入,PM2.5對(duì)生殖系統(tǒng)影響的研究也不斷增加。有研究表明,PM2.5及其成分可增加低出生體重、早產(chǎn)、精子質(zhì)量下降等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[44]。無(wú)論長(zhǎng)期或短期PM2.5暴露均可能危害女性囊胚期各細(xì)胞系的組成比例,從而影響胚胎發(fā)育[45]。Burris等[46]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胎兒生長(zhǎng)受限可能與PM2.5存在相關(guān)性,主要機(jī)制可能與DNA甲基化異常而導(dǎo)致相關(guān)蛋白差異性表達(dá)有關(guān)。Cao等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PM2.5暴露可破壞男性血睪屏障,引起睪丸組織內(nèi)精子發(fā)生標(biāo)志物表達(dá)降低,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和表達(dá)水平升高,同時(shí)緊密連接、黏附連接和縫隙連接蛋白的表達(dá)下降,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致生精能力及精子質(zhì)量的下降,最終引起男性生殖功能的損傷;同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用PM2.5處理支持細(xì)胞(Sertolicells)發(fā)現(xiàn)其SOD表達(dá)及細(xì)胞凋亡比例明顯增加。Wu等[48]對(duì)PM2.5暴露與中國(guó)男性精液質(zhì)量的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,也證實(shí)了在精子發(fā)育期間PM2.5暴露對(duì)其質(zhì)量,尤其是在精子濃度和數(shù)量方面存在不利影響。PM2.5對(duì)妊娠期的影響包括多個(gè)方面,包括流產(chǎn)、死胎、低出生體重、胎膜早破、出生缺陷[49-53]等,其機(jī)制主要與遺傳毒性損傷作用、內(nèi)皮損害致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常、氧化應(yīng)激等有關(guān)。
目前泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)生率不斷增加,隨著研究的不斷深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)PM2.5對(duì)腎臟的損傷也不容小覷。劉曉莉等[54]用不同濃度的PM2.5染毒大鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)PM2.5毒性作用后,大鼠腎臟的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力及SOD/TBARS比值均較對(duì)照組降低,且具有劑量-效應(yīng)關(guān)系。蘇瑞軍等[55]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PM2.5可引起腎臟重量減輕,同時(shí)可致IL-1β、COX-2、NF-κB 等 炎癥因子 表 達(dá)升高。Aztatzi-Aguilar等[56]研究表明 PM2.5的暴露可致血管緊張素/緩激肽系統(tǒng)、氧化-抗氧化、免疫系統(tǒng)失衡,進(jìn)而引起腎臟早期損傷。有研究報(bào)道成年及老年人腎功能的下降與長(zhǎng)期PM2.5的暴露有關(guān)[57-58]。Xu等[59]研究表明長(zhǎng)期暴露于高濃度的PM2.5的環(huán)境中可增加膜性腎病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,PM2.5暴露對(duì)機(jī)體呼吸系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、代謝系統(tǒng)、生殖系統(tǒng)、泌尿系統(tǒng)均有不利影響,其多在氧化應(yīng)激及炎性反應(yīng)等方面起毒性作用。但PM2.5的作用成分及其作用機(jī)體的具體機(jī)制尚不十分清楚,因此需要進(jìn)一步深入研究,如在PM2.5導(dǎo)致機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥損傷等方面的研究,為臨床治療提供理論依據(jù)。目前我國(guó)仍處于工業(yè)化和城市化的過(guò)渡階段,正面臨著嚴(yán)重的空氣污染問(wèn)題。對(duì)于免疫力低下、具有基礎(chǔ)疾病、老人、孕婦、兒童等群體,其對(duì)PM2.5的抵御能力遠(yuǎn)不如成人健康人群,因此,政府應(yīng)采取更多有力措施來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)大氣污染,以減少PM2.5的暴露。同時(shí),應(yīng)加強(qiáng)全民對(duì)空氣污染的防護(hù)意識(shí),減少日常生活中不必要的接觸,盡量避免暴露于PM2.5的環(huán)境中。
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