隋勇+施建斌+蔡沙
摘要:退黑素(Melatonin)是由松果體分泌的一種吲哚類激素。研究表明,退黑素具有改善睡眠、抗氧化、抗衰老、改善神經(jīng)退行性疾病、鎮(zhèn)痛、維持口腔健康等多種生理功能。對退黑素的生理功能研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:退黑素(Melatonin);生理功能;睡眠;抗氧化
中圖分類號:Q576 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:0439-8114(2018)02-0009-05
DOI:10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2018.02.002
Abstract: Melatonin is a kind of indole hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Studies showed that melatonin exhibits many biological functions, such as improving sleep efficiency, anti-oxidation, anti-aging, ameliorating neurodegenerative diseases, easing pain, maintaining oral health, and the research advances on the functions were summarized.
Key words: melatonin; biological functions; sleep; anti-oxidation
退黑素(Melatonin)學(xué)名為N-乙酰-5-甲氧基色胺,主要是由脊椎動物松果體分泌的一種吲哚類激素[1]。松果體是人類與外界環(huán)境和諧相處的靈敏調(diào)節(jié)器,它通過分泌退黑素來控制機體的生物時鐘。光線會抑制退黑素的產(chǎn)生,松果體分泌退黑素也受日夜交替的支配,白天下降,夜間則升高,且夜間的分泌量為白天的10倍[2]。除了哺乳動物的松果體,在燕麥、甜玉米、大麥、白羽扁豆、櫻桃、葡萄、香蕉等植物食品中也發(fā)現(xiàn)含有退黑素[3-6],且一些藥用植物中的退黑素含量也很高,如貫葉連翹、鉤藤、小白菊、地丁、黃芩、桑葉、黃柏、桑白皮等[7]。研究表明,退黑素具有調(diào)節(jié)睡眠、抗氧化、改善神經(jīng)退行性疾病、鎮(zhèn)痛、維持口腔健康、抗腫瘤等生理功能,本文主要對退黑素生理功能研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述。
1 退黑素的生理功能
1.1 退黑素與睡眠
人體內(nèi)退黑素分泌呈晝低夜高周期性變化,主要是由環(huán)境光線的明暗所調(diào)節(jié)。動物試驗證明,如果切斷視神經(jīng)或持續(xù)光照,均會影響退黑素分泌的周期變化,使體內(nèi)生物鐘失靈[8]。正因為退黑素是調(diào)節(jié)人體生物鐘的活性物質(zhì),所以調(diào)節(jié)睡眠是退黑素最基本的功能[9]。退黑素的分泌量還與年齡有關(guān),中老年人體內(nèi)分泌的退黑素普遍下降,導(dǎo)致其存在睡眠障礙,表現(xiàn)為睡眠時間短、睡眠質(zhì)量差和清晨極早醒或半夜醒來很難再入睡等現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致睡眠節(jié)律和多個系統(tǒng)功能紊亂[10]。何荊貴等[11]將41例原發(fā)性失眠患者分成兩組在睡前1 h分別服用6 mg退黑素和安慰劑6個月,退黑素組患者的睡眠時間和睡眠效率均顯著優(yōu)于安慰劑組,結(jié)果表明,口服外源性退黑素具有改善老年原發(fā)性失眠患者睡眠的作用。Schaefer等[12]給睡眠行為障礙患者每天服用2 mg緩釋型退黑素,能夠顯著改善睡眠行為障礙患者的睡眠質(zhì)量。Rondannelli等[13]和Lemoine等[14]的研究也都證實了攝入外源退黑素能夠顯著改善失眠患者的睡眠質(zhì)量,且無不良反應(yīng)。
通過服用退黑素改善與年齡增長相關(guān)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病患者的睡眠質(zhì)量,從而延緩疾病的發(fā)生越來越受到廣泛關(guān)注。研究表明,睡眠覺醒周期失衡也被認(rèn)為是阿爾茨海默癥的致病原因和發(fā)病標(biāo)志,老年癡呆患者比同齡人存在更嚴(yán)重的睡眠覺醒周期失衡,表現(xiàn)為夜間的頻繁躁動和白天的嗜睡[15,16]。帕金森氏癥也是一種典型的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,此病患者也經(jīng)常伴有睡眠覺醒障礙[17]。退黑素具有很好的調(diào)節(jié)睡眠和保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的功效,通過調(diào)節(jié)睡眠來改善阿爾茨海默癥和帕金森氏癥患者的睡眠覺醒周期,延緩疾病的惡化可能成為治療這類疾病的有效途徑[18,19]。自閉癥譜系病是一種嚴(yán)重的精神致殘疾病,此類患者也會經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙。研究表明退黑素的存在可以有效緩解自閉癥譜系病患者的睡眠障礙,而且?guī)缀鯖]有副作用[20-22]。
1.2 退黑素的抗氧化和抗衰老活性
自由基學(xué)說是現(xiàn)在被普遍接受的一種衰老機制學(xué)說。由電子傳遞鏈產(chǎn)生的最基本和最大量的活性氧自由基是超氧陰離子,它可以通過一些途徑生成破壞性很強的羥基自由基和過氧亞硝基陰離子自由基[23]。研究證實,各種活性氧自由基可以引起或加劇腫瘤、艾滋病、哮喘、心臟病、高血壓、白內(nèi)障、黃斑變性、潰瘍病、老年癡呆、帕金森病、類風(fēng)濕病等疾病[24]。
自然界中存在許多天然活性物質(zhì)具有清除自由基的活性,而退黑素是目前已知抗氧化活性很強的物質(zhì)。研究表明,退黑素能夠清除羥基自由基、羰基自由基等活性氧自由基及一些活性氮自由基,還能通過激發(fā)抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶等)的生物合成和谷胱甘肽水平的增加來提高細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力[25]。此外,退黑素能夠維持細(xì)胞線粒體動態(tài)平衡,減少自由基的產(chǎn)生,保護(hù)線粒體ATP的合成[26]。Lopez-Burillo等[27]研究了不同抗氧化劑對CrCl3和H2O2誘導(dǎo)DNA氧化損傷的保護(hù)作用,與黃尿酸、白藜蘆醇、EGCG、維生素C、硫辛酸相比,退黑素具有最低的IC50值,顯示其具有最強的清除自由基的能力。Khaldy等[28]比較了退黑素、去甲腎上腺素、維生素E和維生素C在抑制多巴胺氧化過程中對羥基自由基的消除效果,結(jié)果表明退黑素具有最強的抑制多巴胺自氧化效果。Mehrzadi等[29]研究了退黑素對過氧化氫凋亡模型骨髓間質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的影響,結(jié)果顯示退黑素降低了活性氧自由基的產(chǎn)生,同時增加了超氧化物歧化酶、過氧化氫酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量,細(xì)胞中炎性細(xì)胞因子分泌明顯減少,細(xì)胞的存活力顯著增加。endprint
免疫衰老表現(xiàn)為免疫功能隨年齡的增長而下降,主要是由NK細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞等功能的退化導(dǎo)致。免疫衰老使得各器官更容易發(fā)生感染,引發(fā)免疫系統(tǒng)疾病甚至癌癥。研究表明,抗氧化系統(tǒng)失衡和自由基積累導(dǎo)致的氧化應(yīng)激是誘導(dǎo)免疫衰老的根本原因,退黑素作為一種強抗氧化劑能清除體內(nèi)的活性氧自由基,降低氧化應(yīng)激,從而延緩免疫衰老[30]。卵巢衰老表現(xiàn)為卵母細(xì)胞數(shù)量和質(zhì)量逐漸下降,給予雌性ICR小鼠含退黑素的水(100 g/mL)33周可顯著延緩卵母細(xì)胞衰老,其機制包含抗氧化作用,維持端粒和核糖體功能以及減少自噬等[31]。
1.3 退黑素改善神經(jīng)退行性疾病
老年人群體內(nèi)退黑素的降低被認(rèn)為是導(dǎo)致與年齡相關(guān)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病的主要原因,這些疾病包括阿爾茨海默癥、帕金森氏癥、肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥、亨廷頓氏病、中風(fēng)和腦外傷等[32,33]。攝入外源退黑素除了通過改善神經(jīng)退行疾病患者的睡眠質(zhì)量來抑制疾病惡化,還能夠通過清除自由基、抑制神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡等途徑延緩疾病的發(fā)生。
阿爾茨海默癥又稱為老年癡呆,是大腦皮質(zhì)的一種神經(jīng)退行性疾病,臨床以大腦皮質(zhì)獲得性高級功能受損以及癡呆為主要特征,主要包括學(xué)習(xí)能力、記憶能力、判斷能力、感知能力等方面的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷以及性格改變和情感反應(yīng)障礙[34]。研究表明,自由基損傷、Aβ淀粉樣蛋白沉積、tau蛋白磷酸化、睡眠覺醒周期失衡、突觸功能障礙、炎癥和免疫、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)遞質(zhì)代謝障礙、金屬離子失衡、鈣平衡失調(diào)、內(nèi)分泌失調(diào)等因素都可能會引發(fā)老年癡呆[35]。細(xì)胞線粒體失衡導(dǎo)致病理性氧化物的形成被認(rèn)為與老年癡呆的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),因此服用合適的抗氧化劑可能是預(yù)防和治療老年癡呆的有效途徑[36]。研究表明,退黑素作為一種重要的內(nèi)源性抗氧化激素,能夠通過血腦屏障,提高腦組織抗氧化系統(tǒng)活性,清除自由基,抑制Aβ淀粉樣蛋白的形成,通過對異丙腎上腺素導(dǎo)致的大鼠海馬tau蛋白過度磷酸化和空間記憶損傷發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶[37]。通過給大鼠持續(xù)的光照使其血液中的退黑素水平處于抑制狀態(tài)會導(dǎo)致大鼠產(chǎn)生一系列類似老年癡呆的表現(xiàn)和神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化,且內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)增加也會導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)突觸發(fā)生氧化損傷和細(xì)胞器病變,所有這些自由基導(dǎo)致的氧化損傷都能通過給予適量的退黑素得到緩解[38]。此外,退黑素還能通過清除由Aβ淀粉樣蛋白釋放的自由基來降低培養(yǎng)的神經(jīng)母瘤細(xì)胞的脂質(zhì)過氧化水平[39]。
帕金森氏癥的發(fā)生也與腦組織自由基的大量產(chǎn)生和氧化應(yīng)激密切相關(guān),且病情會隨著大腦的老化而越來越嚴(yán)重。此外,帕金森氏癥患者腦組織谷胱甘肽水平下降,脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)和鐵離子含量增加,且增加鐵離子可以促進(jìn)Fenton反應(yīng),增加羥基自由基的形成而加劇自由基損傷[40],退黑素能夠有效地清除羥基自由基,延緩帕金森氏癥的惡化。研究表明,細(xì)胞骨架的異常組成也是神經(jīng)變性疾病的發(fā)病機制,退黑素能夠有效地促進(jìn)細(xì)胞骨架重排,因而對包括帕金森氏癥在內(nèi)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病具有潛在的治療價值[41,42]。
肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥也是一種典型的神經(jīng)退行性疾病,表現(xiàn)為脊髓和前角大腦皮層運動神經(jīng)元的逐漸退化,運動神經(jīng)元的功能障礙和過早死亡導(dǎo)致痙攣、反射亢進(jìn)、肌肉萎縮和麻痹[43]。Weishaupt等[44]研究了退黑素對肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥遺傳小鼠和31例肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥病人神經(jīng)損傷的改善作用,口服退黑素的小鼠能夠?qū)⑿∈蟮募膊∵M(jìn)展延遲25%,并能顯著延長生存時間,肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥患者每天口服5 mg/kg退黑素2~24個月,能夠顯著修復(fù)神經(jīng)損傷,改善睡眠質(zhì)量。Zhang等[45]的研究也得到了類似的結(jié)論,退黑素通過抑制線粒體中細(xì)胞色素c的釋放阻止神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞死亡,顯著延遲了肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥小鼠的發(fā)病進(jìn)程。
1.4 退黑素的鎮(zhèn)痛功效
研究表明,退黑素還具有鎮(zhèn)痛的功效,動物試驗和臨床數(shù)據(jù)都驗證了這一結(jié)論。退黑素對于一些慢性病引起的疼痛,如炎性腸疾病、偏頭疼等,都具有潛在的緩解作用[46]。采用大鼠作為試驗動物,給它們電擊刺激或者熱刺激,記錄它們的耐受時間,結(jié)果表明腹腔注射退黑素的大鼠耐受時間明顯延長,且存在量效關(guān)系[47]。在一項以40位患炎性腸疾病的病人為研究對象的試驗中,發(fā)現(xiàn)口服3 mg退黑素2周,患者腹部和結(jié)腸的疼痛感明顯減弱[48]。Stefani等[49]研究了61例健康受試者口服退黑素對壓力和熱痛閾值和耐受性的影響,結(jié)果表明血漿退黑素濃度與疼痛閾值和耐受程度存在顯著相關(guān)性。此外,退黑素對外科手術(shù)患者也具有顯著的鎮(zhèn)痛和抗焦慮作用,以及在人類炎性疼痛模型和燒傷模型中的止痛和抗痛覺過敏作用,但外源攝入最佳劑量、給藥時間和給藥途徑還有待進(jìn)一步研究[50]。
1.5 退黑素與口腔健康
人的唾液腺及分泌的唾液中也含有退黑素。研究表明,唾液中的退黑素具有抑制口腔疾病的功效,如牙周炎、皰疹、口腔癌等,而且退黑素保護(hù)口腔組織免受損傷與其受體密切相關(guān)[51]。也有文獻(xiàn)報道,退黑素能夠顯著降低牙齒修復(fù)材料中丙烯酸酯單體的細(xì)胞毒性和基因毒性,而對牙齒修復(fù)材料的粘合強度沒有影響[52]。李吉國[53]研究了退黑素對牙髓炎模型大鼠的干預(yù)作用,結(jié)果表明退黑素通過下調(diào)細(xì)胞中TLR4、NF-κB信號通路的表達(dá),降低炎性因子水平,抑制人牙髓成纖維細(xì)胞炎癥過程。
1.6 退黑素的其他生理功能
基于退黑素的抗氧化活性以及清除自由基、抑制DNA損傷的生理功能,對退黑素抗腫瘤、保護(hù)心血管、保護(hù)視力、抑制糖尿病的研究也多見報端。退黑素通過清除自由基,可有效防止氧化性DNA損傷導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)生,還可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,起到抗腫瘤的效果[54-56]。退黑素還可以通過減少脂質(zhì)過氧化,減緩動脈粥樣硬化形成,保護(hù)心血管[57,58]。醫(yī)學(xué)上認(rèn)為黃斑退化可能是因自由基損傷所致,退黑素是強有力的抗氧化劑,通過清除自由基和提高鋅活力,防止黃斑退化和視網(wǎng)膜剝離,同時通過改善睡眠也可達(dá)到護(hù)眼的作用[59]。在由Ⅱ型糖尿病導(dǎo)致糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變實驗?zāi)P椭?,發(fā)現(xiàn)退黑素能夠抑制視網(wǎng)膜過氧化氫酶的活性下降,保護(hù)視網(wǎng)膜[60]。短期服用緩釋退黑素能夠改善Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的睡眠質(zhì)量,而不影響糖類和脂肪的代謝,長期服用緩釋退黑素對糖化血紅蛋白存在有益作用,提示退黑素能夠改善血糖控制[61]。endprint
2 小結(jié)與展望
退黑素是由脊椎動物松果體分泌的一種吲哚類內(nèi)源性激素,自20世紀(jì)50年代被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,一直是科學(xué)界關(guān)注的熱點。早期研究證實了退黑素具有改善睡眠、延緩衰老等生理功能,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)退黑素及其代謝產(chǎn)物能夠清除體內(nèi)的活性氧自由基,具有很強的抗氧化活性?;诟纳扑吆涂寡趸钚?,退黑素對神經(jīng)退行性疾病、慢性代謝疾病、癌癥等的改善和治療效果得到了廣泛驗證。
盡管研究表明退黑素具有多種生理功能,但國內(nèi)外僅將其作為改善睡眠的功效成分用于功能食品中。對于退黑素多種生理活性的研究還停留在體外試驗、動物試驗和少量樣本的臨床試驗,限制了其在臨床上的適用范圍。對退黑素與疾病、膜受體之間的關(guān)系以及退黑素多通路發(fā)揮作用機制尚不清楚,還需進(jìn)一步研究。此外,退黑素與其他功效成分協(xié)同發(fā)揮作用的效果和途徑也值得關(guān)注。隨著人們對退黑素生理功能的研究不斷深入,未來將進(jìn)一步提升退黑素在臨床和功能食品中的應(yīng)用價值。
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