文 / 李 健
合同是當事人共同自由意思的表達。FIDIC 1999版Contract for Construction 中有“Parties and Persons”條款,中國《建設(shè)工程施工合同(示范文本)》(GF—2017—0201)也列有“合同當事人及其他相關(guān)方”條款。下面討論對“Parties當事人”的理解。
例 1—“Party” means the Employer or the Contractor, as the context requires. “Employer” means the person named as employer in the Appendix to Tender and the legal successors in title to this person. “Contractor” means the person(s) named as contractor in the Letter of Tender accepted by the Employer and the legal successors in title to this person(s). (1.1.2 Contract for Construction, FIDIC, 1999)
試譯:“當事人”是指業(yè)主或承包商,由上下文需要確定。“業(yè)主”是指在投標書附錄中稱作業(yè)主的人及取得其資格的合法繼受人?!俺邪獭笔侵冈诮?jīng)業(yè)主承諾的投標函中稱作承包商的人及取得其資格的合法繼受人。
例2—合同當事人:是指發(fā)包人和(或)承包人。發(fā)包人:是指與承包人簽訂合同協(xié)議書的當事人及取得該當事人資格的合法繼承人。承包人:是指與發(fā)包人簽訂合同協(xié)議書的,具有相應(yīng)工程施工承包資質(zhì)的當事人及取得該當事人資格的合法繼承人。(《建設(shè)工程施工合同(示范文本)》(GF—2017—0201), 1.1.2)
試譯 :“Party”to the Contract means the Contract Letting Party or the Contractor. “Contract Letting Party”means the person who signed the Contract Agreement with the Contractor, and the legal successors in title to this person. “Contractor” means the person who has the qualification to complete the Works and has signed the Contract Agreement with the Contract Letting Party, and the legal successors in title to this person.
點評
1.例1中, the Employer未譯成“雇主”,主要是考慮中國人看到“雇主”這個詞,更多地聯(lián)想雇主與雇員之間的雇傭關(guān)系,已脫離上下文意思;而譯成“業(yè)主”,中文“業(yè)”本身就有不動產(chǎn)(estate;property)的意思,實踐中“業(yè)主”也已廣為接受,the Employer對應(yīng)到中國法律中的“建設(shè)單位”時,往往是建設(shè)工程第一性的業(yè)主。the Contractor遵從習(xí)慣譯成“承包人”或“承包商”。倒是中國人喜歡采用對稱,如“發(fā)包人”“承包人”與“招標人”“投標人”就是兩組對稱詞?!罢袠巳恕薄巴稑巳恕睂ΨQ,譯成tenderee、tenderer,也是對稱,挺好。但要找到與Contractor對稱的英文詞,似乎不易。我采用了the Contract Letting Party 譯“發(fā)包人”,我甚至想用 the Contract Undertaking Party譯“承包人”,聊備參考。
2.例 1 中,the legal successors in title to this person 未譯成“財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)的合法繼承人”,而譯成“取得其資格的合法繼受人”。一是考慮中國人更傾向于在《繼承法》Law of inheritance或Law of succession意義上理解“繼承人”;事實上,successors譯成“繼受人”,就可方便地涵蓋《繼承法》以外其他情境中權(quán)利義務(wù)的繼受者,如《公司法》中經(jīng)分立、合并程序后產(chǎn)生的公司可依法繼受此前公司的權(quán)利義務(wù)。二是title譯成“財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)”是脫離上下文語境的:title作“財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)”理解時,其結(jié)構(gòu)為title to sth, to 后是物,而不是人,例 1 中 title to 后面恰恰接的是this person,是人,而不是物!可是,將此情形下的title錯譯成“財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)”還很普遍!“取得某人資格”才是title to sb的真實意思。
3.例1、例2都嚴格限定了當事人范圍,僅為Employer和Contractor,或發(fā)包人和承包人。例 1“Parties and Persons”條款中的Persons,和例2“合同當事人及其他相關(guān)方”中的“其他相關(guān)方”都不是建設(shè)工程合同的當事人。這符合英美法系和大陸法系合同法共同的基本原理—合同相對性原理doctrine of privity of contract。It provides that a contract cannot confer rights nor impose its obligations upon any person who is not a party to the contract, and that only parties to the contract should be able to sue to enforce their rights or claim damages thereunder. 它規(guī)定,合同不可以對非合同當事人授予權(quán)利或課以義務(wù),只有合同當事人才可以請求執(zhí)行合同權(quán)利或主張損害賠償。