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鹽度和飼料蛋白對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)及消化作用研究進(jìn)展

2018-01-29 15:13茍妮娜王開(kāi)鋒楊新成
關(guān)鍵詞:凡納濱消化酶對(duì)蝦

茍妮娜,王開(kāi)鋒,楊新成

(1.陜西省秦嶺珍稀瀕危動(dòng)物保育重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,陜西省動(dòng)物研究所,西安 710032; 2.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 圖書(shū)館,陜西楊凌 712100)

凡納濱對(duì)蝦(Litopenaeusvannamei)俗稱白肢蝦、白對(duì)蝦、萬(wàn)氏白蝦、南美白對(duì)蝦等,原產(chǎn)于太平洋沿岸厄瓜多爾水域,是當(dāng)今世界養(yǎng)殖蝦類產(chǎn)量最高的三大品種(斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦Penaeusmonodon、凡納濱對(duì)蝦Litopenaeusvannamei和中國(guó)對(duì)蝦Fenneropenaeuschinensis)之一。凡納濱對(duì)蝦正常體色為青灰色或淺青灰色,全身不具斑紋,殼薄體肥,分類上隸屬節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門(Arthropoda)、甲殼綱(Crustacea)、十足目(Decapoda)、游泳亞目(Natantia)、對(duì)蝦科(Penaeidae)、對(duì)蝦屬(Penaeus)、白對(duì)蝦亞屬(Litopenaeus)。

中國(guó)科學(xué)院海洋研究所1988年首次從美國(guó)夏威夷引進(jìn)凡納濱對(duì)蝦。自引進(jìn)以來(lái),因其具有生長(zhǎng)快、繁殖季節(jié)長(zhǎng)、適應(yīng)環(huán)境能力強(qiáng)、鹽度耐受范圍廣、肉味鮮美和加工出肉率高等特點(diǎn),其養(yǎng)殖面積和產(chǎn)量迅速增加,遍及全國(guó),成為中國(guó)水產(chǎn)甲殼類的主要養(yǎng)殖品種。對(duì)蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)是中國(guó)目前海水養(yǎng)殖中最具代表性的一項(xiàng)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。近年來(lái),對(duì)蝦的淡化養(yǎng)殖在美國(guó)、泰國(guó)等國(guó)家和地區(qū)發(fā)展迅速[1-2],也逐步成為中國(guó)內(nèi)陸?zhàn)B殖的一個(gè)亮點(diǎn),在許多省份甚至高海拔地區(qū)都獲得成功。

1 飼料蛋白

蛋白質(zhì)是生命的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是所有生物體的重要組成成分,在生命活動(dòng)中起重要作用。蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成對(duì)蝦機(jī)體的各種組織,是蝦體構(gòu)成新細(xì)胞和更新、修復(fù)舊細(xì)胞的主要物質(zhì),同時(shí)也是構(gòu)成酶和激素的重要成分。

蝦類對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)的需要量較高,約是哺乳動(dòng)物和鳥(niǎo)類的2~4倍[3],然而蝦類卻沒(méi)有把其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素轉(zhuǎn)化為蛋白質(zhì)的能力,所需蛋白質(zhì)全部來(lái)源于飼料。因此,飼料蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)蝦類起至關(guān)重要的作用。如果飼料中蛋白缺乏,可能會(huì)引起內(nèi)分泌失調(diào)、酶系統(tǒng)功能紊亂、活性物質(zhì)受到損壞等一系列的生理、生化障礙,嚴(yán)重影響蝦類生長(zhǎng)、繁殖,也會(huì)降低其消化、免疫機(jī)能[4-5]。而飼料中蛋白含量過(guò)多,不但不利于節(jié)約飼料成本,還會(huì)代謝產(chǎn)生大量的氨氮排泄物,對(duì)養(yǎng)殖水體造成負(fù)面影響。

1.1 蛋白需求量的研究概況

在集約化養(yǎng)殖中,對(duì)蝦飼料成本占總養(yǎng)殖成本的50%~60%[6]。蛋白質(zhì)是對(duì)蝦飼料中最主要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分且價(jià)格最為昂貴,所以蛋白質(zhì)的需求量是國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究的熱點(diǎn)。蛋白質(zhì)的需求量就是指用最低含量的蛋白質(zhì)既要滿足蝦體對(duì)氨基酸的需求,而且還要使蝦體達(dá)到最佳的生長(zhǎng)效果。Chen[7]報(bào)道斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦的蛋白需求量為40%~50%,Smith等[8]的研究認(rèn)為凡納濱對(duì)蝦幼體在海水中蛋白需求量應(yīng)大于36%,而李廣麗等[9]研究表明,凡納濱對(duì)蝦最適蛋白需求量為42.3%~44.1%。劉棟輝等[10]研究表明,當(dāng)鹽度為1‰~3‰時(shí),飼料蛋白水平應(yīng)維持在30%~40%,低于30%會(huì)對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生理功能造成損害,40%最為適宜;而劉立鶴等[11]認(rèn)為凡納濱對(duì)蝦飼料中的粗蛋白含量為36%時(shí),能提高蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化率以及有效地控制飼料成本。

影響對(duì)蝦飼料蛋白需求量的因素很多,主要包括蛋能比、蛋白品質(zhì)[12]、養(yǎng)殖對(duì)蝦的發(fā)育情況[13],以及水體的鹽度、溫度、溶氧等[14],試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)中不同的養(yǎng)殖條件導(dǎo)致對(duì)蝦的蛋白需求量不盡相同[15]。凡納濱對(duì)蝦的營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,關(guān)于飼料蛋白需求量的研究結(jié)果也存在一些差異。隨著凡納濱對(duì)蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,不同鹽度條件下凡納濱對(duì)蝦飼料蛋白需求量的研究開(kāi)始受到關(guān)注和重視,但尚未得到一致性的結(jié)論。

1.2 影響飼料蛋白需求量的主要因素

養(yǎng)殖水體鹽度影響對(duì)蝦飼料蛋白需求量。室外水槽養(yǎng)殖凡納濱對(duì)蝦試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,12‰鹽度試驗(yàn)組對(duì)蝦蛋白需求量為35%;而在46‰鹽度下,飼料蛋白水平45%試驗(yàn)組對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)率較高[16]。凡納濱對(duì)蝦幼蝦養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,鹽度為2‰和28‰時(shí),以酪蛋白和明膠為蛋白源,對(duì)蝦最適蛋白需求量分別為26.7%和33.0%[17]。研究表明,對(duì)蝦幼體生長(zhǎng)后期的蛋白需求量高于亞成體和成體,集約化與天然餌料存在的育苗系統(tǒng)中,對(duì)蝦幼體后期的蛋白需求量分別為40.55%和35%,對(duì)蝦蛋白需求量隨養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境的不同而產(chǎn)生變化[18]。

1.3 飼料中動(dòng)植物蛋白比

李二超等[19]探討3‰和22‰鹽度條件下,等氮等能的配合飼料對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)的影響,分別以魚(yú)粉和大豆為動(dòng)、植物蛋白源,設(shè)置6種不同動(dòng)植物蛋白比,養(yǎng)殖試驗(yàn)為期40 d。結(jié)果表明:22‰鹽度下,對(duì)蝦在全動(dòng)物蛋白飼料組和動(dòng)植物蛋白質(zhì)量比29∶8飼料組生長(zhǎng)最快,3‰鹽度下,對(duì)蝦在動(dòng)植物蛋白質(zhì)量比為14∶23的飼料組生長(zhǎng)最快。

2 鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦的影響

水產(chǎn)甲殼動(dòng)物的整個(gè)生活史都受到其所生活的水環(huán)境中生物因子和非生物因子的影響,有機(jī)體往往采取從個(gè)體、組織到分子水平的一系列適應(yīng)性調(diào)整,以適應(yīng)或提高其在變化了的環(huán)境條件下的存活和生長(zhǎng)需要[20]。鹽度是影響甲殼動(dòng)物生理反應(yīng)的重要因子之一,包括機(jī)體存活[21-23]、生長(zhǎng)[24-26]、新陳代謝[27-29]、蛻殼[30-31]、滲透調(diào)節(jié)[32-33]、營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求和相關(guān)酶活性的變化[34]等,不同鹽度下甲殼動(dòng)物表現(xiàn)出不同的適應(yīng)狀態(tài)。

2.1 生長(zhǎng)與存活

凡納濱對(duì)蝦能夠在0.5‰~45‰的鹽度條件下存活、生長(zhǎng)[35],屬?gòu)V鹽性蝦類。關(guān)于鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)和存活影響的研究主要集中在最適宜鹽度的探求,但結(jié)果卻不盡相同。研究表明,不同的試驗(yàn)條件下,凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)的最適鹽度分別為4‰~8‰[36],2‰~8‰[37]和30‰[38],而當(dāng)環(huán)境鹽度為33‰~40‰時(shí),對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)速度不會(huì)顯著降低[39]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),凡納濱對(duì)蝦感染IHHN病毒時(shí),鹽度為5‰和15‰試驗(yàn)組生長(zhǎng)速度優(yōu)于其他鹽度組[40]。作為最重要的環(huán)境因子之一,鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦的生長(zhǎng)、成活、肥滿度和灰分含量均有顯著影響,中(22‰)、高(32‰)鹽度組的體質(zhì)量增加率、特定增長(zhǎng)率均顯著高于低(2‰)鹽度組[41]。

臧維玲等[42]研究表明,淡水注入與海水排出同時(shí)進(jìn)行的水質(zhì)淡化處理方式更加有利于凡納濱對(duì)蝦幼蝦的生長(zhǎng),對(duì)蝦成活率較高,死亡率僅5.0%。廖永巖等[43]研究表明,淡化速度和淡化梯度的設(shè)置不同,凡納濱對(duì)蝦幼體存活率不同??赡芘c適應(yīng)水體鹽度的時(shí)間、范圍以及個(gè)體大小、發(fā)育階段和餌料種類的不同有關(guān)。凡納濱對(duì)蝦能適應(yīng)鹽度極低的水域,20世紀(jì)90年代開(kāi)始興起低鹽度水體養(yǎng)殖凡納濱對(duì)蝦,隨著對(duì)蝦淡化養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)的不斷成熟,淡養(yǎng)凡納濱對(duì)蝦逐步形成集約工廠化規(guī)模。淡養(yǎng)凡納濱對(duì)蝦技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)與利用,也使內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)取得進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。凡納濱對(duì)蝦通過(guò)血淋巴的滲透調(diào)節(jié)和離子調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)適應(yīng)外界環(huán)境鹽度的變化,具有雙重性:在較低的鹽度條件下需要攝取足夠的鹽分,排掉多余的水分;而在高鹽度下,凡納濱對(duì)蝦需將體內(nèi)多余的鹽分排出體外,保持體內(nèi)的正常水分。

中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦屬?gòu)V鹽性蝦類,可以在15‰~30‰的鹽度范圍內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)[23]。研究表明,低鹽或等滲點(diǎn)附近的鹽度有利于對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)[44-47]。張碩等[48]通過(guò)研究中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦在不同鹽度下的能量收支情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)其最適生長(zhǎng)鹽度為20‰,此時(shí)體質(zhì)量增加率最大。不同鹽度波動(dòng)幅度對(duì)中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦稚蝦生長(zhǎng)影響的試驗(yàn)表明,鹽度為20‰時(shí), 4‰的變動(dòng)幅度可以促進(jìn)對(duì)蝦的生長(zhǎng)[49]。斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦屬?gòu)V鹽性蝦類[50],其成蝦耐受低鹽能力比幼蝦差,適宜鹽度為10‰~35‰[51-52]。當(dāng)鹽度為30‰時(shí),96 h半致死濃度的pH為5.19,鹽度為32‰時(shí)pH為3.17,隨著鹽度和pH增加,斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)受到抑制[53]。日本囊對(duì)蝦(Marsupenaeusjaponicus)適宜在高鹽度環(huán)境下生長(zhǎng)[54],關(guān)于其最適宜鹽度,研究者觀點(diǎn)不一,有的認(rèn)為是23‰~47‰[55],有的認(rèn)為是15‰~35‰[56-58],有的認(rèn)為是6.2‰~26.9‰[59],目前該種類的低鹽度養(yǎng)殖正在興起[60]。

2.2 鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求的影響

早期有關(guān)凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求的研究主要集中在最適鹽度范圍附近進(jìn)行,而在不同鹽度下或者低鹽度下有針對(duì)性的關(guān)于凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求的研究卻鮮有報(bào)道。近年來(lái),由于凡納濱對(duì)蝦內(nèi)陸淡化養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)的拓展,相關(guān)的研究逐漸開(kāi)始報(bào)道。對(duì)蝦體內(nèi)的有機(jī)物是從飼料中攝取,并在組織細(xì)胞中合成,當(dāng)養(yǎng)殖水體鹽度發(fā)生改變時(shí),這些物質(zhì)會(huì)被消耗,用于維持機(jī)體的穩(wěn)態(tài)以及適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化[61]。飼料蛋白質(zhì)是對(duì)蝦氨基酸的主要來(lái)源,且很多氨基酸被大量用于調(diào)節(jié)滲透壓提供能量。黃凱等[62]研究表明,水體鹽度為2‰和28‰時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦最適餌料蛋白需求水平分別為26.7%和33.0%。王興強(qiáng)等[63]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水體鹽度為0.5‰時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦的存活率隨蛋白質(zhì)水平升高而下降。劉棟輝等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),水體鹽度為(1‰~3‰)時(shí),攝食低于30%蛋白含量的飼料會(huì)導(dǎo)致凡納濱對(duì)蝦發(fā)生生理病變,綜合其他因素,凡納濱對(duì)蝦的蛋白需求量不能低于40%。

另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鹽度和飼料動(dòng)植物蛋白比對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦體質(zhì)量增加率、成活率和肝體指數(shù)存在顯著交互作用。水體鹽度分別為3‰和22‰時(shí),最適合凡納濱對(duì)蝦的飼料動(dòng)植物蛋白比分別為29.12∶7.79~30.29∶6.71和26.05∶10.95~29.03∶7.44[19]。之所以會(huì)產(chǎn)生這樣不同的研究結(jié)果,可能與實(shí)際的養(yǎng)殖條件和環(huán)境、試驗(yàn)對(duì)蝦的發(fā)育階段以及所使用的餌料配比有關(guān)。凡納濱對(duì)蝦在低鹽度環(huán)境下,首先要面臨體內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)滲透壓的主要離子的損失。低鹽度水體養(yǎng)殖凡納濱對(duì)蝦時(shí),餌料中礦物元素的含量發(fā)揮重要作用。黃凱等[62]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鈣、磷兩種元素對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦的生長(zhǎng)、存活率和餌料系數(shù)存在交互作用,對(duì)蝦飼料中鈣適宜的添加量為0.8%,磷適宜的添加量為 1.2%。王興強(qiáng)等[63]研究表明,水體鹽度為2‰時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦飼料中鈣、磷含量分別為1%和2%時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)受到抑制。關(guān)于飼料中鈣、磷需求量的試驗(yàn)得出,凡納濱對(duì)蝦飼料中鈣的需求量為0.77%,磷的需求量為0.93%[64]。除鈣、磷外,飼料中鉀和鎂等礦物質(zhì)的添加也有學(xué)者關(guān)注[65],然而并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行定量研究。從以上分析可以得出,雖然關(guān)于凡納濱對(duì)蝦的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求已經(jīng)得到較全面研究,但是針對(duì)于不同養(yǎng)殖鹽度,尤其是低鹽度這樣一個(gè)新環(huán)境的有針對(duì)性的研究尚十分缺乏,有待進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展全面性的研究工作。

2.3 鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦抗逆能力的影響

鹽度是影響對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)和存活的主要環(huán)境因子。對(duì)蝦可以根據(jù)水體的鹽度調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)的滲透壓,使其與外界的滲透壓一致,但是這種調(diào)節(jié)有一定限制。當(dāng)內(nèi)外滲透壓差過(guò)大時(shí),會(huì)消耗大量的能量來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)滲透壓。這必會(huì)影響對(duì)蝦的生理功能,造成生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育緩慢、抵抗力減弱、生理紊亂等,嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)造成死亡[66]。因此,鹽度的改變作為一種外源刺激和環(huán)境脅迫因子可以引起對(duì)蝦相關(guān)免疫指標(biāo)及機(jī)體抵抗力的變化。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),凡納濱對(duì)蝦的免疫和抗逆能力與養(yǎng)殖水體的鹽度直接相關(guān)。不同鹽度條件下,水環(huán)境中氨氮和亞硝酸鹽對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦影響的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蝦體對(duì)中氨氮和亞硝酸鹽的耐受性均隨水體鹽度下降而降低[67],然而試驗(yàn)設(shè)置的最低鹽度水平為15‰,更低鹽度水平下蝦體的耐受性如何,有待進(jìn)一步研究。水體鹽度急劇下降時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦對(duì)副溶血弧菌的敏感性升高,而血清一氧化氮合酶活性顯著降低[68]。沈麗瓊等[69]研究表明,養(yǎng)殖水體鹽度為15‰~25‰時(shí),凡納濱對(duì)蝦抗菌、溶菌活力最高;水體鹽度降至5‰~10‰時(shí),對(duì)蝦溶菌活力下降明顯,血細(xì)胞密度也降低;水體鹽度為5‰時(shí),蝦體耐低氧能力顯著降低。葉建生等[70]通過(guò)鹽度突變(由高到低)對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦非特異性免疫因子影響的研究表明,鹽度突變組酚氧化酶(PO) 活力顯著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性則顯著降低??偠灾?,低鹽度下凡納濱對(duì)蝦的免疫力和對(duì)外界病原菌及毒性物質(zhì)的抗性均低于高鹽度下的凡納濱對(duì)蝦。

3 蝦類消化系統(tǒng)

3.1 消化系統(tǒng)和消化道

凡納濱對(duì)蝦的消化系統(tǒng)包括消化道和消化腺。消化道由口器、食道、胃、中腸、中腸前、后盲腸囊、后腸和肛門組成;肝胰腺是主要的消化腺。

3.2 消化酶

酶是催化生化反應(yīng)的一類特殊蛋白質(zhì),在生物體內(nèi)起著獨(dú)特和關(guān)鍵的作用。是激發(fā)生物體代謝反應(yīng)的高效催化劑。消化酶是目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的一類酶,是動(dòng)物消化器官分泌的消化餌料養(yǎng)分的酶[71]。在其催化作用下,糖類轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閱翁?,脂肪轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦视秃椭舅?,蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘被?。消化酶依?jù)消化對(duì)象的不同,大致可劃分為蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纖維素酶等幾種。蛋白酶能將食物中的蛋白質(zhì)水解為氨基酸,在蛋白質(zhì)的消化過(guò)程中起重要作用,其中包括胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶。餌料營(yíng)養(yǎng)和養(yǎng)殖水體環(huán)境(鹽度、pH、和Ca2+濃度)等因素都會(huì)對(duì)胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力造成不同程度影響[72]。餌料中淀粉的消化和吸收利用主要是依靠對(duì)蝦體內(nèi)的淀粉酶。餌料中添加少量的纖維素不但能夠減緩食物通過(guò)腸道的速度,而且對(duì)腸胃有一定刺激作用,加速胃腸蠕動(dòng),提高腸道吸收效率。然而甲殼動(dòng)物體內(nèi)是否存在纖維素酶,目前未有定論。于書(shū)坤等[73]研究表明,肉食性甲殼動(dòng)物消化道中的纖維素酶不具備功能性,表現(xiàn)出退化的痕跡;而濾食性和雜食性甲殼動(dòng)物的腸道微生物能夠產(chǎn)生纖維素酶。有關(guān)甲殼動(dòng)物消化酶的研究已有較長(zhǎng)歷史,且大多工作集中于蝦類。很多學(xué)者對(duì)蝦類消化酶方面進(jìn)行研究,主要包括各種消化酶在個(gè)體不同發(fā)育階段[74],食性和飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成以及不同季節(jié)和饑餓程度對(duì)其消化酶活性的影響[75]。

國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者針對(duì)中國(guó)對(duì)蝦的消化酶方面進(jìn)行一系列研究,主要包括不同生長(zhǎng)階段消化酶活性變化情況,維生素、溫度和飼料蛋白水平等因素對(duì)消化酶活性的影響[76-82],結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)飼料中蛋白質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為30%~50%時(shí),中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦的蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力隨蛋白質(zhì)含量增加而升高,當(dāng)飼料蛋白質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高于50%時(shí),酶活力下降。

王淑紅等[83]對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦幼體消化酶活力進(jìn)行初步研究,對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦蛋白酶的研究表明,飼料蛋白質(zhì)的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為30%時(shí),試驗(yàn)蝦的蛋白酶活力最高,大于或小于此蛋白質(zhì)含量時(shí),消化酶活力均下降[76]。作為中國(guó)主要的養(yǎng)殖蝦類,凡納濱對(duì)蝦在淡水和海水養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中都占有重要地位。關(guān)于養(yǎng)殖水體鹽度對(duì)其消化酶活性的影響方面,黃凱等[84]報(bào)道短期馴養(yǎng)條件下,凡納濱對(duì)蝦消化酶活性受鹽度影響的變化情況。

關(guān)于消化酶方面的研究,國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道較多是在個(gè)體發(fā)育過(guò)程中不同發(fā)育階段消化酶活力[85]的變化及消化酶對(duì)餌料組成的適應(yīng),而對(duì)環(huán)境因子影響消化酶活力的研究較少,主要為關(guān)于消化酶最適溫度和最適pH的研究[76,79,86-87]。關(guān)于對(duì)蝦主要消化酶最適溫度,中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦肝胰腺胰蛋白酶最適溫度為47 ℃左右,淀粉酶在37 ℃左右[73]。消化酶最適pH的研究多數(shù)是關(guān)于魚(yú)類的報(bào)道。關(guān)于對(duì)蝦消化酶最適pH,于書(shū)坤等[73]報(bào)道中國(guó)明對(duì)蝦淀粉酶的最適pH為5~6;沈文英等[86]報(bào)道凡納濱對(duì)蝦胃蛋白酶最適pH為2.0和5.0~6.5,肝胰腺和腸蛋白酶的適宜pH為7.5~9.0。影響消化酶活力的環(huán)境因子中,除溫度和pH外,鹽度、水體溶氧量等也是重要的因子。胡賢德等[88]研究結(jié)果表明,對(duì)蝦消化道蛋白酶活力隨水體溶氧量改變而變化,且存在一定規(guī)律。蝦體對(duì)餌料營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的消化吸收,主要依靠體內(nèi)的各種消化酶共同作用,消化酶活力的大小在一定程度上決定蝦類的餌料利用率和特定生長(zhǎng)率。作為蝦體消化生理功能的一項(xiàng)重要參照指標(biāo),對(duì)消化酶進(jìn)行深入研究,才能更好了解餌料營(yíng)養(yǎng)素是如何被蝦類消化吸收,而當(dāng)餌料營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分或環(huán)境因子發(fā)生變化時(shí),蝦體的消化酶又是如何變化,從而使消化生理機(jī)能發(fā)生適應(yīng)性改變。現(xiàn)有研究表明,適當(dāng)提高消化酶活性,可以促進(jìn)蝦類對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收,從而進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。以此為依據(jù)研制人工配合飼料,可以使餌料配比需求、餌料適應(yīng)性等水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)中實(shí)際存在的問(wèn)題得到優(yōu)化,為工廠化養(yǎng)殖、配合飼料開(kāi)發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)。

4 展 望

綜上所述,不同鹽度下凡納濱對(duì)蝦的營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求,消化生理以及對(duì)蝦的適應(yīng)機(jī)制等方面相應(yīng)的研究還比較缺乏。此外,鹽度和飼料蛋白在對(duì)蝦的不同生長(zhǎng)階段,不同外界環(huán)境狀況下,以及其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素協(xié)同作用的報(bào)道也很有限。同時(shí),已開(kāi)展的大多數(shù)研究?jī)H局限于作用表象,機(jī)制研究方面僅個(gè)別報(bào)道基因表達(dá)層面,而當(dāng)代分子生物學(xué)、細(xì)胞生物學(xué)技術(shù)以及組學(xué)技術(shù)尚未在這一方向得到有效應(yīng)用。建議針對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦的營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理研究應(yīng)關(guān)注以下幾個(gè)方面:首先,研究不同養(yǎng)殖水體鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)及消化功能的影響,探究鹽度對(duì)凡納濱對(duì)蝦的影響要素。其次,強(qiáng)化機(jī)制研究,尋找凡納濱對(duì)蝦生理功能對(duì)不同鹽度養(yǎng)殖水體的適應(yīng)性及其適應(yīng)機(jī)制,并通過(guò)對(duì)其機(jī)制的分析,進(jìn)一步針對(duì)物種特性開(kāi)展相應(yīng)工作。再次,在凡納濱對(duì)蝦早期生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵階段開(kāi)展鹽度適應(yīng)性試驗(yàn),從營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),探討是否能夠通過(guò)早期對(duì)生理功能和代謝途徑的調(diào)節(jié),對(duì)生理機(jī)能產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)期影響。最后,采用新方法和新技術(shù),進(jìn)一步探究凡納濱對(duì)蝦營(yíng)養(yǎng)生理與鹽度適應(yīng)性相關(guān)因子及其分子機(jī)制。

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