池良杰+林達(dá)佳+鄭羽+王襄瑜+許超+曾長青+薛芳沁+黃良祥
[摘要] 目的 探討腹腔鏡直腸癌根治術(shù)中保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈的臨床意義。 方法 回顧性分析2016年6月~2017年4月于我院胃腸外科行腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)病例137例,根據(jù)是否行保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈分為不保留LCA組和保留LCA組,比較兩組淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、吻合口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及住院時(shí)間的差異。結(jié)果 75例患者不保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈,62例患者保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈。兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),術(shù)中無明顯并發(fā)癥。不保留LCA組患者術(shù)中未見結(jié)腸殘端缺血而追加切除腸管,保留LCA組患者術(shù)中未見因吻合口張力過高而追加行脾曲游離和高位結(jié)扎。術(shù)中手術(shù)時(shí)間、淋巴結(jié)清掃總數(shù)、IMA根部淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、吻合口瘺發(fā)生率、吻合口出血發(fā)生率及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 腸系膜下動(dòng)脈低位結(jié)扎與在手術(shù)安全性方面與高位結(jié)扎是相當(dāng)?shù)?,并可同樣徹底地清掃腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腹腔鏡;直腸癌;根治性手術(shù);左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈
[中圖分類號] R656.7 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)35-0039-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical significance of preserving the left colonic artery during laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer. Methods A total of 137 cases of laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer in gastroenterology department in our hospital from June 2016 to April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether the left colonic artery was retained, the patients were assigned to the LCA non-retaining group and LCA retaining group. The number of lymph node dissection, the number of lymph node dissection in the root part of inferior mesenteric artery, the incidence of anastomotic complications and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Results 75 patients did not retain the left colonic artery, and 62 patients retained the left colonic artery. Two groups of patients were successfully completed surgery, with no significant intraoperative complications. In LCA non-retaining group, additional resection of the intestine due to colon stump ischemia was not seen in the surgery. In LCA retaining group, additional splenic flexure and high ligation due to high anastomotic tension was not seen in the surgery. No statistically significant difference was found in operation time, total number of lymph node dissection, number of lymph node dissection in the root part of IMA, incidence rate of anastomotic fistula, incidence rate of anastomotic bleeding and postoperative length of hospital stay(P>0.05). Conclusion Low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery is equivalent to high ligation in terms of operation safety and can equally clear the root lymph nodes of the inferior mesenteric artery completely.
[Key words] Laparoscopy; Rectal cancer; Radical operation; Left colonic artery
1908年,Miles教授首次提出低位結(jié)扎,即保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈(LCA)的直腸癌根治術(shù);同年,Moynihan教授提出高位結(jié)扎的概念,即在腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部遠(yuǎn)端1 cm結(jié)扎切斷腸系膜下動(dòng)脈。近年來,隨著TME概念的提出、腹腔鏡的應(yīng)用發(fā)展,直腸癌的外科治療發(fā)生了巨大的變化,但是,關(guān)于直腸癌根治手術(shù)中是否保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈的爭論仍然尚無定論[1]。保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈可以改善近端腸管的血運(yùn),但是可能會(huì)增加吻合口的張力及影響腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)清掃的徹底性;而高位結(jié)扎可以保證腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)徹底清掃,但是可能會(huì)影響吻合口的血運(yùn)導(dǎo)致吻合口瘺發(fā)生率增加以及增加盆腔自主神經(jīng)損傷的概率。為此,我們回顧性分析了2016年6月~2017年4月在我院胃腸外科行腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)的137例病例資料,以進(jìn)一步探討腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)中是否保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈的臨床意義。endprint
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
患者入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]:①術(shù)前經(jīng)電子腸鏡及病理明確為直腸腺癌;②行腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù);③臨床資料完整;④術(shù)前ECOG評分0~2分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]:①術(shù)前明確遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移病例;②直腸癌復(fù)發(fā)病例;③因出血或穿孔行急診手術(shù)病例;④行直腸癌腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)病例。選擇2016年6月~2017年4月于我院胃腸外科行腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)病例并符合上述納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共137例,其中不保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈75例,保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈62例,術(shù)前患者均簽署了知情同意書。不保留LCA組與保留LCA組患者的臨床基線資料比較見表1。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
術(shù)中取截石位,采用傳統(tǒng)5孔法行腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)。所有患者均由同一外科醫(yī)生主刀完成(獨(dú)立完成腹腔鏡下直腸癌根治術(shù)>100例)。高位結(jié)扎定義為距腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部遠(yuǎn)端1 cm切斷腸系膜下動(dòng)脈,低位結(jié)扎定義為左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端切斷腸系膜下動(dòng)脈。所有病例均按照TME原則進(jìn)行手術(shù)。近端腸管的切除同時(shí)遵循以下原則:①近端腸管的長度≥10 cm;②若經(jīng)下腹部正中切口取標(biāo)本,則于恥骨聯(lián)合下方2橫指處切斷腸管;若經(jīng)預(yù)計(jì)造瘺口的切口取標(biāo)本,則于恥骨聯(lián)合處切斷腸管。吻合方法采用經(jīng)肛門吻合器端端吻合。低位直腸癌常規(guī)行回腸預(yù)防性造瘺術(shù)。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
收集患者的一般資料、是否行預(yù)防性造瘺、TNM病理分期、手術(shù)時(shí)間、淋巴結(jié)清掃總數(shù)、腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)清掃個(gè)數(shù)、術(shù)后吻合口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥以及術(shù)后住院天數(shù)等資料。TNM病理分期參照AJCC癌癥分期第7版[3]。按照ISGRC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),吻合口瘺定義為由于吻合口腸壁完整性的缺失導(dǎo)致腸腔腔內(nèi)外相通,也包括吻合口周圍的盆腔膿腫[4]。吻合口出血定義為術(shù)后6 h內(nèi)出現(xiàn)出血并且需要輸血或者手術(shù)干預(yù)[5]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用SPSS20.0軟件進(jìn)行處理。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)或非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組術(shù)中情況比較
兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),術(shù)中無明顯并發(fā)癥。不保留LCA組患者術(shù)中未見結(jié)腸殘端缺血而追加切除腸管,保留LCA組患者術(shù)中未見因吻合口張力過高而追加行脾曲游離和高位結(jié)扎。術(shù)中手術(shù)時(shí)間、淋巴結(jié)清掃總數(shù)和IMA根部淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后情況比較
不保留LCA組和保留LCA組術(shù)后吻合口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
直腸癌根治術(shù)中是否保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈問題爭論已久,到目前為止還沒有明確的共識。從腫瘤學(xué)角度來看,低位結(jié)扎能否徹底地清掃腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)?張魯陽等[2]報(bào)道高位結(jié)扎組與低位結(jié)扎組的253組淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目分別為(4.3±1.7)枚和(4.2±1.7)枚,無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.665)。Guo Y等[6]報(bào)道高位結(jié)扎組的253組淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目為(2.96±0.39)枚,低位結(jié)扎組的253組淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目為(2.96±0.47)枚,無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.99)。而本研究報(bào)道顯示不保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈組和保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈組的253組淋巴結(jié)數(shù)目分別為(4.05±1.39)枚和(4.10±1.30)枚,亦無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.376)。由此可見,不論有無保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈,均能做到徹底地清掃腸系膜下動(dòng)脈根部淋巴結(jié)。保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈是否會(huì)影響患者的遠(yuǎn)期生存?國內(nèi)外的大量回顧性研究顯示高位結(jié)扎組和低位結(jié)扎組的5年生存率均無明顯的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異[7-10],而本研究的隨訪時(shí)間僅為4~14個(gè)月,需要進(jìn)一步隨訪來比較兩組的生存情況。
吻合口瘺是直腸癌術(shù)后最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥之一,吻合口血運(yùn)和張力是影響吻合口瘺發(fā)生的2個(gè)重要因素。理論上講,保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈可以改善結(jié)腸的血供,Guo Y教授等[6]在術(shù)中用儀器檢測邊緣動(dòng)脈的壓力,發(fā)現(xiàn)不保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈組的邊緣動(dòng)脈壓為(41.30±1.92)mmHg,明顯低于保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈組的(49.55±1.96)mmHg(P<0.005),因此,保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈確實(shí)可以改善結(jié)腸的血液灌注。但本研究中不保留左結(jié)腸血管組的近端結(jié)腸襻并未出現(xiàn)明顯的缺血性改變,說明大部分患者依靠邊緣動(dòng)脈可以保證近端結(jié)腸襻的血運(yùn)。從吻合口張力方面考慮,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為根部結(jié)扎腸系膜下動(dòng)脈可以獲得更加游離的結(jié)腸腸段。Bonnet S等[11]通過尸體解剖測量近端結(jié)腸腸段至恥骨聯(lián)合的距離,指出高位結(jié)扎腸系膜下動(dòng)脈后可以獲得比低位結(jié)扎長約10 cm的結(jié)腸腸段。而Buunen M等[12]從尸體解剖上研究指出低位結(jié)扎腸系膜下動(dòng)脈后,80%的患者可以獲得無張力吻合。本研究中62例患者行保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈均未出現(xiàn)吻合口張力過高而需要補(bǔ)行高位結(jié)扎。綜上所述,保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈可以在無張力吻合的情況下保證結(jié)腸的血運(yùn)。但是,國內(nèi)外大量的研究[2,7,9]顯示高位結(jié)扎組和低位結(jié)扎組的吻合口瘺發(fā)生率無明顯差異,本研究中兩組患者的吻合口瘺發(fā)生率分別為4.0%和3.2%,無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.810)??梢姡欠癖A糇蠼Y(jié)腸動(dòng)脈在安全性方面是相當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為高位結(jié)扎腸系膜下動(dòng)脈可能會(huì)增加盆腔自主神經(jīng)損傷的概率,導(dǎo)致泌尿生殖功能障礙[13]。Liang JT等[14]報(bào)道在腹腔鏡下直腸癌D3根治術(shù)中高位結(jié)扎腸系膜下動(dòng)脈可致14.9%患者出現(xiàn)排尿功能障礙,14.3%患者出現(xiàn)勃起功能障礙和91.7%患者出現(xiàn)射精功能障礙。而Kim NK等[15]認(rèn)為在行直腸癌TME手術(shù)中,只要找好間隙可最大限度地降低盆腔自主神經(jīng)的概率,而與腸系膜下動(dòng)脈結(jié)扎水平無明顯關(guān)系。另外,王慶廣等[16]在研究保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈對術(shù)后排便功能的影響中發(fā)現(xiàn)在術(shù)后3個(gè)月高位結(jié)扎組的排便次數(shù)要多于低位結(jié)扎組(P=0.035),而在術(shù)后1年高位結(jié)扎組與低位結(jié)扎組的排便次數(shù)無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。endprint
基于高位結(jié)扎和低位結(jié)扎在腫瘤學(xué)療效及安全性方面是相當(dāng)?shù)模虼?,對于直腸癌根治術(shù)中是否保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈,本中心的經(jīng)驗(yàn):(1)術(shù)前行腹部CT血管重建,判斷患者是否存在Riolan動(dòng)脈弓以及左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈的分型,若存在Riolan動(dòng)脈弓,則可不保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈;若左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈屬低位組外側(cè)型,保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈將明顯增加吻合張力,建議高位結(jié)扎;(2)若患者存在高血壓病、冠心病及糖尿病等合并癥,動(dòng)脈硬化的概率增加,建議保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈;(3)參考鄭民華等[17]提出的頭側(cè)-中間入路,可使保留左結(jié)腸動(dòng)脈更加便利,降低手術(shù)難度。當(dāng)然,從循證醫(yī)學(xué)角度出發(fā),需要一項(xiàng)多中心大樣本隨機(jī)對照實(shí)驗(yàn)來解決這個(gè)問題。2015年意大利已有學(xué)者開展多中心隨機(jī)對照實(shí)驗(yàn):HIGHLOW研究,希望此研究結(jié)果能給我們提供更多詳細(xì)的證據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-12)endprint