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脊髓型頸椎病的手術(shù)治療研究進(jìn)展

2018-01-26 05:11鐘遠(yuǎn)鳴莫日養(yǎng)梁梓揚(yáng)許偉
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2018年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:脊髓型后路椎板

鐘遠(yuǎn)鳴,莫日養(yǎng),梁梓揚(yáng),許偉

脊髓型頸椎?。╟ervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)是頸椎病中最嚴(yán)重的類型,非手術(shù)方式治療效果差,一旦確診需盡早手術(shù)治療。手術(shù)治療的目的在于脊髓減壓和結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性重建。目前臨床上有前路手術(shù)、后路手術(shù)、前后聯(lián)合入路3種方式,現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)要對(duì)近年主要的手術(shù)方式作一綜述。

1 手術(shù)入路

1.1 手術(shù)入路考慮因素 選擇手術(shù)入路需考慮眾多因素,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為需考慮致壓物位置及大小、頸椎曲度、頸椎是否不穩(wěn)、是否有軸性疼痛、年齡及醫(yī)院條件[1]。有外國(guó)學(xué)者認(rèn)為,患者年齡、身體狀況、既往頸椎手術(shù)史、術(shù)前頸肩部疼痛、脊髓受壓節(jié)段、頸椎退變范圍以上也需考慮在內(nèi)[2]。致壓物性質(zhì)需考慮,軟性致壓物,單純后路減壓手術(shù)可取得良好療效;骨性致壓物,單純后路手術(shù)療效差,需要前路手術(shù)減壓[3]。前路手術(shù)適應(yīng)證有:?jiǎn)坞p節(jié)段的椎間盤突出及骨贅,頸椎失穩(wěn),局限性椎管狹窄,小節(jié)段后縱韌帶骨化[4]。后路手術(shù)適應(yīng)證有:≥3個(gè)節(jié)段的椎間盤突出,廣泛椎管狹窄,長(zhǎng)節(jié)段的后縱韌帶骨化,多節(jié)段骨贅,黃韌帶肥厚等[4]。

1.2 單雙節(jié)段CSM手術(shù)入路 對(duì)于涉及1~2個(gè)節(jié)段的CSM患者,臨床上認(rèn)為頸椎前路減壓融合是最為理想的手術(shù)方式,療效好,并發(fā)癥少,對(duì)伴有頸椎后凸的患者尤為適合[5]。

1.3 多節(jié)段脊髓型頸椎?。╩ultilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy,MCSM)手術(shù)入路 對(duì)于MCSM的術(shù)式仍存在爭(zhēng)議。支持前路手術(shù)治療的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為:前路手術(shù)能夠直接去除前方致壓結(jié)構(gòu),解除對(duì)脊髓及血管的壓迫、恢復(fù)頸椎生理前凸,緩解軸性疼痛。張少華等[6]對(duì)60例MCSM的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,結(jié)果表明,在神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)、疼痛緩解、關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(ROM)改善、頸椎曲度指數(shù)(CCI)改善方面前路手術(shù)組均優(yōu)于后路手術(shù)組。支持后路手術(shù)治療的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,后路手術(shù)可直接解除后緣壓迫,利用“弓弦原理”使脊髓漂浮減壓,脊髓或神經(jīng)損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)較低,而且術(shù)后植骨塌陷、不融合的比例少。游景揚(yáng)等[7]通過(guò)Meta分析得出,前后路手術(shù)兩者治療MCSM在脊髓神經(jīng)功能改善、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量方面無(wú)差異,但在并發(fā)癥方面,后路手術(shù)明顯優(yōu)于前路手術(shù)。YEH等[8]主張一期前后聯(lián)合入路,前路手術(shù)徹底清除脊髓前方致壓物,穩(wěn)定頸椎,結(jié)合后路多節(jié)段開門可以預(yù)防前路椎體融合后遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)生的臨近節(jié)段病變。目前MCSM的術(shù)式存在爭(zhēng)議,因此選擇術(shù)式還需針對(duì)上文的因素及術(shù)者本身情況選擇。

2 前路手術(shù)

頸椎前路手術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小、減壓徹底和有效恢復(fù)頸椎生理曲度等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。臨床上主要應(yīng)用的術(shù)式有前路椎間盤切除減壓融合術(shù)(anteri-or cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF)、前路椎體切除減壓融合術(shù)(anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)、零切跡頸前路椎間融合(Zero-profile anterior cervical interbody fusion cage,Zero-P ACIF)、人工椎間盤置換(artificial cervical disc replace-ment,ACDR)。

2.1 ACDF 自首次報(bào)道頸椎前路減壓椎間自體骨植骨融合術(shù)治療頸椎病以來(lái),ACDF已是頸椎前路手術(shù)治療的經(jīng)典。ACDF可使頸椎的生物力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性得到更多保留,植入物移位等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率低[9]。肖文德等[10]認(rèn)為ACDF具有手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)中出血量較少、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間維持頸椎生理曲度和椎間高度等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。ACDF對(duì)于雙節(jié)段而言,其減壓應(yīng)力相對(duì)分散,能使頸椎生理曲度明顯改善。綜合來(lái)看可見ACDF在維持頸椎曲度、高度、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、出血等方面較ACCF好。存在椎體后減壓不充分、術(shù)中視野小、吞咽困難、假關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)生率高等缺點(diǎn)[11]。關(guān)于ACDF與ACCF的選擇,肖文德等[10]認(rèn)為椎體后方存在后縱韌帶骨化或游離椎間盤組織考慮ACCF,反之行ACDF。

2.2 ACCF ACCF較ACDF具有視野清楚、操作方便、減壓徹底,融合率好的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。ACCF的植入物及相鄰椎體的融合面較ACDF少,且鈦網(wǎng)增大植骨與骨槽周圍骨質(zhì)的接觸面積,利于融合,具有更好的融合率[12]。然而就融合率而言,有學(xué)者持相反意見,侯樹兵等[13]認(rèn)為與ACCF相比,ACDF可以獲得更滿意的植骨融合率。關(guān)于ACCF與ACDF二者融合率高低尚存在爭(zhēng)議,融合率的高低除與植骨接觸面有關(guān)外,還與術(shù)者操作等因素相關(guān)。ACCF切除椎體手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,出血量多,在維持融合節(jié)段高度方面比ACDF差,存在鈦網(wǎng)下沉現(xiàn)象[14]。李濤等[15]提出可通過(guò)保留椎體終板、修剪合適的鈦網(wǎng)、挫平其兩端以及適當(dāng)預(yù)彎并正確選擇鎖定鈦板長(zhǎng)度來(lái)避免鈦網(wǎng)下降。

2.3 Zero-P ACIF ACDF中鈦板融合內(nèi)固定系統(tǒng)突出于椎體前緣,內(nèi)固定與椎體前軟組織摩擦導(dǎo)致食管損傷、咽部異物感、吞咽困難等并發(fā)癥。Zero-P ACIF因其將前路固定及椎間融合于一體故可避免以上并發(fā)癥[16]。Zero-P ACIF融合器下沉、內(nèi)固定失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極大減低。唐龍等[17]研究結(jié)果還表明,Zero-P ACIF組較傳統(tǒng)鈦板聯(lián)合Cage置入融合內(nèi)固定組相比具有術(shù)中出血少、術(shù)中透視劑量小及吞咽困難發(fā)生率低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Zero-P ACIF存在如下不足:減壓僅限椎間隙水平,對(duì)術(shù)者的技術(shù)水平要求高;禁忌證包括脊柱骨折、腫瘤、感染及嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松[18]。需注意的是,有學(xué)者提出在C3/4甚至C2/3安裝時(shí),由于下頜的阻擋,下位椎體螺釘?shù)闹萌胗袝r(shí)較為困難,尤其當(dāng)遇到短頸患者時(shí),故C2/3椎間隙不建議使用Zero-P ACIF[19]。雖然其優(yōu)勢(shì)較ACDF好,但對(duì)術(shù)者要求高,臨床文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道少,中長(zhǎng)期臨床療效如何尚不知。

2.4 ACDR ACDR相比ACDF或ACCF的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于,不但可以達(dá)到治療效果,其屬于非融合術(shù)式,還能夠減少鄰近節(jié)段退變。對(duì)于MCSM的治療,進(jìn)行多個(gè)人工椎間盤置換是否適宜,還存在著較多爭(zhēng)議[20]。有學(xué)者提出采用ACDR聯(lián)合ACDF治療MCSM,并取得不錯(cuò)臨床效果[21]。

3 后路手術(shù)

頸椎后路手術(shù)通過(guò)擴(kuò)大椎管容積,利用“弓弦原理”使脊髓向后方漂移,間接解除脊髓前方壓迫,較前路手術(shù)安全。目前有椎板成形術(shù)和椎板切除術(shù)兩大類。

3.1 單開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù) 傳統(tǒng)的單開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)通過(guò)絲線或尼龍繩將掀起的椎板固定在小關(guān)節(jié)囊上,患者術(shù)后容易出現(xiàn)軸性癥狀及再關(guān)門現(xiàn)象[22]。還易發(fā)生后凸畸形、C5神經(jīng)根病、鉸鏈側(cè)骨折再移位等并發(fā)癥[23]。此后出現(xiàn)以下改良術(shù)式:“伊藤法”將植骨塊通過(guò)鋼絲或尼龍線捆綁固定在開門側(cè)的椎板和小關(guān)節(jié)突上;“錨定法”將打開的椎板用錨釘固定于鉸鏈側(cè)的側(cè)塊上。此兩種術(shù)式再關(guān)門發(fā)生率明顯降低,但“伊藤法”屬軟性固定,其對(duì)小關(guān)節(jié)囊及椎旁肌的縫合干擾,軸性癥狀并未減少;“錨定法”雖屬剛性固定,會(huì)造成椎管有效矢狀面積的丟失[24]。O'BRIEN等[25]首次將微型鈦板用于頸椎管擴(kuò)大成形術(shù)中。隨著微型鈦板應(yīng)用,軸性癥狀、再關(guān)門現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生率已明顯降低。常用的微型鈦板主要有ARCH、Centerpiece。嚴(yán)重頸椎失穩(wěn)、頸椎后凸畸形及椎間孔狹窄的患者為單開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)的手術(shù)禁忌證[26]。

3.2 雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù) 單開門與雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)均可使神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)。但雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)對(duì)稱性擴(kuò)大椎板,完整保留椎板,防止瘢痕壓迫,大部分頸椎后部結(jié)構(gòu)得以保留,頸椎的穩(wěn)定性好。理論上雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)較單開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)的效果稍好。梁和勝等[27]對(duì)單開門及雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)對(duì)比研究顯示,雙開門組在手術(shù)出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、軸性癥狀發(fā)生率均明顯優(yōu)于單開門組。雙開門椎管擴(kuò)大椎板成形術(shù)多聯(lián)合植骨融合術(shù),自體骨是最佳植骨材料,但并發(fā)癥高,現(xiàn)多用自體骨替代材料(同種異體骨和人工骨),人工骨以羥基磷灰石和磷酸三鈣應(yīng)用最廣。

3.3 椎板切除術(shù) 1970年以前,椎板切除術(shù)一直是MCSM的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù)治療方案。椎板切除范圍為C3~7部分或全部椎板,甚至擴(kuò)大至C2或T1等[28]。容易出現(xiàn)頸椎曲度改變、頸椎不穩(wěn)、鵝頸畸形、軸性癥狀、遠(yuǎn)期脊髓功能降低等并發(fā)癥[29]。SHIRAISHI[30]進(jìn)行改良提出跳躍式椎板切除術(shù):切除部分椎板和黃韌帶,保留雙側(cè)頸半棘肌和多裂肌附著,降低術(shù)后軸性癥狀的發(fā)生?,F(xiàn)臨床上多采用后路椎板切除側(cè)塊螺釘內(nèi)固定。

4 前后聯(lián)合入路

分為一期或分期聯(lián)合手術(shù)。常見一期前后聯(lián)合入路手術(shù)方案有ACDF或ACCF聯(lián)合單開門椎管擴(kuò)大成形術(shù)。前后聯(lián)合手術(shù)具有減壓充分和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)固定的優(yōu)勢(shì),同時(shí)兼顧單純前路入路和后路入路的不足。一期前后聯(lián)合入路手術(shù)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):同時(shí)充分減壓前后方,使脊髓的損害降低;前后聯(lián)合入路對(duì)于頸椎不穩(wěn)的CSM能在減壓同時(shí)恢復(fù)頸椎正常生理結(jié)構(gòu);分期兩次手術(shù)間隔較長(zhǎng),脊髓受損可能性增加,一期前后聯(lián)合入路避免此問(wèn)題且使總住院時(shí)間縮短[31]。美國(guó)骨科醫(yī)師學(xué)會(huì)(AAOS)建議的適應(yīng)證是:CSM合并嚴(yán)重或固定后凸畸形、合并嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松癥或多節(jié)段受累影響穩(wěn)定性時(shí),應(yīng)考慮前后聯(lián)合入路手術(shù)[32]。楊宏濤等[33]對(duì)比不同術(shù)式得出,聯(lián)合入路組的臨床優(yōu)良率優(yōu)于前路組和后路組。前后聯(lián)合入路存在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)中出血多,術(shù)中需變換體位、對(duì)患者全身情況及耐受力要求等局限性[34]。有學(xué)者通過(guò)前瞻性多中心分析,對(duì)比前后聯(lián)合入路(聯(lián)合入路組)、前路手術(shù)(前路組)、后路手術(shù)(后路組)這3種術(shù)式治療CSM的總并發(fā)癥及吞咽困難發(fā)生率的高低,結(jié)果顯示,總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率:聯(lián)合入路組>后路組>前路組;吞咽困難發(fā)生率:聯(lián)合入路組>前路組>后路組[35]。有研究結(jié)果相反,李慶富等[36]通過(guò)對(duì)比前后聯(lián)合入路(聯(lián)合組)及后路手術(shù)(后路組)的療效得出,治療3個(gè)月后聯(lián)合組患者總有效率為95%,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5%,優(yōu)于后路組的75%和15%。至于前后聯(lián)合入路是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致并發(fā)癥增加,目前無(wú)確切證據(jù)。但是可以肯定的是前后聯(lián)合入路手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,對(duì)術(shù)者技術(shù)要求高、對(duì)患者耐受及體質(zhì)要求也高。

5 總結(jié)

CSM各種手術(shù)方案優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)不同,有不同的適應(yīng)證及禁忌證。手術(shù)治療目的均是減壓、擴(kuò)大椎管、恢復(fù)脊髓功能以及重建脊柱穩(wěn)定性。選擇手術(shù)方式時(shí)需綜合考慮,首先考慮脊髓的功能恢復(fù),其次應(yīng)盡量采用創(chuàng)傷小、并發(fā)癥少、花費(fèi)少,同時(shí)符合頸椎正常生理功能的手術(shù)方式。

作者貢獻(xiàn):鐘遠(yuǎn)鳴進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì),撰寫論文,負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校;莫日養(yǎng)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)收集/整理,論文的修訂,對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé)及監(jiān)督管理;梁梓揚(yáng)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)收集與整理;許偉進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)整理。本文無(wú)利益沖突。

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本文文獻(xiàn)檢索策略:

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