甘肅 王國己
對于高三英語復習課,通常的做法是三輪復習,即第一輪復習基礎(chǔ)知識和基本技能;第二輪進行專題復習,第三輪進行綜合演練。這一個套路被沿用多年,但筆者在長期的高三英語復習課教學中發(fā)現(xiàn),這種復習方法效率低下,效果不佳。因為
這種復習是一種割裂式的復習方法,是將語言內(nèi)容和形式剝離,變成了單純、機械的操練,為做題而做題,死記硬背成為基本形式。教師教得辛苦,學生學得枯燥,課堂完全是“教師講,學生聽”的模式,課上師生們的教學流程和對話被簡化為互相對題的選項答案,聽到的只是“Which one? A or C”這樣簡單、快速卻缺乏意義的交流和探究的教學活動。這不僅占據(jù)了寶貴的教學時間和學生珍貴的語言實踐機會,還阻礙了學生在語言學習中對完整意義的關(guān)注,枯竭了學生語言思維學習的動力和交流能力,嚴重損害了學生真實語感的培養(yǎng)。因此,如何改變這種局面,讓高三復習課也能夠成為學生語言知識和語言實際運用能力提高的場所,顯得尤為重要。為此,筆者做了一些嘗試,取得了一定的效果。
建構(gòu)主義哲學認為,兒童是在與周圍環(huán)境相互作用的過程中,逐步建立起關(guān)于外部世界的知識,從而使自身認知結(jié)構(gòu)得到發(fā)展。簡而言之,就是學生應(yīng)該是在不斷的實踐和思考中獲得關(guān)于外部世界的知識的。換句話說,如果學生沒有自我的實踐和思考,外部世界的知識就很難進入學生自身的認知系統(tǒng)。教師要大膽地將課堂還給學生。讓學生有獨立思考的時間,主動積極地去建構(gòu)自己的知識體系;讓學生有空間展開思維的翅膀,主動積極地去獲取知識,體驗情感,生發(fā)思想,沉淀思維;讓學生有機會去表達自己的認知、情感、思考和理念。
筆者一改過去完全由教師講解詞匯、語法、結(jié)構(gòu)和翻譯的課堂模式,將學生精心分組,組員各自承擔一定的任務(wù)。布置語篇,分類指導。組織學生進行小組活動,讓學生在討論、爭論中發(fā)散思維,發(fā)揮主動性和積極性,開展生生互動、師生互動,學生自主學習,相互啟發(fā),教師釋疑答難,個別輔導,進行啟發(fā)式和發(fā)現(xiàn)式教學。學生的主動性和積極性被極大地調(diào)動起來,人人是學生,個個是老師,取長補短,相互辯論,遇到疑難,找詞典、語法書、課本查證、辯駁,決而不下的,舉手請教老師解疑釋惑。
譬如,學生拿到以下語篇:
O.Henry was a pen name used by an American writer of short stories.His real name was William Sydney Porter.He was born in North Carolina in 1862.As a young boy he lived an exciting life.He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know.When he was about 20 years old, O.Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs.He fi rst worked on a newspaper, and then had a job in a bank, when some money went missing from the bank O.Henry was believed to have stolen it.Because of that, he was sent to prison.During the three years in prison,he learned to write short stories.After he got out of prison, he went to New York and continued writing.He wrote mostly about New York and the life of the poor there.People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would fi nish with a sudden change at the end, to the reader’s surprise.
1.In which order did O.Henry do the following things?
a.Lived in New York. b.Worked in a bank.
c.Travelled to Texas. d.Was put in prison.
e.Had a newspaper Job. f.Learned to write stories.
A.e.c.f.b.d.a. B.c.e.b.d.f.a.
C.e.b.d.c.a.f. D.c.b.e.d.a.f.
2.People enjoyed reading O.Henry’s stories because_______________.
A.they had surprise endings
B.they were easy to understand
C.they showed his love for the poor
D.they were about New York City
3.O.Henry went to prison because _______________.
A.people thought he had stolen money from the newspaper
B.he broke the law by not using his own name
C.he wanted to write stories about prisoners
D.people thought he had taken money that was not his
4.What do we know about O.Henry before he began writing?
A.He was well-educated.
B.He was not serious about his work.
C.He was devoted to the poor.
D.He was very good at learning.
5.Where did O.Henry get most material for his short stories?
A.His life inside the prison.
B.The newspaper articles he wrote.
C.The city and people of New York.
D.His exciting early life as a boy.
首先開始自主閱讀,畫出自己不懂的詞、短語、句子,有語法障礙的地方;然后分組進行相互輔導,不會的同學把自己劃出的部分提出來,小組成員中會的同學負責講解,相互輔導;然后把有爭議、全組成員都拿不準的地方提出來,分頭查字典、語法書,進一步研究討論;還不能搞清楚的,則提交給老師;接著,一名同學負責朗讀,其他的學生一邊聽,一邊將短文中的語塊畫出來,進行理解并造句;接著討論文后的閱讀理解題目,相互提示,辯論,做出該組最終的選擇;老師負責講解文后的閱讀理解題目,小組把自己的答案和老師的講解進行核對,錯誤的選擇,找出思路上的不足。
堅持一段時間后,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),學生們對小組活動駕輕就熟,上課時,學生成為主角,教師成為助手,課堂顯得開放、自由,整個課堂氣氛是一個自由學習的狀態(tài),學生置身其中,感到輕松自然而又緊張、高效。教師成了學習的組織者、促進者、幫助者和引導者,學生成為學習的主人,通過討論、講解、辯駁、查證等過程,學生的知識記憶深刻,能力提升扎實,同時學生還克服了對英語學習的恐懼心理和懶惰心理,取得了良好的教學效果。
大量的考題性閱讀讓學生失去了閱讀興趣,學習英語要多讀書,少做題?!霸趯W生的腦力勞動中,擺在第一位的并不是背書,不是記住別人的思想,而是讓學生本人進行思考,也就是說,進行生動的創(chuàng)造,借助詞曲認識周圍世界的事物和現(xiàn)象,并且與此聯(lián)系地認識詞本身的極其細膩的感情色彩?!碧K霍姆林斯基的這段話,讓我們深刻地認識到,機械地做題永遠無法讓學生真正地思考,也無法真正地讓學生感受到語言之美,無法用英語來認識周圍的事物和現(xiàn)象,更不能體會到英語詞語和篇章所表達的極其細膩的感情色彩。要改變這一現(xiàn)象,就是讀書。引進閱讀材料,通過共讀享受英語之美,培養(yǎng)語感,提升綜合語言運用能力。
為此,筆者將安徒生童話的英文原文等大膽引入課堂,和學生共讀共賞。當筆者宣布說從今天開始我們一起讀安徒生童話The Little Sea Maid的時候,學生們發(fā)出一陣歡呼聲;從中也可以看出,學生們不是沒有讀書的興趣和動力,正是各種英語題讓學生對英語本身產(chǎn)生了厭惡之情。多做題表面上看起來見效快,效率高,其實卻欲速則不達,既破壞了語言之美,也消減了學生學習英語的熱情,反而讓學生產(chǎn)生了許多畏難情緒。更為糟糕的是,這樣的英語學習根本無法培養(yǎng)學生的語言技能和思維,聽、說、讀、寫都不能有所發(fā)展。而閱讀安徒生童話、英文繪本、美麗英文等原汁原味的素材,讓學生能夠直抵英文的根本,享受英文語言之美,直接塑造學生的英語思維,培養(yǎng)語感,表面上看起來與高考遠了些,但真正是“汝欲學作詩,工夫在詩外”,反而讓學生的英語水平有了大幅提高。
譬如,The Little Mermaid的開頭部分:
Far out in the ocean, where the water is as blue as the prettiest cornflower, and as clear as crystal, it is very, very deep; so deep, indeed, that no cable could fathom it: many church steeples, piled one upon another, would not reach from the ground beneath to the surface of the water above.There dwell the Sea King and his subjects.We must not imagine that there is nothing at the bottom of the sea but bare yellow sand.No, indeed; the most singular fl owers and plants grow there;the leaves and stems of which are so pliant, that the slightest agitation of the water causes them to stir as if they had life.Fishes, both large and small, glide between the branches, as birds fly among the trees here upon land.In the deepest spot of all, stands the castle of the Sea King.Its walls are built of coral, and the long, gothic windows are of the clearest amber.The roof is formed of shells, that open and close as the water fl ows over them.Their appearance is very beautiful, for in each lies a glittering pearl, which would be fi t for the diadem of a queen.
筆者在呈現(xiàn)文本之后,讓學生圈出描寫大海特征的詞,很快,學生就抓住了 blue, clear, deep等詞,然后筆者讓學生找出描述海底奇異景象的詞匯、短語和句子,并展開想象。學生們興致高昂,找到了一些關(guān)鍵詞句,并反復朗讀,對奇妙的海底世界充滿了無限的好奇。筆者要求學生劃出表示海底世界的事物的詞,并寫出對應(yīng)的描述詞和短語,突出了the castle of Sea King,為后面的閱讀埋下了伏筆,學生們急切地想知道在國王的海底城堡里發(fā)生了什么。
在教學中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),學生在課堂上的表現(xiàn)更為積極主動,熱情高漲,對故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,人物命運的起伏充滿了期待和好奇,迫不及待地想往下讀,有些同學甚至自己動手在字典的幫助下往下讀,畏難情緒逐漸消失了,開始愛上英文,愛上英文閱讀,在閱讀中解決了詞匯、語法、搭配、句型結(jié)構(gòu)等問題,更重要的是在閱讀中提升了聽、說、讀、寫的綜合運用能力,面對各個題型都有如魚得水,駕輕就熟之感,考試成績非但不會受到影響,反而得到了很大的提升。