江西 戴劍國
定語從句是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點和難點,也是高考考查的熱點。在解題時,除了應(yīng)特別注意進行語境分析,從上、下文中找出相關(guān)的引導(dǎo)詞所充當?shù)某煞种?,還應(yīng)對定語從句的考查熱點有所了解,從而做到有的放矢,找到解題的突破口。下面筆者對近幾年高考英語試題所涉及的定語從句進行歸納分析,希望對同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)備考有所幫助。
【點撥】關(guān)系代詞主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等,它們所代替的先行詞是指人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語或定語等成分。同時,還應(yīng)注意關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別。
【考例】
1.In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全國卷Ⅱ短文改錯)
【解析】答案為將that→which。此題考查關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。由于that不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,故此題應(yīng)將that改為which。
2.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(2015全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)
【解析】答案填that/which。此題考查引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的用法。句意:漓江可是在那么多中國畫中被藝術(shù)家們描繪的河流。根據(jù)句意及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出,這是一個定語從句,由于定語從句修飾的先行詞指物,且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中是用作主語,所以該定語從句可用關(guān)系代詞that或which來引導(dǎo)。
3.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江蘇卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填whose。此題考查關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。此處關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句并在定語從句中作purpose的定語。故答案填whose。
【點撥】關(guān)系副詞包括when,where,why等,它們分別代替表時間、地點和原因的先行詞,在定語從句中作狀語。
【考例】
1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to fi lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)
【解析】答案填when。此題考查關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句。關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句,指代先行詞my days,在從句中作時間狀語,故答案填when。
2.As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.(2015陜西卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填when。此題考查關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意:作為家里最小的孩子,Alex總是渴望他能夠有獨立的時間。此處先行詞是the time,定語從句中缺少時間狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞when。
3.Many countries are now setting up national parks_________ animals and plants can be protected.(2013北 京卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填where。此題考查關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句。定語從句中不缺少主干成分,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞,且先行詞為national parks,指地點,故填關(guān)系副詞where。
【點撥】非限制性定語從句只是對主句內(nèi)容或先行詞作進一步補充、解釋或附加說明。主句與從句之間通常用逗號分開,去掉它,主句意思仍然完整,常單獨翻譯。that不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句有時可指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。
【考例】
1.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,________ is not good for the health.(2017全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)
【解析】答案填which。此題考查關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。句意:很可能攝入過多的脂肪和鹽分,那對健康沒有好處。本題中關(guān)系代詞which指代前面整個主句的內(nèi)容,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,which在從句中作主語。
2.But Sarah, ________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry on with her education.(2017全國卷Ⅲ語法填空)
【解析】答案填who。此題考查關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。先行詞指人只能用who而不能用that。如果是限制性定語從句的話,那么who和that都可以使用。例如:I know the man who / that is standing there.
3.My eldest son, ___________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017天津卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填whose。此題考查關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。先行詞是My eldest son,根據(jù)句意和空格后名詞可知,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作定語,故答案填whose。
【點撥】關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,可指代主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容,通常表示“正如、正像”等意思,從句可置于主句的句首、句中或句末。as后常接see,know,expect,guess,report等動詞的主動或被動語態(tài)句,如as we expected,as we all know,as we all can see,as is mentioned等。
【考例】
1.There is no simple answer, __________ is often the case in science.(2013山東卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填as。此題考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。此處as指代整個主句的內(nèi)容,含有“正如”之意,從句部分可譯為“在科學(xué)上這是常有的事”。
2.__________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.(2013陜西卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填A(yù)s。此題考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。句意:正如孩子們常有的情況一樣,醫(yī)生到的時候Amy就好了。此處as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句位于主句之前,指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。
3.“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” __________the old saying goes.(2013全國卷Ⅰ單選改編)
【解析】答案填as。此題考查關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。句意:俗話說,“你不能以貌取人”。此處as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。as the old saying goes是一個固定的用法,表示“俗話說”。
【點撥】在“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人)或which(指物),即介詞+ whom / which。當介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時,用在介詞后的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。某些在從句中充當時間、地點或原因狀語的“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when,where,why 互換。
【考例】
1.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_________ school education depends.(2015安徽卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填which。此題考查“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意:一些專家認為閱讀是學(xué)校教育所依賴的基本技能。depend on / upon意為“依靠,依賴”,介詞upon后只能用which或whom來構(gòu)成定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞,先行詞指物,故答案填which。
2.He may win the competition, _________ case he is likely to get into the national team.(2013遼寧卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填in which。此題考查“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意:他可能贏得這場比賽,如果這樣的話,他就可能進入國家隊。此處which指代前面主句,in which case引導(dǎo)定語從句,用來替代并列句中的in this /that case。
3.In our class there are 46 students, __________ half wear glasses.
【解析】答案填of whom。此題考查“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。前后兩句之間無連詞,故不能用人稱代詞them,而應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句;在46個學(xué)生當中,表所屬關(guān)系,應(yīng)用介詞of,故答案填of whom。
【點撥】“名詞 / 代詞 / 數(shù)詞 + of + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句和“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句一樣,關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom,指物時用which。此外,“名詞 +of + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“whose +名詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
【考例】
1.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.(2016浙江卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填which。此題考查“代詞 + of + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意:關(guān)于人類為什么哭的時候會流淚,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論,沒有一個被證明了。此處先行詞是theories,指物,故答案填which。
2.Many young people, most __________ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016江蘇卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填of whom。此題考查“代詞 + of + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。此題中的先行詞是Many young people,關(guān)系代詞whom指代先行詞,并在定語從句中作介詞of的賓語,故答案填of whom。
3.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each ___________ uses it differently.(2014 天津卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填of which。此題考查“代詞 + of +關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意:英語是一種被好幾種不同文化共同使用的語言,每一種文化使用它時都是不同的。根據(jù)uses是謂語動詞可知,空格處缺主語,而each of which在此處作主語,引導(dǎo)定語從句。故答案填of which。
【點撥】英語中一些表示“情形、場合、階段、地位、狀態(tài)”等特殊意義的名詞,如case,point,stage,situation,position,state,scene,activity等用作先行詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時,常被看成“抽象的地點”。這時,常用where引導(dǎo)定語從句,或換成in which。
【考例】
1.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere __________ his employees enjoy their work.(2015天津卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填where。此題考查特殊先行詞后的定語從句。句意:公司老板正盡力創(chuàng)造一種輕松的氣氛,在這種氣氛中,其員工喜歡他們的工作。句中先行詞為atmosphere,在從句中作地點狀語,故用關(guān)系副詞where。
2.Students should involve themselves in community activities __________ they can gain experience for growth.(2014福建卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填where。此題考查特殊先行詞后的定語從句。句意:學(xué)生應(yīng)該使他們自己參與到團體活動中來,在這些活動中他們可以獲得成長經(jīng)驗。根據(jù)句意可知,所填詞引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是activities,且從句中的主謂賓成分是齊全的,故答案用where。
3.Sales director is a position __________ communication ability is just as important as sales.
【解析】答案填where。此題考查特殊先行詞后的定語從句。position為先行詞,其后是定語從句,關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點狀語,所以,應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。
【點撥】由于定語從句過長,為了使句子保持平衡,常將定語從句和其所修飾的先行詞分開,解題時找到定語從句的先行詞是關(guān)鍵。有時句中使用插入語,如I think,you know,of course,believe it or not等將定語從句和先行詞分開,此時可忽略該插入語,這樣可以使該句變得容易而簡單。
【考例】
1.We’ll reach the sales targets in a month __________ we set at the beginning of the year.(2014重慶卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填that / which。此題考查先行詞和定語從句的“分隔”現(xiàn)象。此處先行詞targets被in a month所擾,考生容易錯把month當成先行詞。targets在定語從句中作set的賓語,所以關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用that或which。
2.I borrowed the bookSherlock Holmesfrom the library last week, __________ my classmates recommended to me.(2014北京卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填which。此題考查先行詞和定語從句的“分隔”現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)題干信息,定語從句的先行詞為book,且從句中缺少賓語,加之逗號之后為非限制性定語從句,故答案用which。
3.The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, __________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.(2013江蘇卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填which。此題考查先行詞和定語從句的“分隔”現(xiàn)象。句意:“世界銀行行長說,他熱愛中國,這種熱愛他記得早在童年時就開始了?!贝颂幭刃性~passion被for China所擾,且定語從句中缺少賓語,故用關(guān)系代詞which。
【點撥】容易和定語從句混淆的句型主要有:同位語從句、狀語從句和強調(diào)句型。定語從句和前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系;同位語從句則是用來解釋或說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,其先行詞通常是抽象名詞,如fact,idea,news,truth,hope,order,question,belief,doubt等。定語從句和強調(diào)句型混合在一起考查時注意有省略現(xiàn)象。
【考例】
1.—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea __________ he did it; that’s one of his favourite universities.(2014重慶卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填why。此題考查同位語從句。由于后句對Mike拒絕耶魯大學(xué)的錄取意愿感到意外,而耶魯大學(xué)又是Mike最喜歡的大學(xué)之一,因此回答者對Mike放棄耶魯大學(xué)感到不可思議。故答案用why。
2.It was the middle of the night __________ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(2014 江西卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填when。此題考查時間狀語從句。句意:當我父親叫醒我,告訴我看球賽的時候是半夜。此題容易誤用that,原因是將此句看成了強調(diào)句型。要注意分析句子成分,when在此引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句。
3.It was the culture, rather than the language, __________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.(2014福建卷單選改編)
【解析】答案填that。此題考查強調(diào)句型。句意:正是文化而非語言使得他很難適應(yīng)國外的新環(huán)境。該句去掉it was和that之后,剩余部分仍能夠構(gòu)成一個結(jié)構(gòu)正確、意義完整的句子,故確定其為強調(diào)句型,答案用that。
強化訓(xùn)練:
1.He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in____________ case he’ll eat almost anything.
2.Have you ever been in a situation ____________ you know the other person is right yet you can’t agree with him?
3.Is there a magic cutoff period ___________ children become responsible for their own actions?
4.After 10 years of hard time, the young lady has turned a movie star, ___________ she dreamed of becoming in her childhood.
5.I wonder if it was in the bookstore ____________ I bought some books ___________ I lost the keys.
6.Some students think that learning a foreign language is slow and difficult—just think of the hours of hard work____________ they have spent learning it.
7.—How much do you have in your pocket?
—150yuan, all of __________ came from my grandma.
8.The movie star was injured in a car accident before his performance, ___________ made everyone at present worried.
9.A terrible earthquake happened in that district at the end of 2008, ____________ many people all over the world visited there.
10.It was on October 18 ___________ the Communist Party 19th Congress began, ___________ was the biggest political meeting in fi ve years.
(附答案:1.which 2.where 3.when 4.which 5.where;that 6.that/which 7.which 8.which 9.when 10.that;which)