文本刊記者 陳思靜 CHEN Sijing

幾百年前，發(fā)端于意大利佛羅倫薩的文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)，開(kāi)啟了西方文明史上一個(gè)新時(shí)代。恩格斯曾說(shuō)：“文藝復(fù)興是一次人類從來(lái)沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷過(guò)的最偉大的、進(jìn)步的變革，是一個(gè)需要巨人而產(chǎn)生了巨人——在思維能力、熱情和性格方面，在多才多藝和學(xué)識(shí)淵博方面的巨人的時(shí)代?！蔽乃噺?fù)興時(shí)期，意大利的藝術(shù)、生活和思想是怎樣的？3月27日至6月22日，在首都博物館舉辦的“文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利藝術(shù)、文化和生活”展將為觀眾答疑解惑。

此次展覽由意大利文化遺產(chǎn)活動(dòng)與旅游部、中國(guó)國(guó)家文物局、北京市文物局主辦，首都博物館承辦。展覽隸屬于中意文化合作機(jī)制框架下的“意大利博物館睡美人”項(xiàng)目。展覽中方策展人、首都博物館副館長(zhǎng)黃雪寅介紹：“它的特點(diǎn)是將意大利多家博物館沉睡的藏品遴選后，組織成主題展覽。此次展覽的大部分展品都是第一次來(lái)到中國(guó)?！?/p>

來(lái)自烏菲齊美術(shù)館、巴杰羅國(guó)家博物館、翁布里亞國(guó)家美術(shù)館等意大利17家博物館和機(jī)構(gòu)的102件組展品，類型極為豐富，不僅包括提香、波提切利、佩魯吉諾、丁托列托和老帕爾馬等大批藝術(shù)家的繪畫作品，還涵蓋了像章、服裝、日常生活用品、建筑構(gòu)件和模型等，全景化地呈現(xiàn)了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期意大利藝術(shù)、文化和社會(huì)生活?！芭c以往在中國(guó)看到的文藝復(fù)興展覽最大的不同，此次展覽關(guān)注的重心是引領(lǐng)觀眾理解這些藝術(shù)品為什么會(huì)被創(chuàng)作，如何使用和解讀?！秉S雪寅說(shuō)。

展覽分為“傳統(tǒng)與創(chuàng)新”“人是宇宙的中心”“藝術(shù)與信仰”三個(gè)單元。“從藝術(shù)層面到生活層面再到精神層面，三個(gè)單元層層遞進(jìn)。其它關(guān)于文藝復(fù)興的展覽是從藝術(shù)欣賞、名家名作的角度來(lái)切入，而在此次展覽的第二、第三部分更多地展現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)人們的日常生活、精神風(fēng)貌和思想?！闭褂[內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)人張繼華說(shuō)。同時(shí)，為幫助觀眾更深刻地理解文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的內(nèi)涵，除了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的展品外，觀眾也會(huì)看到古羅馬時(shí)期的雕塑以及拜占庭風(fēng)格的少量繪畫，張繼華說(shuō)：“之所以選擇非文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的作品，是為了更直觀地向觀眾呈現(xiàn)出文藝復(fù)興和古希臘、古羅馬之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，即汲取古典文化的精華，革新中世紀(jì)傳統(tǒng)?！?/p>

“傳統(tǒng)與創(chuàng)新”單元主要展現(xiàn)從中世紀(jì)到文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，意大利繪畫、建筑和城市規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域發(fā)生的深刻變革。通過(guò)與拜占庭風(fēng)格的畫作對(duì)照，可以清晰地領(lǐng)會(huì)這一時(shí)期藝術(shù)上的革新。此外，還利用一些畫作展現(xiàn)這一時(shí)期建筑風(fēng)格的變化。

“人是宇宙的中心”單元?jiǎng)t通過(guò)大量肖像畫，詮釋這個(gè)時(shí)代的一大特征就是強(qiáng)調(diào)人的價(jià)值。萊奧納爾多·達(dá)·芬奇的素描《維特魯威人》是這一思想最直觀的表達(dá)。展覽依照原稿專門制作了一個(gè)裝置，供觀眾拍照比對(duì)，以此加深理解。與此同時(shí)，提香及其工作室繪制的唯一存世的《戎裝的查理五世》，展出前剛剛完成修復(fù)。該單元還通過(guò)繪畫作品和建筑模型展現(xiàn)了美第奇家族成員的風(fēng)采、婚禮場(chǎng)景和別墅，讓觀眾走近意大利文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動(dòng)的重要推動(dòng)者之一——美第奇家族。

“藝術(shù)與信仰”單元展示了當(dāng)時(shí)人們的思想狀態(tài)：文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，藝術(shù)緩慢但穩(wěn)定地朝著世俗化的方向發(fā)展。藝術(shù)家將現(xiàn)實(shí)生活引入到宗教繪畫中，在繪畫中神圣人物被表現(xiàn)得更具人情味，此外，還展現(xiàn)了該時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的古典神話和古羅馬歷史這種世俗題材的畫作。

通過(guò)這些藏品，觀眾將更直觀、更真實(shí)地理解意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的文化和藝術(shù)?！斑@個(gè)展覽絕不僅僅是欣賞性的展覽，而是通過(guò)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)和生活，展現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)人們的生活風(fēng)貌，從而和傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)文化達(dá)到文明共鑒的目的?！秉S雪寅說(shuō)。

A few hundred years ago, the Renaissance movement that began in Florence, Italy, opened a new era in the history of Western civilization. Engels once said: "The Renaissance is a great, progressive change that humans have never experienced before. It is an era of giants under great demand---a giant with versatility and knowledge in terms of thinking ability, passion and character."How was the art, life and thought of Italy during the Renaissance? From March 27thto June 22nd, the Exhibition of Italian Art, Culture and Life in Renaissance held at the Capital Museum will answer questions for the audiences.

The exhibition, organized by MiBACT, State Administration of Cultural Heritage and Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage and undertaken by the Capital Museum, is under the framework of the China-Italy cultural cooperation mechanism,the " Sleeping Beauty of Italian Museum" project. According to HUANG Xueyin, event curator from Chinese side and Deputydirector of Capital Museum: "the character of the event is to organize the themed exhibition after the selection of collections of sleeping exhibits of Italian museums.Most of the exhibits in this event are in China for the first time."

Some 102 pieces of exhibits from 17 museums and institutions in Italy,such as Uffizi Gallery, Bargello National Museum, Umbria National Art Museum, etc., are of extremely high diversity,not only including paintings by a large group of artists such as Tiziano, Botticelli, Perugino, Tintoretto and Palma, but also badges, clothing, daily necessities, building components and models, presenting a panoramic view of Renaissance Italian art, culture and social life."Very different from the Renaissance exhibitions that we have seen in China, the focus of this event is to lead viewers to understand why these artworks were created,how they were used and interpreted." Huang Xueyin said.

The exhibition is divided into three modules: "Tradition and Innovation," "Human is the Center of the Universe", "Art and Faith". "From the level of art to the life to the spirit, the three units are progressive. Other exhibitions concerning the Renaissance are from the perspective of art appreciation and famous masterpieces. The second and third part of the exhibition show more content about people’s daily life,spiritual outlook and ideas."According to ZHANG Jihua, who is responsible for exhibition content. Meanwhile, to help the audiences gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of the Renaissance movement, in addition to Renaissance exhibits, they will also find ancient Roman sculptures and a small amount of Byzantine paintings. ZHANG Jihua said: "The reason why nonrenaissance works were chosen was to visualize the link between the renaissance and ancient Greece and ancient Rome more intuitively, that is, to extract the essence of classical culture and to innovate the medieval traditions."

The "Tradition and Innovation" module mainly reflects the profound changes that have taken place in the fields of Italian painting, architecture and urban planning from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.By contrasting with Byzantine style paintings,people can clearly grasp the artistic innovations of this period.In addition, some paintings are employed to demonstrate the changes in architectural style during this period.

The "Human is the Center of the Universe" module interprets a major feature of this era, which is to emphasize the value of peoplethrough a large number of portraits. Leonardo Da Vinci's sketchUomo Vitruviano isthe most intuitive expression of this idea. According to the original manuscript, the exhibition produced a special device for the audience to take pictures for comparison in order to deepen their understanding.At the same time, Tiziano and his studio's exclusive surviving workingPortrait of Charles V in Armourwas just repaired completely before the show.The unit also shows the charm, wedding scenes and villas of the Medici family members through paintings and architectural models, allowing the audiences to approach the Medici family,one of the key promoters of the Italian Renaissance.

The "Art and Faith" module shows people’s state of mind at that time.During the Renaissance, art slowly but steadily developed in the direction of secularization. The artist introduces real life into religious paintings, in which the sacred characters are rendered more human.The artists borrowed classical art forms to express religious themes. Several ancient Roman sculptures are deliberately selected in the exhibition to illustrate this phenomenon. In addition, it also witnesses paintings of such secular themes as classical mythology and ancient Roman history emerged during this period.

The audiences will understand Italian Renaissance culture and art more intuitively and truthfullythrough these collections. "This exhibition is not just an appreciation for admiration. It is through the art and life of the Renaissance to show people’s life style at that time so as to realize the purpose of paralleled admiration of civilization of the traditional Chinese culture." said HUANG Xueyin.