許麗彥 謝曉晨 劉瑞 封輝 遲志廣 劉洋 董峰岐
[摘要] 目的 分析尿道下裂患兒采用snodgrass術(shù)式和改良koyanagi術(shù)式治療的臨床效果。 方法 回顧性分析該院2012年6月—2015年6月收治的尿道下裂患兒共116例為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為兩組,A組為snodgrass組,采用snodgrass術(shù)式共67例;B組為koyanagi組,采用改良koyanagi術(shù)式49例。收集兩組患兒手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)果 兩組患兒均一期完成手術(shù),術(shù)后門診復(fù)查隨訪1年,均隨訪成功,尿道口位于陰莖體正中,患兒家長(zhǎng)對(duì)陰莖外觀滿意;A組(snodgrass組)手術(shù)時(shí)間100~120 min,平均(115±9.75)min,B組(koyanagi組)手術(shù)時(shí)間120~180 min,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(145±11.25)min,兩組對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。并發(fā)癥方面:A組(snodgrass組)術(shù)后發(fā)生尿道瘺8例,B組(Koyanagi組)術(shù)后發(fā)生尿道瘺6例,均行尿道瘺修補(bǔ)術(shù)后治愈出院,兩組均無(wú)尿道狹窄及憩室發(fā)生,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論snodgrass術(shù)式和改良koyanagi術(shù)式都是較為成熟的尿道下裂手術(shù)方式,臨床治療效果均較為優(yōu)秀,療效滿意,并發(fā)癥少。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 尿道下裂;尿道成形;治療效果
[中圖分類號(hào)] R726.9 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2018)11(a)-0022-03
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical effects of snodgrass and modified koyanagi in children with hypospadias. Methods A total of 116 children with hypospadias who were admitted to the hospital from June 2012 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to the surgical procedure. Group A was the snodgrass group and 67 patients were treated with snodgrass. Group B was koyanagi group, and 49 cases were treated with modified koyanagi. The operation time, hospitalization time and postoperative complications of the two groups were collected. Results All the patients underwent surgery in the first phase. The follow-up was followed up for 1 years. All the patients were followed up successfully. The urethral orifice was located in the middle of the penis. The parents of the children were satisfied with the appearance of the penis. The operation time of group A (snodgrass group) was 100~120 min, (115±9.75)min, group B (koyanagi group) operation time 120~180 min, average operation time (145±11.25)min, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Complications: 8 patients with urethral fistula occurred in group A (snodgrass group) and 6 patients with urethra fistula in group B (Koyanagi group). All patients underwent urethral hernia repair and were discharged. There were no urethral stricture and diverticulum in both groups. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The snodgrass procedure and the modified koyanagi procedure are relatively mature methods of hypospadias. The clinical treatments are excellent, the results are satisfactory, and the complications are few.
[Key words] Hypospadias; Urethroplasty; Therapeutic effect
尿道下裂是小兒泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)較常見的先天性畸形疾病,此疾病只能通過(guò)手術(shù)治療,現(xiàn)今所報(bào)道的手術(shù)方法繁多,各有利弊[1]。近些年由于對(duì)尿道板的愈合機(jī)制、尿道板在重建尿道中的作用、降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等研究,基于尿道板的尿道下裂術(shù)式(snodgrass術(shù)式、koyanagi術(shù)式)越來(lái)越受到小兒泌尿外科醫(yī)生的重視[2]。該次研究回顧性分析該院2012年6月—2015年6月共診治的116例陰莖體中段尿道下裂患兒分別采用snodgrass術(shù)式和改良koyanagi術(shù)式治療的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
方便選取該院收治的尿道下裂患兒研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行回顧性分析,所選取對(duì)象除外需離斷尿道板矯正陰莖下彎者,入組患兒共116例。根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為AB兩組,按照手術(shù)方式命名。A組為snodgrass組,采用snodgrass術(shù)式共67例;B組為koyanagi組,采用改良koyanagi術(shù)式49例。A組患兒年齡1~11歲,平均年齡3.6歲,伴有陰莖下彎34例,均為陰莖體型,尿道口距冠狀溝距離1~2.5 cm,平均1.8 cm;B組患兒年齡1~13歲,平均年齡3.3歲,伴有陰莖下彎21例,均為陰莖體型,尿道口距冠狀溝距離1~3.5 cm,平均2.2 cm。兩組患兒在一般資料方面對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),均通過(guò)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),簽署知情同意書。
1.2 治療方法
患兒入院后查體充分評(píng)估尿道板條件,測(cè)量陰莖頭最大徑需≥1 mm[3]。A組(Snodgrass組)手術(shù)方法:①患兒麻醉滿意后常規(guī)消毒鋪單,縫合陰莖頭牽引線,腹側(cè)尿道板左右兩側(cè)平行縱行切開至海綿體層,近端繞尿道口做U型匯合,分離兩側(cè)的陰莖頭翼瓣,依據(jù)患兒個(gè)體情況保證切開尿道板寬達(dá)0.6~1.0 cm;②距冠狀溝0.5 cm處環(huán)形切開包皮,將陰莖皮膚呈脫套狀褪至陰莖根,游離周圍攣縮纖維組織,矯正陰莖下彎伸直陰莖體,該次研究所選取的患兒均不需離斷尿道板即可矯正陰莖下彎;③選擇保留尿道板正中縱行切開并向兩側(cè)剝離,切開深度需達(dá)海綿體白膜層,保證展開后的尿道板在1.2~1.5 cm,以保證尿管順利插入;④選擇F6-F10號(hào)硅膠氣囊尿管,將尿道板包繞尿管,6-0可吸收線間斷縫合形成新尿道;⑤關(guān)閉兩側(cè)陰莖頭翼瓣,成形尿道口,適當(dāng)裁減陰莖皮膚后縫合成形陰莖;⑥內(nèi)層美皮貼包扎,中層大網(wǎng)眼紗布包扎,外層彈力繃帶加壓包扎,尿管膠帶固定腹部。
B組(Koyanagi組)手術(shù)方法:①患兒麻醉滿意后常規(guī)消毒鋪單,陰莖頭縫線牽引,依據(jù)術(shù)中具體情況F6-F10硅膠氣囊尿管置入尿道;②選擇距冠狀溝0.5 cm處內(nèi)外板交界處環(huán)形切開包皮,脫套狀褪至陰莖根部,去除尿道板兩側(cè)攣縮纖維組織,伸直陰莖體;③陰莖頭腹側(cè)行翼狀解剖,陰莖背側(cè)包皮兩翼做標(biāo)記,選擇背側(cè)包皮正中切開1.0~1.5 cm轉(zhuǎn)移至腹側(cè),將之前所做的標(biāo)記點(diǎn)與陰莖頭切開的頂點(diǎn)縫合[4];④間斷縫合轉(zhuǎn)移至腹側(cè)的包皮,并間斷固定于白膜重建新尿道板;⑤以尿道口為近側(cè)基底,選取重建尿道包皮中心縫線為軸,左右各保留0.5 cm做U形切口,向切口兩側(cè)游離筋膜血管蒂,保證U形切口兩側(cè)皮膚能夠無(wú)張力覆蓋陰莖腹側(cè)即可;⑥內(nèi)翻縫合尿道板和包皮瓣外側(cè)切口成形新尿道,整形尿道陰莖體尿道外口;⑦取一側(cè)陰囊分離肉膜層游離出睪丸鞘膜,切開鞘膜囊,依據(jù)重建尿道長(zhǎng)度切取適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度的帶蒂睪丸鞘膜瓣,寬度1.0 cm,將睪丸鞘膜瓣轉(zhuǎn)移覆蓋成形尿道,與陰莖腹側(cè)筋膜縫合固定;⑧逐層關(guān)閉睪丸鞘膜及肉膜層,利用殘留包皮以及陰莖皮膚縫合成形陰莖;⑨美皮貼包扎陰莖,中層大網(wǎng)眼紗布包扎,外層彈力繃帶加壓包扎,尿管膠帶固定腹部。兩組均在術(shù)后第7天拆除彈力繃帶,第10天拔管。
1.3 觀察方法
兩組患兒術(shù)后門診隨訪兩年,觀察患兒排尿情況及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。包括:尿道狹窄、尿道瘺、尿道憩室、皮瓣壞死。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
采用SPASS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件分析數(shù)據(jù), 計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
兩組患兒均一期完成手術(shù),A組手術(shù)時(shí)間100~120 min,平均(115±9.75)min,B組手術(shù)時(shí)間120~180 min,平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(145±11.25)min,兩組對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),A組手術(shù)時(shí)間短于B組;兩組均住院12 d出院;術(shù)后門診復(fù)查隨訪1年,均獲隨訪,尿道口位于陰莖體正中,患兒家長(zhǎng)對(duì)陰莖外觀滿意;兩組患兒無(wú)尿道狹窄發(fā)生,A組術(shù)后發(fā)生尿道瘺共8例,B組術(shù)后發(fā)生尿道瘺共6例,兩組對(duì)比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。均于術(shù)后半年再次行尿道瘺修補(bǔ)術(shù)后治愈出院。
3 討論
尿道下裂是小兒較常見的泌尿系畸形,只能通過(guò)手術(shù)治療。目前公認(rèn)的手術(shù)成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是[5]:陰莖下彎完全矯正,陰莖外觀家屬滿意,尿道口位置正常,自行排尿順暢,無(wú)尿道瘺及尿道狹窄。A組Snodgrass術(shù)即尿道板縱切卷管尿道成形術(shù),由于其操作簡(jiǎn)單,采用原位尿道板成形,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,陰莖外觀家屬滿意而廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[6]。Snodgrass術(shù)式優(yōu)點(diǎn)是,充分利原位尿道板組織,彈性好,血運(yùn)豐富,選取尿道板正中縱切既不影響尿道板的血運(yùn),又能增加尿道板的寬度,重建尿道血運(yùn)好,張力小,術(shù)后尿道瘺的發(fā)生率低[7]。Snodgrass術(shù)式臨床應(yīng)用應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):①病例的選擇至關(guān)重要,尿道板條件好,無(wú)陰莖下彎是最理想的病例,部分陰莖輕度下彎的患兒應(yīng)在術(shù)中包皮脫套后明確不需離斷尿道板可選擇此術(shù)式。②去除包皮瓣表皮時(shí),采用皮下注射生理鹽水的辦法,可減少游離操作對(duì)血管的損傷,又可保證組織厚度[8]。③游離陰莖腹側(cè)皮下淺筋膜時(shí)避免損傷近端尿道。
1984年Koyanagi術(shù)式首次報(bào)道,初期由于并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高而未受到臨床醫(yī)生重視,此術(shù)式充分利用包皮及陰莖皮膚,尿道狹窄發(fā)生率低,特別對(duì)于部分伴有陰莖陰囊轉(zhuǎn)位、包皮不豐富的重型尿道下裂手術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,多數(shù)能夠一期修復(fù)重型尿道下裂[9]。近些年隨著手術(shù)操作技術(shù)及對(duì)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)知程度,Koyanagi術(shù)式經(jīng)過(guò)不斷改良,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯降低,此術(shù)式的優(yōu)勢(shì)越來(lái)越顯著。改良Koyanagi手術(shù),相較于snodgrass術(shù)式手術(shù)操作難度大,該組研究從手術(shù)時(shí)間上即可看出,術(shù)中在游離皮瓣筋膜血管蒂時(shí),即使臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的小兒泌尿外科醫(yī)生也是有一定難度的,若術(shù)中操作不精細(xì)術(shù)后易并發(fā)殘留包皮、新尿道缺血壞死[10]。該次研究所采用的B組改良Koyanagi手術(shù)具有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):①充分利用殘留尿道板,重做尿道與原尿道口間沒(méi)有吻合口,不易發(fā)生尿道狹窄,對(duì)于陰莖陰囊型尿道缺損較長(zhǎng)的尿道下裂能夠一期修復(fù);②陰莖背側(cè)包皮正中切開轉(zhuǎn)移,先縫合內(nèi)側(cè)包皮切緣再做U形切口,較原術(shù)式減少了游離周圍皮瓣筋膜血管蒂的范圍,減輕損傷,降低術(shù)后殘留包皮和重做尿道的缺血壞死的發(fā)生率;③采用游離睪丸鞘膜覆蓋新尿道技術(shù),進(jìn)一步降低尿道瘺的發(fā)生率。該組koyanagi術(shù)后短期尿道瘺發(fā)生率12.2%,優(yōu)于外文文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的Koyanagi手術(shù)平均31.9%的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率[11];該研究認(rèn)為降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生應(yīng)注意:①游離皮瓣筋膜血管蒂時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)足夠了解,精細(xì)操作,有條件的醫(yī)院可在放大鏡輔助下進(jìn)行操作;②重做尿道外側(cè)緣左右兩側(cè)各需游離寬約0.5 cm的皮瓣筋膜血管蒂即可,能夠無(wú)張力覆蓋成形陰莖即可,不必像經(jīng)典Koyanagi或Duckett術(shù)式廣泛游離;③一旦決定采用Koyanagi術(shù)式術(shù)前應(yīng)行陰囊彩超檢查,了解睪丸情況,術(shù)中均應(yīng)使用睪丸鞘膜瓣技術(shù)覆蓋新尿道;④盡量使用雙極電凝等低能量的針狀電極止血;⑤術(shù)中精細(xì)操作,出血量少陰囊創(chuàng)面不需留置引流。
該次研究對(duì)兩組患兒的兩種術(shù)式進(jìn)行回顧性分析,snodgrass術(shù)式優(yōu)勢(shì)在于手術(shù)時(shí)間短,操作簡(jiǎn)單,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,但對(duì)病例選擇要求較高,尿道板條件好,陰莖頭最大徑≥14 mm,術(shù)中不需離斷尿道板即可矯正陰莖下彎者推薦應(yīng)用snodgrass術(shù)式。此術(shù)式的缺點(diǎn)是:對(duì)患兒陰莖頭大小有要求,最大徑需≥14 mm。若陰莖下彎>30°或需離斷尿道板才可糾正陰莖下彎的患兒無(wú)法實(shí)施此術(shù)式。Koyanagi術(shù)式的優(yōu)勢(shì)是對(duì)患兒尿道條件要求不高,能夠一期修復(fù)尿道板條件一般的陰莖體型尿道下裂和尿道缺損長(zhǎng)的陰莖陰囊型尿道下裂,對(duì)需要離斷尿道板才能伸直陰莖的患兒也可采用此術(shù)式。
此術(shù)式不足之處是轉(zhuǎn)移背側(cè)包皮成形尿道需縫合兩個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的縫合緣,重度尿道下裂患兒包皮和血管蒂主要分布于陰莖背側(cè),koyanagi術(shù)式取材較Duckett術(shù)式更廣泛,易破壞兩側(cè)的血管蒂引起血供不足,是術(shù)后并發(fā)尿道瘺的主要原因。同時(shí)此術(shù)式對(duì)術(shù)者精細(xì)操作及解剖基礎(chǔ)要求更高,手術(shù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),初學(xué)者難以掌握。該研究所采用的改良術(shù)式能夠進(jìn)一步降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。snodgrass術(shù)式和改良koyanagi術(shù)式都是成熟的尿道下裂手術(shù)方式,對(duì)于輕度的陰莖體型尿道下裂推薦兩組術(shù)式均較為優(yōu)秀。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(收稿日期:2018-08-08)