王 俠
癌癥是世界范圍內(nèi)導(dǎo)致死亡的最常見的原因,目前人類尚未找到有效策略抵抗這一大難題。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)、科學(xué)的發(fā)展,社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,人們迫切地希望能夠做到早發(fā)現(xiàn),早診斷,早治療。長鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNA)的發(fā)現(xiàn)為癌癥治療找到了新的切入點(diǎn)。長鏈非編碼RNA是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄本長度超過200個(gè)核苷酸的RNA分子[1],在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平以及表觀遺傳學(xué)水平上發(fā)揮著重要的調(diào)控作用。近年來研究表明lncRNA廣泛參與腫瘤的形成、復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后等[2]過程,并發(fā)揮原癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。本綜述著重討論lncRNA與婦科三大惡性腫瘤的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展,旨在為女性惡性腫瘤的治療找到新的靶向分子提供思路。
非編碼RNA包括rRNA,tRNA,snRNA,snoRNA,lncRNA 和microRNA等,其中l(wèi)ncRNA受到越來越多的關(guān)注,其在基因表達(dá)調(diào)控中發(fā)揮的功能值得重視,它是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄本長度超過200個(gè)核苷酸的RNA分子,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平以及表觀遺傳學(xué)水平上發(fā)揮著重要的調(diào)控作用。例如,lncRNA NEAT1[3]在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中通過miR-129/ZEB2引起5-氟尿嘧啶耐藥,此外研究發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA AFAP1-AS1[4]通過調(diào)控PTEN信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)為癌細(xì)胞的增殖。Jin P等人[5]證實(shí)下調(diào)一種新型的lncRNA分子LOC389332與腎細(xì)胞癌的不良預(yù)后和腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。這些研究結(jié)果均表明研究lncRNA有望為治療癌癥帶來新希望。
2.1 宮頸癌 鄒阮敏等[6]通過RT-PCR等技術(shù)證實(shí)了與癌旁正常組織相比,宮頸癌中l(wèi)inc-stxbp5-1表達(dá)上調(diào),可作為促癌基因參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程。
肺腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因1(MALAT1)被發(fā)現(xiàn)在宮頸癌中高表達(dá),Sun R等[7]通過微陣列分析發(fā)現(xiàn)MALAT1通過誘導(dǎo)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)促進(jìn)宮頸癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,且與HPV感染密切相關(guān),因此它可能作為宮頸癌預(yù)防和治療的靶向分子。Sun J等[8]證實(shí)HOX轉(zhuǎn)錄反義RNA(HOTAIR)可明顯縮短宮頸癌患者的生存期,且與疾病病理分期、組織學(xué)分型、淋巴結(jié)侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。HOTAIR通過抑制mir-148a誘導(dǎo)人類白細(xì)胞抗原g(HLA-G)表達(dá)上調(diào),發(fā)揮促癌基因的作用,可作為宮頸癌預(yù)后指標(biāo)和潛在干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)。此外,楊慧等[9]通過NONCODE科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫篩選出與宮頸癌相關(guān)的lncRNAs,其中H19、SRA在宮頸組織中低表達(dá),對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)生具有抑制作用,HOTAIR、UCA1、MALAT1在宮頸組織中高表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生。因此,lncRNA可能成為宮頸癌診斷的早期標(biāo)志物,并作為腫瘤治療的靶點(diǎn)。
2.2 卵巢癌 高原[10]通過Transwell、劃痕等實(shí)驗(yàn)證明HOST2在上皮性卵巢癌中特異性表達(dá),并參與調(diào)控上皮性卵巢癌細(xì)胞的遷移、侵襲和增殖過程,可能與該惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),提示HOST2有可能作為治療卵巢癌的潛在靶點(diǎn)。多個(gè)文獻(xiàn)[11~13]報(bào)道,lncRNASPRY4-IT1參與許多腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程,Li H等[14]通過實(shí)驗(yàn)分析表明SPRY4-IT1在卵巢癌組織中高表達(dá),下調(diào)該分子可抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和細(xì)胞周期的停滯,提示SPRY4-IT1可作為腫瘤預(yù)后和治療的靶向分子。lncRNA除參與腫瘤增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等過程外,在耐藥研究中也發(fā)揮著重要的作用。最近的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[15]LncRNA NEST00000457645可逆轉(zhuǎn)CP70卵巢癌細(xì)胞順鉑耐藥,可提高此種癌細(xì)胞增殖和遷移能力。
2.3 乳腺癌 當(dāng)今乳腺癌是女性常見惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率和死亡率正逐年上升。不少學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA與乳腺癌的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。Chen DQ等[16]證明lncRNA LINC00628過表達(dá)則抑制LCC2和MCF-7乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,通過調(diào)控Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3信號(hào)途徑促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡,發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用。以此,低表達(dá)的LINC00628將可能成為腫瘤不良預(yù)后的潛在生物信號(hào)。Yang Y等[17]通過微陣列分析發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA HOTTIP表達(dá)升高的情況下乳腺癌患者的生存期則會(huì)降低,預(yù)測該lncRNA分子可作為乳腺癌患者不良預(yù)測指標(biāo)。此外,乳腺癌細(xì)胞中l(wèi)ncRNANEAT1通過miR-129/ZEB2誘導(dǎo)上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和5-FU耐藥[18],因此下調(diào)NEAT1可能促進(jìn)癌癥對(duì)化療的敏感性,從而增強(qiáng)化療的效果。
本文綜述了lncRNA與女性惡性腫瘤之間發(fā)生發(fā)展的關(guān)系。LncRNA作為一種潛在的靶標(biāo)基因,受許多基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控影響腫瘤治療效果。隨著生物信息技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,大量lncRNA與腫瘤的聯(lián)系相繼被發(fā)現(xiàn)。但lncRNA的空間結(jié)構(gòu)與與功能尚不完全清楚,這就為治療設(shè)計(jì)出靶向分子帶來了新的挑戰(zhàn)。盡管早期癌癥治療令人束手無策,目前也無有效方法可以徹底解決這一難題,但隨著研究者對(duì)lncRNA調(diào)控機(jī)制的逐步探索,相信治愈這些癌癥將指日可待。
[1] Zhang G,DuanA,ZhangJ.Genome-wide analysis of long non-coding RNAs at the mature stage of sea buckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides Linn) fruit[J].Gene,2017.
[2] Qi F,LiuX,WuH,etal.Long noncoding AGAP2-AS1 is activated by SP1 and promotes cell proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer[J].Journal of hematology & oncology,2017,10(1):48.
[3] Li X, Wang S, Li Z, et al. NEAT1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and 5-FU resistance through the miR-129/ZEB2 axis in breast cancer[J]. FEBS letters, 2017, 591(3):570~577.
[4] Guo JQ,Li SJ.Long Noncoding RNA AFAP1-AS1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells via PTEN/p-AKT Pathway[J].Digestive diseases and sciences,2017.
[5] Jin P,Wang J.Downregulation of a novel long non-coding RNA, LOC389332, is associated with poor prognosis and tumor progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma[J].Experimental and therapeutic medicine,2017,13(3):1137~1142.
[6] 鄒阮敏,余霞,張文淼,等.長鏈非編碼RNA linc-STXBP5-1在宮頸癌中的表達(dá)及其干預(yù)效應(yīng)分析[J].中國病理生理雜志,2016(6):1127~1131.
[7] Sun R, Qin C, Jian B, et al. Down-regulation of MALAT1inhibits cervical cancer cell invasion and metastasis by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition [J].MolBiosyst, 2016,12(3):952~962.
[8] Sun J,ChuH,JiJ,etal.Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR modulates HLA-G expression by absorbing miR-148a in human cervical cancer[J].International journal of oncology,2016.
[9] 楊慧,余敏敏,陸曉媛.長鏈非編碼RNA在宮頸癌及宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變中的表達(dá)[J].江蘇醫(yī)藥,2014(22):2685~2688.
[10] 高原.長鏈非編碼RNA-HOST2在上皮性卵巢癌中的表達(dá)及功能機(jī)制研究[D].第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué),2014.
[11] J. Xue-Liang, W. Ming-Dong, Z. Ya-Bi, et al.Upregulated long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 contributes to increased cell viability by activating zinc finger 703 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Indian[J]. Cancer 52 (Suppl.3) (2015) E164~167.
[12] D. Cao, Q. Ding, W. Yu, et al. Long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 promotes malignant development of colorectal cancer by targeting epithelialmesenchymal transition, Onco Targets Ther.9(2016)5417~5425.
[13] Y. Shi, J. Li, Y. Liu, et al. The long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 increases the proliferation of human breast cancer cells by upregulating ZNF703 expression,Mol. Cancer 14(2015)51.
[14] Li H,Liu C,Lu Z,etal.Upregulation of the long non-coding RNA SPRY4-IT1 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer[J].Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy= Biomédecine&pharmacothérapie,2017.
[15] Yan H,XiaJY.Long non-coding RNA ENST00000457645 reverses cisplatin resistance in CP70 ovarian cancer cells[J].Genetics and molecular research:GMR,2017.
[16] Chen DQ,ZhengXD,CaoY,etal.Long non-coding RNA LINC00628 suppresses the growth and metastasis and promotes cell apoptosis in breast cancer[J].European review for medical and pharmacological sciences,2017,21(2):275~283.
[17] Yang Y,QianJ,XiangY,etal.The prognostic value of long noncoding RNA HOTTIP on clinical outcomes in breast cancer[J].Oncotarget,2016.
[18] Li X,WangS,LiZ,etal.Retracted: NEAT1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and 5-FU resistance through the miR-129/ZEB2 axis in breast cancer[J].FEBS letters,2016.