孟媛+王紅雷+任曉莉
[摘要]目的:探討小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)滋養(yǎng)層對小鼠誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)適宜的培養(yǎng)條件及其作用機(jī)制。方法:取E12.5~14.5d ICR孕鼠,培養(yǎng)小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs),制備滋養(yǎng)層,收集第2~3代(P2~P3)和第6代(P6)培養(yǎng)2~4d MEFs滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基(MEF-CM),ELISA檢測P2~P3和P6 MEF-CM中Activin A、白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)的濃度水平。iPSCs與滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞共同培養(yǎng),并進(jìn)行細(xì)胞鑒定。結(jié)果:ELISA檢測結(jié)果顯示P2~P3 MEF-CM中Activin A 、LIF的濃度顯著高于P6 MEF-CM,差異有顯著性意義(P<0.05)。iPSCs呈克隆狀生長,細(xì)胞鑒定結(jié)果顯示:擬胚體形成;堿性磷酸酶染色呈陽性;0CT4表達(dá)陽性。結(jié)論:E12.5~14.5d來源的P2~P3 MEFs滋養(yǎng)層能有效的抑制iPSCs的分裂,支持iPSCs的生長并維持其全能性。
[關(guān)鍵詞]誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞;小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞;滋養(yǎng)層;Activin A;白血病抑制因子
[中圖分類號]R783.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號]1008-6455(2017)10-0056-03
Abstract: Objective To establish mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as the feeder layers for supporting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and to discuss the effects of MEFs on iPSCs. Methods Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells for primary culture were derived from ICR mouse embryos (pregnant 12.5-14.5 days). MEFs were treated with mitomycin-C by 10ug/ml as feeder layer. MEF-conditioned medium (MEF-CM) was collected from the second or third and the sixth passage of MEFs. The concentration of Activin A and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in MEF-CM was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). iPSCs were cultured on MEFs. Theexpression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Octamer-4(OCT4) of iPSCs was tested. EB formation was achieved. Results After being treated with mitomycin-C,MEFs proliferation could be effectively repressed and be made into the feeder layer for iPSCs clonal expansion. ELISA was shown that the concentration of Activin A and LIF in the third passage of MEF-CM was significantly higher than that in the sixth passage of MEF-CM(P<0.05). iPSCs cultured on the feeder layer grew well and maintained undifferentiation and vitality, which could form the “nest” morphology as embryonic stem cells clone, and also formed EB. iPSCs expressed the positive result of ALP and OCT4. Conclusion MEF feeder layer derived from mouse embryos (E12.5-14.5d) could effectively support mouse iPSCs undifferentiation and self-renewal.
Key words: induced pluripotent stem cells; mouse embryonic fibroblasts; feeder layer; activin A; leukemia inhibitory factor
小鼠誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)是由小鼠皮膚細(xì)胞重編程獲得的一類具有自我復(fù)制、自我更新能力的多潛能干細(xì)胞[1]。在形態(tài)、增殖、表面抗原、基因表達(dá)、染色質(zhì)性質(zhì)等方面與胚胎干細(xì)胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)相似,又克服了ESCs研究中所涉及的倫理道德爭議[2]。而患者來源的iPSCs避免了細(xì)胞移植可能出現(xiàn)的免疫排斥反應(yīng)[3]。iPSCs的出現(xiàn)給人類帶來了新的希望,在發(fā)育生物學(xué)和再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有重要意義。目前iPSCs的培養(yǎng)主要采用小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)作為滋養(yǎng)層,而MEFs是如何支持ESCs和iPSCs的生長,目前機(jī)制不十分清楚。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞可以分泌多種因子,促進(jìn)誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞生長和抑制誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞分化,從而維持誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞自我更新和無限增殖能力。本研究采用滋養(yǎng)層法培養(yǎng)iPSCs,探討MEFs滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞適宜的培養(yǎng)條件以及對iPSCs的支持作用,為利用iPSCs進(jìn)行再生醫(yī)學(xué)和發(fā)育生物學(xué)的研究提供有力支持。endprint
1 材料和方法
1.1 小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)分離培養(yǎng):取E12.5~14.5d ICR孕鼠,斷頸處死,于超凈臺內(nèi)無菌條件下暴露子宮。用顯微鑷取出整個子宮,用PBS沖洗三次,棄除表面殘余血跡。沿子宮系膜側(cè)剪開子宮,取出胚胎,置于有PBS的平皿內(nèi),充分洗滌,棄除表面紅細(xì)胞。剝除胎膜,取出胎鼠,用PBS洗滌三次。用眼科剪剪除胚胎頭部、內(nèi)臟和四肢,將軀干部用PBS洗滌三次,充分棄除紅細(xì)胞。再將鼠胚軀干剪成1mm3以下的碎塊, 吸置于離心管內(nèi),加入0.25%胰蛋白酶(含0.02%EDTA)消化10min。然后加入足量培養(yǎng)液終止消化。在4℃條件下,1000r/min,離心5min。棄掉上清,加適量培養(yǎng)液(DMEM+10%FBS),反復(fù)吹打20次,接種到培養(yǎng)瓶中,置37℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)。待細(xì)胞互相重疊爬滿整個培養(yǎng)瓶底時即可傳代。
1.2 滅活MEFs制備滋養(yǎng)層:培養(yǎng)的MEFs中加入10μg/ml絲裂霉素C混勻。置培養(yǎng)箱中3h。吸棄廢液,用PBS(不含鈣鎂)沖洗5~6次。加入0.25%胰酶(含0.02%EDTA)消化2min。隨后加入MEFs培養(yǎng)液終止消化。1000轉(zhuǎn),離心5min。以2.0×105/ml密度鋪在預(yù)先明膠處理過的培養(yǎng)瓶上。
1.3 ELISA檢測細(xì)胞因子的濃度:收集培養(yǎng)2~4d的P2~P3和P6 MEF滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞上清液(MEF-CM)。用濾器(Corrigtwohill,愛爾蘭)過濾,-80℃冷藏備用。iPSCs高糖DMED培養(yǎng)液作空白對照。各組培養(yǎng)液中ActivinA、LIF濃度采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗(ELISA)檢測,檢測試紙由美國R&D公司提供,檢測儀器為奧地利Anthos2010型全自動酶標(biāo)免疫分析系統(tǒng),具體操作過程嚴(yán)格按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。在酶標(biāo)儀上檢測450nm處測量吸光值,計算標(biāo)本濃度。
1.4 iPSCs的培養(yǎng):小鼠iPS-C5系購買于中國科學(xué)院廣州生物醫(yī)藥與健康研究院。從液氮中取出一支凍存的iPSCs,放入37℃水浴中解凍復(fù)蘇,吸取凍存管內(nèi)的細(xì)胞懸液至PBS中,常規(guī)離心。吸棄上清液,加入高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液 (含15%滅活胎牛血清、1%非必須氨基酸、1%丙醇酸鈉、0.1%2-巰基乙醇),制成單細(xì)胞懸液,以2×105/ml密度接種在已經(jīng)鋪好MEFs滋養(yǎng)層的培養(yǎng)瓶中培養(yǎng)。
1.5 iPSCs的鑒定:擬胚體(embryonic body,EB)形成:iPSCs常規(guī)消化、重懸,采用懸滴法[4]生成EB。
堿性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, ALP)染色:4%多聚甲醛固定iPSCs 15min。堿性磷酸酶染色液37℃避光染色15min。無水乙醇ⅰ、無水乙醇ⅱ中依次10min,二甲苯中20min。樹膠封固、拍照。
細(xì)胞免疫熒光染色:4%多聚甲醛固定iPSCs15min,0.25%Triton X-100孵育15min,4%山羊血清封閉30min。OCT4一抗(1∶100,Santa Cruz公司,美國),Rhodamine 標(biāo)記二抗(1∶200,Santa Cruz公司,美國)。5μg/ml Hoechst 33342(Sigma公司,美國)襯染細(xì)胞核15min。熒光顯微鏡 (Olympus公司,日本)拍照。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析:所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS12.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 MEFs形態(tài)學(xué)觀察:E12.5~14.5d來源的MEFs原代細(xì)胞中混有一些雜細(xì)胞,傳到第2~3代時,雜細(xì)胞逐漸減少。電鏡下MEFs多為梭形,形態(tài)規(guī)則,呈放射狀相互交錯排列。第6代MEFs可見部分細(xì)胞腫脹,突起變短或消失,空泡細(xì)胞比例增多。(圖1)
2.2 MEF-CM中Activin A、LIF的濃度水平:ELISA檢測各組培養(yǎng)液中Activin A、LIF的濃度水平,檢測結(jié)果顯示與對照組高糖DMED培養(yǎng)液相比,P2~P3和P6 MEF-CM中Activin A、LIF的濃度均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;P2~P3 MEF-CM中Activin A、LIF的濃度顯著高于P6 MEF-CM中細(xì)胞因子濃度,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(圖2)。
2.3 iPSCs形態(tài)學(xué)觀察及鑒定:小鼠iPSCs接種到滅活處理的第3代MEFs滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞上培養(yǎng),電鏡下可觀察到iPSCs呈克隆團(tuán)狀生長,細(xì)胞克隆形態(tài)多樣,呈島狀或者巢狀,克隆數(shù)量多,生長旺盛。iPSCs懸滴到六孔板上蓋,2d后懸滴的液體中可看到白色圓球體形成,用吸管吸出擬胚體至六孔板內(nèi)繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),待貼壁后有細(xì)胞向外遷移。iPSCs堿性磷酸酶染色呈棕紅色,染色陽性。細(xì)胞免疫熒光染色結(jié)果顯示:細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-4(Octamer-4, OCT4)表達(dá)陽性 (圖2) 。
3 討論
2006年Takahashi等將4種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4) 導(dǎo)入小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞,通過重編程獲得可以和ESCs相媲美的全能干細(xì)胞,即iPSCs[1]。隨后,美國及日本兩個研究小組采用不同的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子將人的皮膚細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為iPSCs[5-6]。很多研究證明iPSCs具有ESCs類似的功能,可以向人體內(nèi)三個胚層的所有細(xì)胞分化[7-9]。人體細(xì)胞來源的誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞繞開了胚胎干細(xì)胞研究一直面臨的倫理障礙,而患者特異性的誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞大大降低了細(xì)胞移植可能出現(xiàn)的免疫排斥反應(yīng)[3],為干細(xì)胞的研究帶來了新的突破。本研究介紹了iPSCs的體外培養(yǎng)方法,為利用iPSCs進(jìn)行的組織器官再生或缺損修復(fù)治療提供有力的支持。
MEFs常被用作培養(yǎng)ESCs的滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞[10],E12.5~14.5d來源的MEFs,第3代時雜細(xì)胞較小,細(xì)胞增殖能力較強,細(xì)胞壽命長,傳到第6代時細(xì)胞即可見空泡細(xì)胞增加,提示細(xì)胞壽命較短,較易老化。本研究采用E12.5~14.5d來源的第3代MEFs作為滋養(yǎng)層,培養(yǎng)的iPSCs克隆數(shù)量多,生長旺盛。iPSCs鑒定結(jié)果顯示:可以形成EB;ALP、OCT4表達(dá)陽性。EB是一種類似早期胚胎的球體結(jié)構(gòu),包括外、中、內(nèi)三胚層結(jié)構(gòu),是胚胎干細(xì)胞在體外自發(fā)形成[11]。ALP、OCT4陽性表明iPSCs還處于未分化狀態(tài)。OCT4是胚胎干細(xì)胞的特異性標(biāo)志之一。這些結(jié)果都證明了本研究培養(yǎng)的iPSCs具有ESCs相似的生物學(xué)特性。endprint
MEFs滋養(yǎng)層是如何支持ESCs和iPSCs的生長,目前機(jī)制不十分清楚。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞可以分泌FGF、VEGF、IGF等生長因子,促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞的克隆生長;另外還可以分泌白血病抑制因子(LIF)等,抑制干細(xì)胞的分化[12]。Chin等[13]對MEF培養(yǎng)基的蛋白組分析結(jié)果證明了Activin A的存在。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為MEFs的條件培養(yǎng)基中Activin A、Nodal和FGF介導(dǎo)的信號通路能維持hESCs的自我更新[14]。Furue認(rèn)為LIF是是一種能抑制ESCs自發(fā)性分化的分泌性多肽細(xì)胞因子,滋養(yǎng)層中的LIF具有抗凋亡的作用[15]。Smith等認(rèn)為LIF是維持ESCs全能性的重要因子,從滋養(yǎng)層培養(yǎng)基中撤銷LIF,ESCs會很快分化成各種類型的細(xì)胞[16]。本研究采用E12.5~14.5d來源的MEFs作為培養(yǎng)iPSCs的滋養(yǎng)層,ELISA檢測MEFs培養(yǎng)基中Activin A和LIF的水平,結(jié)果顯示MEF-CM中Activin A、LIF的濃度顯著高于未培養(yǎng)的高糖DMED培養(yǎng)液,而第3代MEF-CM中Activin A、LIF的濃度顯著高于第6代。結(jié)果表明MEFs滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞分泌的Activin A和LIF,支持iPSCs的自我更新和未分化特性。有學(xué)者在無飼養(yǎng)層的培養(yǎng)條件下加入LIF,并不能維持ESCs的自我復(fù)制的狀態(tài)[17],表明了滋養(yǎng)層為ESCs和iPSCs生長提供了復(fù)雜的微環(huán)境。
總而言之,E12.5~14.5d來源的第3代MEFs滋養(yǎng)層,能有效的支持iPSCs的生長,MEFs為iPSCs提供了復(fù)雜的微環(huán)境,其作用機(jī)制并不完全明確,除了Activin A和LIF,其他哪些關(guān)鍵因子還發(fā)揮重要作用,尚待深入研究。
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[收稿日期]2016-11-21 [修回日期]2017-09-06
編輯/張惠娟endprint