稅麗娟 張皓春 李映會(huì)
急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型的臨床意義
稅麗娟①?gòu)堭┐孩倮钣硶?huì)①
目的:探討急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型的臨床意義。方法:選取醫(yī)院收治的92例急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者納入觀察組,同期選取78例非H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者納入對(duì)照組。對(duì)比兩組患者臨床特征差異;分析急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型與美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評(píng)分的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型中觀察組0級(jí)的患者為10.87%,顯著高于對(duì)照組患者的1.28%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=4.925,P<0.05);觀察組分型5級(jí)的患者為6.52%,低于對(duì)照組患者的21.79%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=8.417,P<0.05);觀察組收縮期和舒張期血流速度顯著降低,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.645,t=5.251;P<0.05);觀察組腦梗死面積顯著增加,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.405,P=0.000);觀察組NIHSS評(píng)分顯著增加,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.688,P<0.05)。Pearson線性相關(guān)性分析顯示H型高血壓的腦梗死患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型與NIHSS顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.284,P<0.05)。結(jié)論:經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型可以較好地區(qū)分合并H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者病情嚴(yán)重程度。
急性腦梗死;H型高血壓;經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型
近年來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H型高血壓患者與非H型高血壓患者動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度不同,兩者的臨床預(yù)后有明顯差別[1-3]。臨床上將高血壓且高同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine, Hcy)≥10 μmol/L的患者診斷為H型高血壓,Hcy與體循環(huán)內(nèi)多發(fā)的動(dòng)脈血栓和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān),是一種含巰基的氨基酸[4]。Hcy與收縮壓、舒張壓和高脂蛋白血癥等明顯相關(guān)[5]。因此,H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者臨床特征可與非H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者不同,H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜中膜厚度增加更顯著[6]。經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲因其檢查簡(jiǎn)便,且可動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)患者顱內(nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,近年開始被用于急性腦梗死的診治中。利用經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲監(jiān)測(cè)腦梗死患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化,進(jìn)而用于指導(dǎo)臨床治療可以取得較好的效果[7]。因此,本研究分析合并H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型,并分析其臨床意義,旨在指導(dǎo)后續(xù)臨床的診治。
自2015年1月至2016年12月,回顧性收集達(dá)州市中心醫(yī)院收治的170例合并高血壓的急性腦梗死患者。根據(jù)患者入院時(shí)Hcy水平,將H型高血壓的92例急性腦梗死患者分為觀察組(Hcy≥10 μmol/L),非H型高血壓的78例腦梗死患者分為對(duì)照組(Hcy<10 μmol/L)。觀察組中男性62例,女性30例;平均年齡(62.32±6.48)歲;合并糖尿病19例,合并高脂血癥21例;Ⅰ級(jí)高血壓23例,Ⅱ級(jí)高血壓35例,Ⅲ級(jí)高血壓34例。對(duì)照組中男性50例,女性28例;平均年齡(61.92±7.12)歲,合并糖尿病15例,合并高脂血癥16例;Ⅰ級(jí)高血壓21例,Ⅱ級(jí)高血壓30例,Ⅲ級(jí)高血壓27例。兩組患者年齡、性別、合并癥和高血壓病分級(jí)相比差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。所有患者對(duì)本研究均知情同意并簽署知情同意書,本研究通過(guò)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
(1)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①急性腦梗死;②首次發(fā)?。虎郯l(fā)病離入院≤12 h;④同意參與本研究。
(2)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①陳舊性腦梗死;②短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作;③顱內(nèi)動(dòng)靜脈瘤;④腦出血或蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;⑤既往心肌梗死、腦卒中和腦出血等重大心血管疾?。虎?個(gè)月內(nèi)曾使用葉酸等影響Hcy代謝的藥物;⑦繼發(fā)性高血壓;⑧未能配合完成本研究。
經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲檢查采用DB-1257型雙通道多普勒超聲診斷儀(德國(guó)Compumedics公司),探頭頻率2 MHz。
(1)經(jīng)影像學(xué)確診急性腦梗死;MRI檢查患者腦梗死面積。
(2)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)?;颊呷朐汉蟛捎媒?jīng)顱多普勒超聲檢查患者大腦中動(dòng)脈,對(duì)患者大腦中動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)[9]:①0級(jí),無(wú)血流信號(hào);②1級(jí),收縮期血流速微弱,舒張期無(wú)血流信號(hào);③2級(jí),收縮期血流加速度延遲,舒張期可見(jiàn)正向血流信號(hào),平均血流速度≥30 cm/s;④3級(jí),收縮期低流速血流信號(hào),正常加速度,平均血流速度較正常降低30%;⑤4級(jí),低阻高流速狹窄血流信號(hào);⑥5級(jí),正常血流信號(hào)。
(1)對(duì)比分析兩組經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲檢測(cè)患者顱內(nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)情況、大腦中動(dòng)脈收縮期血流速度、舒張期血流速度、患者腦梗死面積以及美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(national institute of health stroke scale, NIHSS)評(píng)分情況及差異。
(2)分析急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)與NIHSS的相關(guān)性。
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件完成數(shù)據(jù)分析。兩組患者計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗(yàn)分析。使用Pearson線性相關(guān)性分析經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型與NIHSS的相關(guān)性。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型中觀察組0級(jí)的患者占10.87%,顯著高于對(duì)照組患者的1.28%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=4.925,P<0.05);觀察組分型5級(jí)的患者占6.52%,低于對(duì)照組患者的21.79%,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=8.417,P<0.05);觀察組血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)為1~4級(jí)的分別為19例、24例、21例和12例,與對(duì)照組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(x2=3.415,x2=2.200,x2=0.646,x2=2.285;P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
急性腦梗死患者大腦中動(dòng)脈血流信號(hào)如圖1所示。
圖1 經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型的不同急性腦梗死患者大腦中動(dòng)脈血流信號(hào)示圖
觀察組收縮期和舒張期血流速度顯著降低,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.645,t=5.251;P<0.05);觀察組腦梗死面積顯著增加,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.405,P<0.05);觀察組NIHSS評(píng)分顯著增加,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.688,P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
表1 兩組患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型[例(%)]
表2 兩組患者其他臨床特征比較(±s)
表2 兩組患者其他臨床特征比較(±s)
注:表中 NIHSS為美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表評(píng)分。
類別 例數(shù) 收縮期血流速度(cm/s) 舒張期血流速度(cm/s) 腦梗死面積(mm2) NIHSS(分)觀察組 92 75.83±12.59 43.68±9.72 35.38±9.91 19.88±8.39對(duì)照組 78 82.48±10.92 51.82±10.47 28.58±10.17 16.46±8.12 t值 3.645 5.251 4.405 2.688 P值 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008
血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)為0~5級(jí)的患者NIHSS評(píng)分依次降低,分別為(29.90±3.48)、(25.63±6.30)、(20.58±5.24)、(19.10±4.82)、(9.33±5.37)和(6.00±1.90),其差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=12.672,P=0.000)。Pearson線性相關(guān)性分析顯示,急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)與NIHSS評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(r=0.284,P=0.002),如圖2所示。
圖2 H型高血壓腦梗死患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型與NIHSS評(píng)分的相關(guān)性分析示圖
多數(shù)急性腦梗死患者合并有高血壓病,根據(jù)患者體內(nèi)Hcy水平,可以將高血壓分為H型高血壓(Hcy≥10 μmol/L)和非H型高血壓[10]。謝婷等[11]和王嬌等[12]研究均證實(shí)Hcy與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化有關(guān)。急性腦梗死患者主要的病理生理基礎(chǔ)是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[13-14]。因而急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者顱內(nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)可有別于非H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者。經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)自2001年被Demchuk推薦以來(lái),經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲開始被廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床診治急性腦梗死患者[15]。然而,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)在急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者顱內(nèi)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值尚缺乏相關(guān)研究。本研究顯示,H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)與非H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者不同,主要表現(xiàn)為0級(jí)的顯著增多,而5級(jí)的顯著減少;且大腦中動(dòng)脈收縮期血流速度和舒張期血流速度均顯著降低;腦梗死面積更大,NIHSS評(píng)分增加。提示H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者動(dòng)脈阻塞更嚴(yán)重,血流更差,病情更重。Wu等[16]研究顯示,Hcy>15 μmol/L的頸動(dòng)脈病變患者急性腦梗死發(fā)生率顯著增加。Hcy導(dǎo)致急性腦梗死發(fā)病和病情重的原因可能與下列機(jī)制有關(guān):①Hcy可以加重動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度,損傷動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,抑制內(nèi)皮舒張因子的釋放;②促進(jìn)過(guò)氧化氫等有害物質(zhì)生成,誘導(dǎo)血管細(xì)胞增生;③破壞凝血系統(tǒng),形成血栓[17-20]。
本研究進(jìn)一步的分析顯示,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型為0~5級(jí)的患者NIHSS評(píng)分依次降低。目前,NIHSS評(píng)分已被證實(shí)可以較好地反應(yīng)急性腦梗死患者臨床預(yù)后,其得分越高,表明患者臨床預(yù)后越差[21-22]。本研究表明,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)可以較好地反應(yīng)H型高血壓的急性腦梗死患者病情嚴(yán)重度。林哲聰?shù)萚23]研究表明,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分析可以較好地區(qū)分大面積與腔隙性腦梗死患者,從而建議經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲可以作為腦梗死患者的診斷手段之一。謝靜[24]研究顯示,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分型可有效區(qū)分急性腦梗死患者病情嚴(yán)重度,不同分級(jí)患者臨床預(yù)后有顯著差異。上述研究支持本研究,但本研究對(duì)象為H型高血壓患者,與上述研究對(duì)象不同。
急性腦梗死合并H型高血壓患者病情較重,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分級(jí)可以較好地區(qū)分患者病情嚴(yán)重度。
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The clinical significance of transcranial Doppler flow grade for patients with acute cerebral infarction combined with H type hypertension
SHUI Li-juan, ZHANG Haochun, LI Ying-hui
Objective:To explore the clinical significance of transcranial Doppler flow grades for patients with acute cerebral infarction combined with H type hypertension.Methods:92 patients with acute cerebral infarction combined with H type hypertension were divided into observation group, and 78 patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into control group during the same period. The differences of the two groups were compared and researched. The correlation between transcranial Doppler flow grade of acute cerebral infarction combined with H type hypertension and the score of NIHSS was compared and analyzed.Results:As the results of transcranial Doppler flow grades, the ratio of the patients in 0 grade was 10.87% in observation group, and it was significantly higher than that of control group (1.28%) (x2=4.925, P<0.05). The ratio of the patients in 5 grade was 6.52% in observation group, and it was significantly lower than that of control group (21.79%) (x2=8.417, P<0.05). The blood flow velocities of systole and diastole of observation group were significantly lower than that of control group(t=3.645, t=5.251, P<0.05), respectively. The cerebral infarct size of observation group was significantly larger than that of control (t=4.405, P<0.05). The score of NIHSS of observation group was significantly higher than that of control group (t=2.688, P<0.05). The results of Pearson linear correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly negative correlation between transcranial Doppler flow grades and NIHSS (r=-0.284, P<0.05).Conclusion:The transcranial Doppler flow grades can identify the order of severity for patients with acute cerebral infarction combined with H type hypertension.
Acute cerebral infarction; H type hypertension; Transcranial Doppler flow grade
Neurology Department, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou 635000, China.
1672-8270(2017)11-0065-04
R445.1
A
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2017.11.019
稅麗娟,女,(1982- ),本科學(xué)歷,主管護(hù)師。達(dá)州市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,從事護(hù)理和神經(jīng)電生理檢查工作。
①達(dá)州市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科 四川 達(dá)州 635000
China Medical Equipment,2017,14(11):65-68.
2017-04-17