Chen, He-Chin; Huang, Yu-Sheng;CChiang, Kai-Wei; et al.

BeiDou navigation satellite system and its time scales

Han, Chunhao; Yang, Yuanxi; Cai, Zhiwu; et al.

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional navigation satellite system

Montenbruck, Oliver; Hauschild, Andre;Steigenberger, Peter; et al.

BeiDou inter-satellite-type bias evaluation and calibration for mixed receiver attitude determination

Nadarajah, Nandakumaran; Teunissen, Peter J. G;Raziq, Noor; et al.

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)安全和完好性監(jiān)測現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展

莊釗文，王飛雪，歐鋼，孫廣富，李崢嶸

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)展、貢獻(xiàn)與挑戰(zhàn)

楊元喜

北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)走進(jìn)“新時代”

·編者按·

作為世界上三大衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)之一，遨游在地球軌道上的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，受到了越來越多國家的關(guān)注。自2012年12月27日，中國政府宣布北斗區(qū)域?qū)Ш较到y(tǒng)正式提供區(qū)域服務(wù)以來，北斗系統(tǒng)服務(wù)亞太地區(qū)，亮出了一張新時代的“國家名片”。如今，伴隨著北斗三號系統(tǒng)的兩顆衛(wèi)星升空，北斗系統(tǒng)開始走向全球。

目前，北斗系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)覆蓋了巴基斯坦、沙特、緬甸、埃及、印尼等近30個“一帶一路”沿線國家。北斗系統(tǒng)服務(wù)全球既是我國發(fā)展北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的神圣使命和莊重承諾，又是北斗系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的必由之路。在東盟，從2013年到2016年，北斗系統(tǒng)先后為文萊、老撾、泰國、馬來西亞、柬埔寨、印度尼西亞提供導(dǎo)航與位置服務(wù)產(chǎn)品。在阿盟，2017年4月，北斗/全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用研討會在沙特阿拉伯舉行，北斗系統(tǒng)首次大規(guī)模走進(jìn)對導(dǎo)航產(chǎn)品和應(yīng)用有巨大需求的沙特市場。2017年5月，首屆中阿國家北斗合作論壇召開，中國衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航管理辦公室簽署了《建立衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航合作機(jī)制》的諒解備忘錄，北斗系統(tǒng)落地阿拉伯國家的工作全面推開。

北斗建設(shè)的提速和北斗“走出去”的強(qiáng)勁步伐，吸引了越來越多的國家的目光。2013年，北斗海外監(jiān)測站在巴基斯坦順利建成并開通運(yùn)行；2016年，斯里蘭卡在該國建設(shè)48個北斗地基增強(qiáng)基站；同年，首次中俄“一帶一路”衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航聯(lián)合測試——中方測試工作正式啟動。據(jù)相關(guān)資料報道，2018年將要發(fā)射18顆北斗三號組網(wǎng)衛(wèi)星，覆蓋“一帶一路”沿線國家；到2020年，將發(fā)射30多顆衛(wèi)星，向全球提供服務(wù)。中國的北斗，世界的北斗。如今，北斗系統(tǒng)走進(jìn)了全球組網(wǎng)的新時代，打開了應(yīng)用與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的新局面，開始書寫國際合作的新篇章。

本專題得到楊元喜研究員（陜西省西安測繪研究所）、李子申副研究員（中國科學(xué)院光電研究院/中國科學(xué)院衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航總體部）、武子謙博士（中國科學(xué)院上海天文臺）的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2017年10月20日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WoS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為2946條與322條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System，BDS）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行（續(xù)表）

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS）”為詞條為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

來源出版物：Advances in Space Research, 2007, 39(10):1552-1558

The performance comparison between GPS and BeiDou-2/compass: A perspective from Asia

Chen, He-Chin; Huang, Yu-Sheng;CChiang, Kai-Wei; et al.

Abstract:The next decade promises drastic improvements to global navigation satellite systems. The USA is modernizing GPS, Russia is refreshing GLONASS, Europe is moving ahead with its own Galileo system, and The People's Republic of China is expanding its BeiDou-1 system from a regional navigation system to a full constellation global navigation satellite system known as BeiDou-2/Compass, which consists of thirty five satellites including geostationary satellites, MEO satellites and geosynchronous satellites in the coming year. Extra satellites will make possible improved performance for all applications, and especially where satellite signals can be obscured, such as in urban canyons, under tree canopies or in open-pit mines. The benefits of the expected extra satellites and their signals can be evaluated in terms of availability, accuracy, continuity, and reliability issues. The advent of a hybrid GNSS constellation has drawn a lot of attention to study compatibility and interoperability. A number of performance analyses have been conducted on a global scale with respect to availability, reliability,accuracy and integrity in different simulated scenarios(such as open sky and urban canyons) for each system individually as well as for combined systems with all the possible combinations. Since the BeiDou-2/Compass has gained more attention from GNSS communities, the main objective of this paper is to study the performance of BeiDou-2/Compass comparied to GPS in the greater Asia region; and also to explore whether the combination of BeiDou-2/Compass with GPS would yield performance improvements in this region. The performance analysis can be analyzed by either the signal or the geometrical conditions. However, the scope of this study is limited to investigating the impact of current and future GNSS based on geometrical conditions. Therefore, the satellite visibility and DOP (Dilution of Precision) values of each system or possible combinations between them are used as the major indices for performance evaluation with the emphasis on the addition of Compass. In addition, those indices are further analyzed in terms of their spatial and temporal distributions with the emphasis on the greater Asia region.Moreover, the spatial performance analyses are conducted on both global and regional scales to provide more insightful comparisons to illustrate the importance of future Compass for users in the greater Asia region.

Keywords:global navigation satellite systems; compass;dilution of precision; GPS

來源出版物：Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers,2009, 32(5): 679-689

BeiDou navigation satellite system and its time scales

Han, Chunhao; Yang, Yuanxi; Cai, Zhiwu; et al.

Abstract:The development and current status of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System are briefly introduced. The definition and realization of the system time scales are described in detail. The BeiDou system time (BDT) is an internal and continuous time scale without leap seconds. It is maintained by the time and frequency system of the master station. The frequency accuracy of BDT is superior to 2×10-14and its stability is better than 6×10-15/30 days.The satellite synchronization is realized by a two-way time transfer between the uplink stations and the satellite. The measurement uncertainty of satellite clock offsets is less than 2 ns. The BeiDou System has three modes of time services: radio determination satellite service (RDSS)one-way, RDSS two-way and radio navigation satellite service (RNSS) one-way. The uncertainty of the one-way time service is designed to be less than 50 ns, and that of the two-way time service is less than 10 ns. Finally, some coordinate tactics of UTC from the viewpoint of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are discussed. It would be helpful to stop the leap second, from our viewpoint, but to keep the UTC name, the continuity and the coordinate function unchanged.

來源出版物：Metrologia, 2011, 48(4): 213-218

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional navigation satellite system

Montenbruck, Oliver; Hauschild, Andre;Steigenberger, Peter; et al.

Abstract:An initial characterization and performance assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional navigation system is presented. Code and carrier phase measurements on up to three frequencies have been collected in March 2012 with a small regional network of monitoring stations. The signal and measurement quality are analyzed and compared with the Japanese Quasi Zenith Satellite System. A high level of stability is demonstrated for the inter-frequency carrier phase biases,which will facilitate the application of triple-frequency undifferenced ambiguity resolution techniques in future precise point positioning applications. The performance of the onboard Rubidium frequency standards is evaluated in comparison to ground-based hydrogen masers and shown to be well competitive with other GNSS satellite clocks. Precise orbit and clock solutions obtained in post-processing are used to study the presently achievable point positioning accuracy in COMPASS/BeiDou-2-only navigation. Finally, the benefit of triple-frequency measurements and extra-wide-lane ambiguity resolution is illustrated for relative positioning on a short baseline.

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2013, 17(2): 211-222

BeiDou inter-satellite-type bias evaluation and calibration for mixed receiver attitude determination

Nadarajah, Nandakumaran; Teunissen, Peter J. G;Raziq, Noor; et al.

Abstract:The Chinese BeiDou system (BDS), having different types of satellites, is an important addition to the ever growing system of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). It consists of Geostationary Earth Orbit(GEO) satellites, Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit(IGSO) satellites and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites.This paper investigates the receiver-dependent bias between these satellite types, for which we coined the name inter-satellite-type bias (ISTB), and its impact on mixed receiver attitude determination. Assuming different receiver types may have different delays/biases for different satellite types, we model the differential ISTBs among three BeiDou satellite types and investigate their existence and their impact on mixed receiver attitude determination. Our analyses using the real data sets from Curtin's GNSS array consisting of different types of BeiDou enabled receivers and series of zero-baseline experiments with BeiDou-enabled receivers reveal the existence of non-zero ISTBs between different BeiDou satellite types. We then analyse the impact of these biases on BeiDou-only attitude determination using the constrained (C-)LAMBDA method, which exploits the knowledge of baseline length. Results demonstrate that these biases could seriously affect the integer ambiguity resolution for attitude determination using mixed receiver types and that a priori correction of these biases will dramatically improve the success rate.

Keywords:Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS);BeiDou system (BDS); inter-satellite-type biases; attitude determination; multivariate constrained integer leastsquaresMC-LAMBDA); carrier phase ambiguity resolution

來源出版物：Sensors, 2013, 13(7): 9435-9463

·推薦綜述·

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)安全和完好性監(jiān)測現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展

莊釗文，王飛雪，歐鋼，孫廣富，李崢嶸

衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)是以人造地球衛(wèi)星為導(dǎo)航臺的星基無線電導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)的定位精度高，服務(wù)范圍廣，可提供全天時、全天候、連續(xù)的導(dǎo)航定位服務(wù)，已成為時空定位領(lǐng)域國家重大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，是大國地位和戰(zhàn)略利益重要支撐，也是國家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和國防與軍隊信息化建設(shè)的重要基石。圍繞衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航技術(shù)發(fā)展和系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，國際競爭日益激烈。美國和俄羅斯正緊鑼密鼓開展全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）、格洛納斯系統(tǒng)（GLONASS）現(xiàn)代化升級，中國和歐盟正加緊北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BDS）、伽利略系統(tǒng)（Galileo）建設(shè)，印度和日本正在建設(shè)的印度無線電導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（IRNSS）、準(zhǔn)天頂系統(tǒng)（QZSS），其中GPS，GLONASS，BDS，Galileo是全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS），而IRNSS，QZSS是區(qū)域?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)。

目前，四大GNSS系統(tǒng)處于“一超＋三強(qiáng)”的基本格局。美國GPS是投人運(yùn)行最早、一直穩(wěn)定工作、技術(shù)發(fā)展最完善、用戶數(shù)量最多的GNSS系統(tǒng)；且GPS不斷進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新和改進(jìn)，先后經(jīng)歷了區(qū)域系統(tǒng)、全球系統(tǒng)階段，正在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化改造。俄羅斯GLONASS建設(shè)歷程與GPS類似，幾乎與GPS同時建成并投人使用，也正在進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化改造；但受接人方式、衛(wèi)星壽命、用戶設(shè)備等因素影響，用戶數(shù)量很少，難以對GPS領(lǐng)先地位產(chǎn)生沖擊。歐洲從20世紀(jì)90年代開始，先后啟動歐洲地球同步導(dǎo)航重疊服務(wù)（EGNOS）廣域增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)和GALILEO全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，預(yù)計在2020年完成建設(shè)。中國BDS系統(tǒng)起步于20世紀(jì)90年代，先后完成了北斗一號、北斗二號和北斗全球系統(tǒng)試驗星工程建設(shè)，是第3個擁有獨(dú)立自主衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的國家；BDS工程建設(shè)已全面展開，2018年將向“一帶一路”沿線及周邊國家用戶提供基本服務(wù)，2020年將向全球用戶提供開放服務(wù)。

從技術(shù)代系看，建設(shè)中的BDS與Galileo系統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代化后的GPS與GLONASS系統(tǒng)處于同一代系，系統(tǒng)性能也相當(dāng)。與當(dāng)前GPS和GLONASS系統(tǒng)相比，到2020年，四大GNSS系統(tǒng)將全面提升系統(tǒng)安全性和完好性，具體包括：1）顯著提升系統(tǒng)安全與導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)能力；2）利用增加頻率、采用二進(jìn)制偏移載波（BOC）調(diào)制等手段實(shí)現(xiàn)軍民信號分離；3）將增加星間鏈路、提升原子鐘性能和系統(tǒng)測量精度，提高定軌精度和衛(wèi)星自主運(yùn)行能力；4）將增加系統(tǒng)完好性監(jiān)測功能；5）通過采用GNSS系統(tǒng)共用頻率、增加無數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)制導(dǎo)頻信號等手段，可支持多GNSS信號兼容接收和弱信號接收。

近年來，瞄準(zhǔn)GNSS現(xiàn)代化和衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展目標(biāo)，中國在北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)、導(dǎo)航裝備與應(yīng)用產(chǎn)業(yè)化等方面取得了重大業(yè)績，尤其在系統(tǒng)安全與抗干擾、系統(tǒng)完好性監(jiān)測等方面更是取得了長足進(jìn)步，為提升系統(tǒng)服務(wù)性能和提高國際競爭力打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。

1 系統(tǒng)安全與完好性內(nèi)涵

1.1 衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)安全

在GPS現(xiàn)代化中，導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)包括保護(hù)、阻止和保持3個方面的內(nèi)容。保護(hù)就是提升己方系統(tǒng)的抗干擾能力和復(fù)雜環(huán)境下的生存能力；阻止包含對敵方導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)實(shí)施干擾和阻止敵方使用己方系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航定位，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是提升系統(tǒng)對抗與反利用能力；保持就是保持戰(zhàn)區(qū)外的民用導(dǎo)航不受戰(zhàn)爭的影響。除對敵實(shí)施干擾外，其他方面均與系統(tǒng)安全相關(guān)，具體包括衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)抗干擾、反利用和衛(wèi)星自主運(yùn)行等。

李崢嶸等人從保證星地、星間、站間鏈路暢通的角度出發(fā)，提出了從信號傳輸體制、衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)、地面運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)和地面應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建抗干擾體系的構(gòu)想。其中，信號傳輸體制抗干擾通過優(yōu)化多路接人方式、偽隨機(jī)碼生成、信號調(diào)制方式、導(dǎo)航電文編排等提升體制級抗干擾能力；衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)抗干擾通過采用衛(wèi)星防輻照、抗干擾上行接收、增強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星發(fā)射功率等措施提升衛(wèi)星抗干擾能力；地面運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)抗干擾通過增強(qiáng)上行信號發(fā)射功率、提高運(yùn)控終端抗干擾與防摧毀、優(yōu)化注人策略與地面運(yùn)控站選址等措施提升地面運(yùn)控抗干擾能力；地面應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)抗干擾通過采用干擾抑制、長碼直捕、弱信號接收、輔助導(dǎo)航、組合導(dǎo)航等措施提升用戶機(jī)抗干擾能力。

由于軍用信號采用長周期高速偽碼，抗破譯能力強(qiáng)，敵方最可能是使用己方系統(tǒng)民用信號進(jìn)行定位，阻止敵方接收己方民用信號是反利用的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，主要采用關(guān)閉己方部分衛(wèi)星信號或?qū)悍叫l(wèi)星信號實(shí)施干擾兩種方法。分析了關(guān)閉部分衛(wèi)星信號阻止目標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用定位服務(wù)的可行性，分析表明關(guān)閉部分信號會導(dǎo)致全球49%以上地區(qū)的用戶無法使用普通民用定位服務(wù)。因此，針對GNSS民用信號最可能的反利用方式是在信號上疊加干擾，而不是通常所認(rèn)為的直接關(guān)閉部分民用信號。

當(dāng)前，各大GNSS系統(tǒng)均需要依賴運(yùn)行控制段，通過運(yùn)行控制系統(tǒng)周期性地向衛(wèi)星注人導(dǎo)航數(shù)據(jù)保證系統(tǒng)連續(xù)穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。一旦運(yùn)行控制段發(fā)生故障，將嚴(yán)重影響系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)性能。同時，周期性注人也為對衛(wèi)星實(shí)施電磁干擾提供了可能。為減小上行注人頻度，可采用星間鏈路或X射頻脈沖星自主導(dǎo)航等技術(shù)降低衛(wèi)星對地面的依賴，實(shí)現(xiàn)一定時間內(nèi)的自主運(yùn)行，從而提升整個系統(tǒng)的生存能力。

1.2 衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)完好性監(jiān)測

完好性是指導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障或誤差超出了允許的范圍時，自動向用戶提供及時告警的能力。完好性直接關(guān)系到衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位服務(wù)的安全可靠性，對航空、航海等對安全系數(shù)要求很高的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域尤為重要；服務(wù)的完好性得不到保障，將會導(dǎo)致用戶重大損失甚至出現(xiàn)災(zāi)難。

影響系統(tǒng)完好性的因素既廣又多，通常由衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)各類故障所引起，包括地面運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)故障、衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)故障、傳播環(huán)境異常、用戶接收處理故障等。應(yīng)對各類故障有不同的完好性監(jiān)測方法，這些單一的方法均存在不同的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，需要通過建立多層次、全方位的完好性監(jiān)測體系，實(shí)時監(jiān)測各類故障并傳送給用戶；監(jiān)測體系的建立凸顯了不同監(jiān)測方法之間的互補(bǔ)性，較好地保證不了同用戶對導(dǎo)航服務(wù)的完好性需求。

2 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)突破與技術(shù)進(jìn)展

2.1 BDS信號傳輸體制設(shè)計

北斗全球系統(tǒng)無線電導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星業(yè)務(wù)（RNSS）采用與GPS相同的直接序列擴(kuò)頻一碼分多址（DS-CDMA）體制，擴(kuò)頻碼采用偽隨機(jī)碼序列，分為長碼和短碼兩種。長碼又稱精密測距碼（P碼）或軍碼（M碼），碼周期超過1個月甚至更長，難以被破譯，安全性高。短碼又稱民碼或粗捕碼（C碼或C/A碼），其周期1 ms。因短碼周期1 ms，其頻譜是間隔為1 kHz的線狀譜或梳狀譜，易被破譯，且信號頻帶內(nèi)譜線強(qiáng)度波動可達(dá)10～15 dB，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)母蓴_頻率，較小功率的單頻干擾能造成較大的載噪比損耗。GPS C碼接收機(jī)與P碼接收機(jī)單頻干擾損耗對比情況，分析時兩種接收機(jī)均未采用抗干擾措施，干信比是干擾強(qiáng)度與信號強(qiáng)度之比，信號強(qiáng)度為133 dBm。P碼接收機(jī)的抗干擾性能明顯優(yōu)于C碼接收機(jī)。

與現(xiàn)代化之前的GPS類似，北斗二號系統(tǒng)也采用二相移相鍵控（BPSK）或正交移相鍵控（QPSK）調(diào)制方式，C碼信號和P碼信號分別調(diào)制到QPSK的I通道和Q通道上，兩者中心頻率相同。隨著GNSS現(xiàn)代化概念的深人，通過采用點(diǎn)波束功率增強(qiáng)技術(shù)，可使局地軍用信號較民用信號強(qiáng)幾百倍（或20多dB），信號頻帶內(nèi)軍用信號強(qiáng)度已與噪聲強(qiáng)度相當(dāng)甚至更強(qiáng)，可引起幾dB的民用信號損耗。現(xiàn)代化GPS和歐洲Galileo均采用BOC調(diào)制方式，使軍用信號頻譜分開到中心頻率兩邊，從而使軍民信號分離和避免相互干擾。針對BOC調(diào)制及其復(fù)用技術(shù)，中國已開發(fā)了雙正交移相鍵控和類雙正交移相鍵控調(diào)制方法并申請了專利，可支撐北斗全球系統(tǒng)調(diào)制方式的確定。

導(dǎo)航電文是由導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星播發(fā)給用戶的描述導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星運(yùn)行狀態(tài)參數(shù)的電文，包括系統(tǒng)時間、星歷、歷書、衛(wèi)星時鐘的修正參數(shù)、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星健康狀況和電離層延時模型參數(shù)等內(nèi)容，并以一定格式和信息速率進(jìn)行傳送。分析表明，信息速率越低，電文解調(diào)時所需的載噪比越小，系統(tǒng)和抗干擾余量越大；但所需傳送的電文信息總量是確定的，需要盡量對電文進(jìn)行高效編排。在對比分析GPS NAV與CNAV電文、GLONASS電文、Galileo F/NAV與I/NAV的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了一種基于頁面流的電文編排方法，優(yōu)化電文后的首次定位時間和首次定位時間最短的Galileo I/NAV電文相當(dāng)，而優(yōu)化電文后的數(shù)據(jù)資源利用率與Galileo F/NAV的相當(dāng)。另外，良好的糾錯編碼方式也可獲取較大的譯碼增益，可提高電文解調(diào)靈敏度和系統(tǒng)與抗干擾余量。傳統(tǒng)信道編碼有漢明碼、卷積碼、BCH碼等，隨著以低密度奇偶校驗（LDPC）碼和Turbo碼為代表的高增益信道編碼的發(fā)展，可通過提高編碼增益獲得更高的電文解調(diào)靈敏度；而LDPC碼具有更好的錯誤平層性能和不受專利保護(hù)，可替代傳統(tǒng)的信道編碼方法。信息分組長度與編碼效率約束的高增益、低編譯碼實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜度的LDPC碼，可滿足對抗干擾和弱信號接收的需求。此外，為了提高導(dǎo)航接收機(jī)弱信號接收能力，現(xiàn)代化GPS LS頻點(diǎn)、Galileo ESa與ESb無電文調(diào)制的導(dǎo)頻通道，通過改進(jìn)捕獲和跟蹤算法，可將接收機(jī)靈敏度提高20 dB以上。

上述研究為提升北斗全球系統(tǒng)抗干擾能力和確定信號傳輸體制提供了依據(jù)。

2.2 BDS頻率規(guī)劃與協(xié)調(diào)

有業(yè)界人士多次提到：“衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航的競爭是星座與信號的競爭，是技術(shù)體制的競爭?！庇捎趪H電聯(lián)（ITU）分配給衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航RNSS業(yè)務(wù)的頻譜資源非常有限，頻率資源是衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)最重要的資源之一。2000年世界無線電大會（WRC-2000）上新增1260～1300 MHz為RNSS業(yè)務(wù)頻率，使得RNSS業(yè)務(wù)下行信號達(dá)到4個L頻段和1個C頻段；由于1215～1260 MHz傳統(tǒng)導(dǎo)航頻段已被GPS和GLONASS系統(tǒng)先期使用，新增的1260～1300 MHz頻段成為中國BDS和歐洲Galileo競爭的焦點(diǎn)。自北斗系統(tǒng)第一顆飛行試驗星發(fā)射以來，中歐歷經(jīng)4次頻率磋商會談，于2015年1月16日達(dá)成頻率共用、在國際電聯(lián)框架下完成衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航頻率協(xié)調(diào)的意見，結(jié)束了長達(dá)8年的頻率協(xié)調(diào)工作。統(tǒng)計表明，中國L頻段可使用頻率近70 MHz，比GPS和Galileo分別少12 MHz和2 MHz。但是在2012年世界無線電大會（WRC-2012）上，將無線電測定衛(wèi)星業(yè)務(wù)（RDSS）的下行頻段（即S頻段的2483.5～2500 MHz）作為RNSS主要業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行全球劃分，而中國已先期使用該頻段，具有優(yōu)先使用權(quán)限。至此，中國BDS RNSS下行頻率總計約86 MHz，與GPS，Galileo相當(dāng)，在頻率協(xié)調(diào)方面取得較大的成果。

2.3 BDS抗干擾體系建設(shè)

中國北斗系統(tǒng)曾遭受各類干擾的威脅，全國多地在S頻段、C頻段、上行L頻段轉(zhuǎn)C人站頻段、下行L頻段等頻點(diǎn)上出現(xiàn)了干擾信號。另外，北斗二號首顆衛(wèi)星發(fā)射后不久，就曾遭受強(qiáng)烈干擾而信號中斷，嚴(yán)重影響了星地測量與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。面臨如此復(fù)雜的信號環(huán)境，國防科大衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航工程中心結(jié)合系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和應(yīng)用，突破了衛(wèi)星抗干擾、地面運(yùn)控抗干擾和用戶機(jī)抗干擾等一系列關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。

在衛(wèi)星抗干擾方面，針對北斗二號衛(wèi)星遭受的強(qiáng)干擾，經(jīng)努力攻關(guān)，于2008年初突破星上抗干擾的一系列關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，并成功研制出具有強(qiáng)抗干擾能力的衛(wèi)星載荷，極大地保證了系統(tǒng)建設(shè)進(jìn)度。截至2016年8月，先后有17顆北斗衛(wèi)星加裝了該載荷，為提升復(fù)雜電磁環(huán)境下的系統(tǒng)生存能力提供了保障。在2015年3月開始發(fā)射的5顆北斗全球系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星中，又進(jìn)一步提升了載荷的高精度、抗干擾、抗輻照等性能，干擾抑制能力進(jìn)一步提升了100倍。至此，北斗二號和北斗全球系統(tǒng)22顆在軌工作衛(wèi)星全部加裝的抗干擾載荷設(shè)備，衛(wèi)星抗干擾技術(shù)達(dá)到國際領(lǐng)先水平。另外，針對我國北斗系統(tǒng)的星座特點(diǎn)，詳細(xì)研究了衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)功率增強(qiáng)策略及其對區(qū)域?qū)Ш蕉ㄎ恍阅艿挠绊?，可為北斗全球系統(tǒng)功率增強(qiáng)方案提供依據(jù)。

在地面運(yùn)控抗干擾方面，針對下行L頻段干擾，結(jié)合北斗二號監(jiān)測接收機(jī)的研制，成功開發(fā)了時延約束的干擾檢測與抑制技術(shù)，目前已廣泛應(yīng)用到全國監(jiān)測站中，并即將在中國領(lǐng)海和海外相關(guān)監(jiān)測站中使用，全面支撐了北斗二號系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行和地面站選址。針對C頻段干擾，結(jié)合北斗二號RDSS業(yè)務(wù)系統(tǒng)設(shè)備研制，成功開發(fā)了短突發(fā)、隨機(jī)人站信號干擾抑制技術(shù)，解決了臨近共軌衛(wèi)星干擾的問題。在北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)中，針對運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)各類地面站全面開展了抗干擾論證與關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，可滿足復(fù)雜電磁環(huán)境下星地高精度測量需要和提升運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)生存能力。

在用戶機(jī)抗干擾方面，先后開發(fā)了長碼直捕技術(shù)，時域自適應(yīng)處理、變換域處理、自適應(yīng)陣列天線、衛(wèi)星/慣性組合導(dǎo)航等抗干擾技術(shù)，并結(jié)合高動態(tài)捕獲與跟蹤技術(shù)，成功研制了抗干擾用戶終端、長碼生成與長碼直捕模塊（類似于GPS防欺騙模塊）和各類抗干擾天線，并形成了模塊、天線、專用芯片等系列抗干擾產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)一步裝備應(yīng)用將全面展開。

2.4 BDS星間鏈路

與GPS星間鏈路主要用于衛(wèi)星自主運(yùn)行相比，北斗全球系統(tǒng)星間鏈路除用于衛(wèi)星自主運(yùn)行外，還要用于支持全球區(qū)域內(nèi)星座定軌與時間同步，著重解決海外建設(shè)監(jiān)測站的不足，對鏈路測距和通信性能提出了更高的要求。結(jié)合北斗全球系統(tǒng)星間鏈路總體設(shè)計、星間收發(fā)信機(jī)研制，我們突破星間鏈路快速建立、星間精密測距、星間數(shù)據(jù)通信、抗干擾與抗輻照等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。2015年7月，中國利用一箭雙星技術(shù)發(fā)射了兩顆中圓軌道北斗衛(wèi)星，該衛(wèi)星均裝備了星間收發(fā)載荷，隨后于2015年8月利用兩顆衛(wèi)星首次建立星間鏈路。另從第七屆中國衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航學(xué)術(shù)年會獲悉，到2016年5月，歷時1年多的星間鏈路在軌測試圓滿完成，將為北斗全球系統(tǒng)搭建太空橋梁。相關(guān)技術(shù)的突破，標(biāo)志中國成為繼美國之后第2個擁有星間鏈路技術(shù)的國家，也將進(jìn)一步提升北斗全球系統(tǒng)的導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)和完好性性能。

2.5 BDS完好性監(jiān)測

中國完好性監(jiān)測工作啟動較早，在北斗二號系統(tǒng)建設(shè)之時，面臨的技術(shù)約束主要是難以在國外布設(shè)監(jiān)測站，衛(wèi)星可觀測弧段小，且衛(wèi)星星鐘精度也不如國外系統(tǒng)。為保證系統(tǒng)精度和完好性，在國土范圍了建設(shè)了20多個各類監(jiān)測站。由于北斗二號監(jiān)測接收機(jī)具有測距精度高、監(jiān)測頻帶范圍廣、全頻帶實(shí)時電磁環(huán)境監(jiān)測、干擾與多徑抑制等功能，極大地保證了系統(tǒng)精度和完好性等性能指標(biāo)。隨著北斗二號系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用和全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)的深人，又逐步在中國領(lǐng)海和海外建立了若干監(jiān)測站，大大擴(kuò)展了監(jiān)測的弧段范圍，基于監(jiān)測接收機(jī)的完好性監(jiān)測性能進(jìn)一步提升。

在開展地面完好性監(jiān)測同時，北斗全球系統(tǒng)建設(shè)中專門安排了衛(wèi)星自主完好性監(jiān)測（SAIM）任務(wù)，主要目的是保證衛(wèi)星自身能夠完成下行導(dǎo)航信號的自主完好性監(jiān)測，并具備對關(guān)鍵導(dǎo)航載荷工況的完好性監(jiān)測告警能力。目前，在部分北斗全球系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星中加裝了SAIM載荷設(shè)備，并完成相關(guān)在軌測試驗證。另外，北斗全球系統(tǒng)星間鏈路也已完成在軌測試，可利用星間鏈路完成衛(wèi)星自主完好性監(jiān)測，進(jìn)一步提升監(jiān)測性能。

因此，中國已初步建成了星地一體的北斗全球系統(tǒng)完好性監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，取得了較為突出的成績。

3 展望與討論

從衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)發(fā)展看，今后10～15年衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要趨勢包括：1）進(jìn)一步提升系統(tǒng)性能；2）大力加強(qiáng)導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)能力；3）在國家PNT體系結(jié)構(gòu)的框架下發(fā)展未來衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。

在進(jìn)一步提升系統(tǒng)性能方面，主要包括提高系統(tǒng)的精度、完好性和弱信號接收能力等，有待突破的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)包含星間鏈路、高精度星載原子鐘、BOC類調(diào)制與軍民信號分離、增加民用三頻與軍用雙頻、系統(tǒng)兼容與互操作、增加導(dǎo)頻通道、增強(qiáng)完好性監(jiān)測等，以滿足實(shí)時高精度、可靠航空應(yīng)用和復(fù)雜環(huán)境下信號接收等需要。

在大力加強(qiáng)導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)能力方面，主要是實(shí)現(xiàn)保護(hù)、阻止與保持3大目標(biāo)，技術(shù)上的指導(dǎo)思想主要是將導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)上升到國家安全政策層面、軍用頻譜獨(dú)占與共用相結(jié)合，加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)星抗干擾與自主運(yùn)行能力，提升地面運(yùn)控系統(tǒng)抗干擾能力，強(qiáng)化軍用信號的安全性和易用性，高度重視民用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的導(dǎo)航定位授時安全性，全面提升用戶終端抗干擾能力，及提升軍用信號區(qū)域增強(qiáng)能力等。

在國家綜合定位導(dǎo)航與授時（PNT）體系建設(shè)方面，當(dāng)前與今后很長一段時間內(nèi)，作戰(zhàn)武器系統(tǒng)和平臺越來越信賴衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)提供的高精度位置和時間信息；由于衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航存在易受干擾、在城區(qū)、茂密叢林、水下、地下等無法正常接收等問題，難以完全滿足現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭需要。因此，國家PNT體系必須以北斗系統(tǒng)為主體，融合陸基無線電、慣性、微器件（含芯片級原子鐘、微慣導(dǎo)等）、視覺、數(shù)據(jù)庫匹配（含地磁、重力場、地形等）等全源導(dǎo)航定位手段，為全域內(nèi)的軍民載體提供定位導(dǎo)航與授時服務(wù)，這將成為未來導(dǎo)航定位技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢。

4 結(jié)論

自1994年啟動北斗一號系統(tǒng)建設(shè)以來，中國衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了北斗一號試驗系統(tǒng)、北斗二號區(qū)域系統(tǒng)和北斗全球系統(tǒng)試驗星工程三個階段，與現(xiàn)代化GPS處于同一代系的北斗全球系統(tǒng)即將于2020年建成并向全球開放服務(wù)，工程建設(shè)將在系統(tǒng)安全性和完好性方面實(shí)現(xiàn)重大跨躍。

當(dāng)前，在系統(tǒng)安全方面，已完成北斗系統(tǒng)抗干擾信號傳輸體制設(shè)計與實(shí)現(xiàn)，初步建成了包含衛(wèi)星抗干擾、地面運(yùn)控抗干擾、地面應(yīng)用抗干擾在內(nèi)天地一體化的北斗抗干擾體系建設(shè)，取得了以長碼設(shè)計與直捕、系統(tǒng)反利用、衛(wèi)星抗干擾、中歐頻率協(xié)調(diào)等一系列成果，極大提升了在復(fù)雜電磁環(huán)境下的系統(tǒng)生存能力。

在系統(tǒng)完好性方面，已初步建成了包含衛(wèi)星自主完好性監(jiān)測（SAIM）、導(dǎo)航增強(qiáng)與全球連續(xù)監(jiān)測評估、接收機(jī)自主完好性監(jiān)測（RAIM）在內(nèi)的星地一體化完好性監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)，取得了星間鏈路、SAIM載荷、監(jiān)測接收機(jī)等一系列成果，提升了衛(wèi)星自主運(yùn)行和完好性監(jiān)測能力。

總體而言，中國北斗全球系統(tǒng)發(fā)展與世界衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航主要發(fā)展趨勢一致，已取得了令世人矚目的突破；預(yù)計2020年系統(tǒng)建成之時，包含安全性、完好性在內(nèi)的系統(tǒng)性能將達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平，并將在國際合作和全球GNSS競爭方面掌握技術(shù)主導(dǎo)權(quán)與話語權(quán)。

·高被引論文摘要·

被引頻次：691

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)展、貢獻(xiàn)與挑戰(zhàn)

楊元喜

衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航發(fā)展已進(jìn)入百花齊放、群星爭艷的時代。主要評述我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展、應(yīng)用、貢獻(xiàn)及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。介紹北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)原則和建設(shè)步驟；介紹我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在兼容與互操作框架下在頻率、坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)、時間系統(tǒng)方面的兼容與互操作實(shí)現(xiàn)概況；描述北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在冗余度概念下的主要貢獻(xiàn)；簡要說明北斗導(dǎo)航驗證系統(tǒng)的重要應(yīng)用和面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)。

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；進(jìn)展；挑戰(zhàn)

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2010, 39(1): 1-6

被引頻次：322

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展與思考

譚述森

摘要：從世界衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航發(fā)展史出發(fā)，評述了中國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)從中獲得的有益啟示，闡明了中國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)小幅起步的研制建設(shè)思路。在分析國際衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)發(fā)展趨勢的基礎(chǔ)上，論述了北斗全球系統(tǒng)的必要性、可行性和戰(zhàn)略價值，提出了北斗GNSS的發(fā)展思路。

關(guān)鍵詞：衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航；GNSS；北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：宇航學(xué)報, 2008, 29(2): 391-396

被引頻次：180

北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)基本導(dǎo)航定位性能初步評估

楊元喜，李金龍，王愛兵，等

摘要：北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（也稱北斗2代1期）于2012年12月27日正式開始運(yùn)行，系統(tǒng)由14顆衛(wèi)星組成，包括5顆地球靜止軌道衛(wèi)星、5顆傾斜地球同步軌道衛(wèi)星和4顆中圓地球軌道衛(wèi)星。本文初步評估了北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建成運(yùn)行后的基本導(dǎo)航定位性能，包括衛(wèi)星可見性、位置精度衰減因子、偽距和載波相位觀測量精度、單點(diǎn)定位和差分定位精度以及模糊度解算性能等。通過實(shí)驗分析可知：北斗偽距和載波相位測量精度已與GPS處在同一水平，偽距測量精度約為33 cm，載波測量精度約為2 mm；北斗偽距單點(diǎn)定位水平精度優(yōu)于6 m，高程精度優(yōu)于10 m，已滿足設(shè)計要求；北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)已具備獨(dú)立的雙頻RTK定位能力，其單歷元雙頻模糊度解算成功率幾乎與GPS相當(dāng)；北斗載波相位差分定位精度與GPS相位差分定位處在同一水平，超短基線情況下，定位精度優(yōu)于1 cm，而在短基線情況下優(yōu)于3 cm；北斗與GPS組合定位時，模糊度解算的固定率和可靠性均顯著提高；在短基線情況下，北斗/GPS組合載波相位差分動態(tài)定位精度相對于單一的GPS定位的改善可達(dá)20%以上；北斗單頻偽距差分定位精度優(yōu)于2.5 m，與GPS相比仍存在較大差距,其主要原因可能為北斗GEO衛(wèi)星偽距多路徑誤差較大。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；服務(wù)區(qū)域；位置精度衰減因子；偽距和載波相位測量精度；單點(diǎn)定位；偽距差分定位；模糊度解算；載波相位差分定位

來源出版物：中國科學(xué)：地球科學(xué), 2014, 44(1): 72-81

引頻次：169

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的精密定軌與定位研究

施闖，趙齊樂，李敏，等

摘要：我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)已建成由8顆導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星組成的區(qū)域?qū)Ш叫亲?，初步形成了亞太地區(qū)的導(dǎo)航定位服務(wù)能力。本文采用“北斗衛(wèi)星觀測實(shí)驗網(wǎng)”實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)和我國自主研制的精密數(shù)據(jù)處理軟件PANDA，實(shí)現(xiàn)了北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)的高精度定軌，靜態(tài)精密單點(diǎn)定位、相對定位，以及動態(tài)偽距差分、相位差分定位。研究成果顯示：北斗衛(wèi)星精密定軌徑向精度優(yōu)于10 cm，靜態(tài)精密單點(diǎn)定位精度達(dá)到厘米級、基線相對定位達(dá)到毫米級；動態(tài)偽距差分定位精度達(dá)到2～4 m、RTK定位精度達(dá)到5～10 cm，接近目前GPS所能實(shí)現(xiàn)的精密定位水平。本研究驗證了北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在地面參考站網(wǎng)的支持下，具備廣域米級至分米級的精密定位，以及區(qū)域厘米級精密定位服務(wù)能力?？蔀楸倍废到y(tǒng)在我國精密導(dǎo)航定位領(lǐng)域的推廣應(yīng)用和科學(xué)研究提供技術(shù)積累和重要參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；PANDA；精密定軌；北斗差分

來源出版物：中國科學(xué)：地球科學(xué), 2012, 42(6): 854-861

引頻次：169

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)發(fā)展綜述

呂偉，朱建軍

摘要：在系統(tǒng)回顧“北斗一號”衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)工作原理、性能指標(biāo)和存在不足的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外建設(shè)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)，從健康高效運(yùn)營角度出發(fā)，對“北斗二號”衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)提出了幾點(diǎn)建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗一號；北斗二號；衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；原理；建議

來源出版物：地礦測繪, 2007, 23(3): 29-32

被引頻次：149

基于時空系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一的北斗與GPS融合定位

高星偉，過靜珺，程鵬飛，等

摘要：我國的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)目前已經(jīng)發(fā)射9顆北斗衛(wèi)星，北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的基本系統(tǒng)已建設(shè)完成，正開展星地聯(lián)調(diào)和測試評估工作，已經(jīng)具備我國范圍內(nèi)的初步三維定位導(dǎo)航能力。本文研究北斗和GPS的時間系統(tǒng)/坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的統(tǒng)一、衛(wèi)星廣播星歷與衛(wèi)星位置計算，以及二者的高精度定位算法，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了北斗和GPS載波相位的數(shù)據(jù)融合和高精度聯(lián)合定位，最后通過2011-09-29的實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)和處理結(jié)果證明了本文方法的正確性，同時為北斗二號系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試提供了相關(guān)試驗與結(jié)果。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；全球定位系統(tǒng)；融合定位

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2012, 41(5): 743-748, 755

被引頻次：145

中國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)對全球PNT用戶的貢獻(xiàn)

楊元喜，李金龍，徐君毅，等

摘要：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)作為全球四大衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)之一，不僅增加中國及周邊地區(qū)定位、導(dǎo)航和授時（PNT=Positioning, Navigation and Timing）用戶的衛(wèi)星可見性和可用性，而且也將提高全球用戶的PNT精度。在全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS）兼容與互操作條件下，分析全球?qū)Ш蕉ㄎ欢〞r用戶的衛(wèi)星可見性和精度衰減因子改善情況；利用仿真數(shù)據(jù)分析北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)對全球用戶的貢獻(xiàn)，側(cè)重分析北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)與GPS，GLONASS和Galileo多衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)組合模式下用戶獲得的收益。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；定位；導(dǎo)航；授時；精度衰減因子；衛(wèi)星可見性

來源出版物：科學(xué)通報, 2011, 56(21): 1734-1740

被引頻次：122

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀分析

唐金元，于潞，王思臣

摘要：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)是國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施之一,是實(shí)現(xiàn)社會信息化的重要工具。北斗系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用涉及到國家各個領(lǐng)域。分析了北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀，指出了制約該系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用發(fā)展的主要因素，并對如何推進(jìn)該系統(tǒng)在民用領(lǐng)域的產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展提出了一些具體建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星；導(dǎo)航定位；應(yīng)用；現(xiàn)狀；發(fā)展；建議

來源出版物：全球定位系統(tǒng), 2008(2): 26-30

被引頻次：102

現(xiàn)代衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)與發(fā)展趨勢分析

陳忠貴，帥平，曲廣吉

摘要：簡要介紹了美國GPS系統(tǒng)、俄羅斯GLONASS系統(tǒng)、歐洲Galileo系統(tǒng)、中國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、以及日本和印度的區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。重點(diǎn)研究了GPS系統(tǒng)星座維持、有效載荷、自主導(dǎo)航、信號調(diào)制和地面站改造等最新技術(shù)特征，以及GPSⅢ系統(tǒng)技術(shù)及研究進(jìn)展，分析論證了衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢，為我國衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建設(shè)規(guī)劃提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；星座維持；自主導(dǎo)航；星間鏈路；導(dǎo)航信號調(diào)制

來源出版物：中國科學(xué)：技術(shù)科學(xué), 2009, 39(4): 686-69

被引頻次：92

全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)發(fā)展綜述

寧津，姚宜斌，張小紅

摘要：全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)及其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷地擴(kuò)大和深化。本文著重介紹了當(dāng)前全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)及其應(yīng)用技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀、發(fā)展趨勢和應(yīng)用前景。同時，對這幾種導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行綜合對比，分析了全球背景下我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)所面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，并對未來工作提出一些建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：GNSS；GNSS定位技術(shù)；GNSS-R技術(shù)；GNSS掩星技術(shù)；組合導(dǎo)航技術(shù)；多頻多系統(tǒng)聯(lián)合定位技術(shù)

來源出版物：導(dǎo)航定位學(xué)報, 2013, 1(1): 3-8

被引頻次：98

Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional navigation satellite system

Montenbruck, Oliver; Hauschild, Andre;Steigenberger, Peter; et al.

Abstract:An initial characterization and performance assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional navigation system is presented. Code and carrier phase measurements on up to three frequencies have been collected in March 2012 with a small regional network of monitoring stations. The signal and measurement quality are analyzed and compared with the Japanese Quasi Zenith Satellite System. A high level of stability is demonstrated for the inter-frequency carrier phase biases,which will facilitate the application of triple-frequency undifferenced ambiguity resolution techniques in future precise point positioning applications. The performance of the onboard Rubidium frequency standards is evaluated in comparison to ground-based hydrogen masers and shown to be well competitive with other GNSS satellite clocks. Precise orbit and clock solutions obtained in post-processing are used to study the presently achievable point positioning accuracy in COMPASS/BeiDou-2-only navigation. Finally, the benefit of triple-frequency measurements and extra-wide-lane ambiguity resolution is illustrated for relative positioning on a short baseline.

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2013, 17(2): 211-222

被引頻次：76

Precise orbit determination of Beidou Satellites with precise positioning

Li, Xingxing; Ge, Maorong; Dai, Xiaolei; et al.

Abstract:In this contribution, we present a GPS+GLONASS+BeiDou+Galileo four-system model to fully exploit the observations of all these four navigation satellite systems for real-time precise orbit determination, clock estimation and positioning. A rigorous multi-GNSS analysis is performed to achieve the best possible consistency by processing the observations from different GNSS together in one common parameter estimation procedure. Meanwhile, an efficient multi-GNSS real-time precise positioning service system is designed and demonstrated by using the multi-GNSS Experiment,BeiDou Experimental Tracking Network, and International GNSS Service networks including stations all over the world. The statistical analysis of the 6-h predicted orbits show that the radial and cross root mean square (RMS)values are smaller than 10 cm for BeiDou and Galileo, and smaller than 5 cm for both GLONASS and GPS satellites,respectively. The RMS values of the clock differences between real-time and batch-processed solutions for GPS satellites are about 0.10 ns, while the RMS values for BeiDou, Galileo and GLONASS are 0.13, 0.13 and 0.14 ns,respectively. The addition of the BeiDou, Galileo and GLONASS systems to the standard GPS-only processing,reduces the convergence time almost by 70 %, while the positioning accuracy is improved by about 25 %. Some outliers in the GPS-only solutions vanish when multi-GNSS observations are processed simultaneous. The availability and reliability of GPS precise positioning decrease dramatically as the elevation cutoff increases. However, the accuracy of multi-GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) is hardly decreased and few centimeter are still achievable in the horizontal components even with 40 elevation cutoff.At 30 and 40 elevation cutoffs, the availability rates of GPS-only solution drop significantly to only around 70 and 40 %, respectively. However, multi-GNSS PPP can provide precise position estimates continuously (availability rate is more than 99.5%) even up to 40 elevation cutoff (e.g., in urban canyons).

Keywords:Multi-GNSS constellation; Real-time precise point positioning; Precise orbit and clock determination;GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo

來源出版物：Journal of Geodesy, 2015, 89(6): 607-635

被引頻次：68

Precise orbit determination of Beidou Satellites with precise positioning

Shi Chuang; Zhao Qile; Li Min; et al.

Abstract:Chinese Beidou satellite navigation system constellation currently consists of eight Beidou satellites and can provide preliminary service of navigation and positioning in the Asia-Pacific Region. Based on the self-developed software Position And Navigation Data Analysis (PANDA) and Beidou Experimental Tracking Stations (BETS), which are built by Wuhan University, the study of Beidou precise orbit determination, static precise point positioning (PPP), and high precision relative positioning, and differential positioning are carried out comprehensively. Results show that the radial precision of the Beidou satellite orbit determination is better than 10 centimeters. The RMS of static PPP can reach several centimeters to even millimeters for baseline relative positioning. The precision of kinematic pseudo-range differential positioning and RTK mode positioning are 2-4 m and 5-10 cm respectively, which are close to the level of GPS precise positioning. Research in this paper verifies that, with support of ground reference station network,Beidou satellite navigation system can provide precise positioning from several decimeters to meters in the wide area and several centimeters in the regional area. These promising results would be helpful for the implementation and applications of Beidou satellite navigation system.

Keywords:compass/Beidou; PANDA; precise orbit determination (POD); Beidou difference

來源出版物：Science China-Earth Sciences, 2012, 55(7):1079-1086

被引頻次：57

Instantaneous BeiDou plus GPS RTK positioning with high cut-off elevation angles

Teunissen, P J G; Odolinski, R; Odijk, D

Abstract:As the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has become operational in the Asia-Pacific region, it is of importance to better understand as well as demonstrate the capabilities that a combination of BeiDou with GPS brings to positioning. In this contribution, a formal and empirical analysis is given of the single-epoch RTK positioning capabilities of such a combined system.This will be done for the single- and dual-frequency case, and in comparison with the BDS and GPS-only performances. It will be shown that with the combined system, when more satellites are available, much larger than the customary cut-off elevations can be used. This is important, as such measurement set-up will significantly increase the GNSS applicability in constrained environments,such as e.g. in urban canyons or when low-elevation multipath is present.

Keywords:BeiDou (BDS); GPS; Multi-GNSS; integer ambiguity resolution; real time kinematic (RTK) positioning;cut-off elevation

來源出版物：Journal of Geodesy, 2014, 88(4): 335-350

被引頻次：54

Preliminary assessment of the navigation and positioning performance of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system

Yang Yuanxi; Li Jinlong; Wang Aibing; et al.

Abstract:BeiDou regional navigation satellite system(BDS) also called BeiDou-2 has been in full operation since December 27, 2012. It consists of 14 satellites,including 5 satellites in Geostationary Orbit (GEO), 5 satellites in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO), and 4 satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). In this paper, its basic navigation and positioning performance are evaluated preliminarily by the real data collected in Beijing,including satellite visibility, Position Dilution of Precision(PDOP) value, the precision of code and carrier phase measurements, the accuracy of single point positioning and differential positioning and ambiguity resolution (AR)performance, which are also compared with those of GPS.It is shown that the precision of BDS code and carrier phase measurements are about 33 cm and 2 mm,respectively, which are comparable to those of GPS, and the accuracy of BDS single point positioning has satisfied the design requirement. The real-time kinematic positioning is also feasible by BDS alone in the opening condition, since its fixed rate and reliability of singleepoch dual-frequency AR is comparable to those of GPS.The accuracy of BDS carrier phase differential positioning is better than 1 cm for a very short baseline of 4.2 m and 3 cm for a short baseline of 8.2 km, which is on the same level with that of GPS. For the combined BDS and GPS,the fixed rate and reliability of single-epoch AR and the positioning accuracy are improved significantly. The accuracy of BDS/GPS carrier phase differential positioning is about 35% and 20% better than that of GPS for two short baseline tests in this study. The accuracy of BDS code differential positioning is better than 2.5 m. However it is worse than that of GPS, which may result from large code multipath errors of BDS GEO satellite measurements.

Keywords:BeiDou navigation satellite system; service area; dilution of precision; precision of code and carrier phase measurement; single point positioning; code differential positioning; ambiguity resolution; carrier phase differential positioning

來源出版物：Science China-Earth Sciences, 2014, 57(1):144-152

被引頻次：49

Orbit and clock analysis of Compass GEO and IGSO satellites

Steigenberger, P; Hugentobler, U; Hauschild, A; et al.

Abstract:China is currently focussing on the establishment of its own global navigation satellite system called Compass or BeiDou. At present, the Compass constellation provides four usable satellites in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) and five satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). Based on a network of six Compass-capable receivers, orbit and clock parameters of these satellites were determined. The orbit consistency is on the 1-2 dm level for the IGSO satellites and on the several decimeter level for the GEO satellites. These values could be confirmed by an independent validation with satellite laser ranging. All Compass clocks show a similar performance but have a slightly lower stability compared to Galileo and the latest generation of GPS satellites. A Compass-only precise point positioning based on the products derived from the six-receiver network provides an accuracy of several centimeters compared to the GPS-only results.

Keywords:GNSS; BeiDou-2; satellite orbits; allan deviation

來源出版物：Journal of Geodesy, 2013, 87(6): 515-525

被引頻次：42

Combined BDS, Galileo, QZSS and GPS single-frequency RTK

Odolinski, Robert; Teunissen, Peter J. G; Odijk, Dennis

Abstract:We will focus on single-frequency single-baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) combining four Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) satellite systems.We will combine observations from the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), European Galileo,American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). To further strengthen the underlying model, attention will be given to overlapping frequencies between the systems. If one can calibrate the inter-system biases, a common pivot satellite between the respective systems can be used to parameterize double-differenced ambiguities. The LAMBDA method is used for ambiguity resolution. The instantaneous (single-epoch) single-frequency RTK performance is evaluated by a formal as well as an empirical analysis, consisting of ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), bootstrapped and integer least-squares success rates and positioning precisions. The time-tocorrect-fix in some particular cases when instantaneous RTK is not possible will also be analyzed. To simulate conditions with obstructed satellite visibility or when lowelevation multipath is present, various elevation cut-off angles between 10 and 40 A degrees will be used. Four days of real data are collected in Perth, Western Australia.It will be shown that the four-system RTK model allows for improved integer ambiguity resolution and positioning performance over the single-, dual- or triple-systems,particularly for higher cut-off angles.

Keywords:Inter-system biases (ISBs); Real-time kinematic(RTK); Multi-global navigation satellite system (GNSS);integer ambiguity resolution; LAMBDA

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2015, 19(1): 151-163

被引頻次：40

Precise point positioning with the BeiDou navigation satellite system

Li, Min; Qu, Lizhong; Zhao, Qile; et al.

Abstract:By the end of 2012, China had launched 16 BeiDou-2 navigation satellites that include six GEOs, five IGSOs and five MEOs. This has provided initial navigation and precise pointing services ability in the Asia-Pacific regions. In order to assess the navigation and positioning performance of the BeiDou-2 system, Wuhan University has built up a network of BeiDou Experimental Tracking Stations (BETS) around the World. The Position and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA) software was modified to determine the orbits of BeiDou satellites and provide precise orbit and satellite clock bias products from the BeiDou satellite system for user applications. This article uses the BeiDou/GPS observations of the BeiDou Experimental Tracking Stations to realize the BeiDou and BeiDou/GPS static and kinematic precise point positioning(PPP). The result indicates that the precision of BeiDou static and kinematic PPP reaches centimeter level. The precision of BeiDou/GPS kinematic PPP solutions is improved significantly compared to that of BeiDou-only or GPS-only kinematic PPP solutions. The PPP convergence time also decreases with the use of combined BeiDou/GPS systems.

Keywords:BeiDou navigation satellite system; Position and Navigation Data Analyst (PANDA); BeiDou Experimental Tracking Stations (BETS); Precise Point Positioning (PPP)

來源出版物：Sensors, 2014, 14(1): 927-943

被引頻次：34

BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and its time scales

Han, Chunhao; Yang, Yuanxi; Cai, Zhiwu; et al.

Abstract:The development and current status of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System are briefly introduced. The definition and realization of the system time scales are described in detail. The BeiDou system time (BDT) is an internal and continuous time scale without leap seconds. It is maintained by the time and frequency system of the master station. The frequency accuracy of BDT is superior to 2 × 10-14and its stability is better than 6 × 10-15/30 days.The satellite synchronization is realized by a two-way time transfer between the uplink stations and the satellite. The measurement uncertainty of satellite clock offsets is less than 2 ns. The BeiDou System has three modes of time services: radio determination satellite service (RDSS)one-way, RDSS two-way and radio navigation satellite service (RNSS) one-way. The uncertainty of the one-way time service is designed to be less than 50 ns, and that of the two-way time service is less than 10 ns. Finally,some coordinate tactics of UTC from the viewpoint of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are discussed.It would be helpful to stop the leap second, from our viewpoint, but to keep the UTC name, the continuity and the coordinate function unchanged.

來源出版物：Metrologia, 2011, 48(4): 213-218

被引頻次：32

Reliable single-epoch ambiguity resolution for short baselines using combined GPS/BeiDou system

Deng, Chenlong; Tang, Weiming; (Liu, Jingnan

Abstract:GNSS single-epoch real-time kinematic (RTK)positioning depends on correct ambiguity resolution. If the number of observed satellites in a single epoch is insufficient, which often happens with a standalone GNSS system, the ambiguity resolution is difficult to achieve.China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System has been providing continuous passive positioning, navigation and timing services since December 27, 2012, covering China and the surrounding area. This new system will increase the number of satellites in view and will have a significant effect on successful ambiguity resolution.Since the BeiDou system is similar to GPS, the procedure of data processing is easier than that for the Russian GLONASS system. We briefly introduce the time and the coordinate system of BeiDou and also the BeiDou satellite visibility in China, followed by the discussion on the combined GPS/BeiDou single-epoch algorithm. Experiments were conducted and are presented here, in which the GPS/BeiDou dual-frequency static data were collected in Wuhan with the baseline distance varying from 5 to 13 km, and processed in separate and combined modes. The results indicate that, compared to a standalone GPS or BeiDou system, the combined GNSS system can increase the successful ambiguity fixing rate for single epochs and can also improve the precision of short baselines determination.

Keywords:GPS/BeiDou; ambiguity resolution; single epoch; short baselines

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2014, 18(3): 375-386

·推薦論文摘要·

北斗/GPS組合定位方法

吳甜甜，張云，劉永明，等

摘要：隨著北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的逐漸完善，有關(guān)北斗系統(tǒng)定位的研究越來越深入，為了對比分析北斗系統(tǒng)和全球定位導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（GPS）定位的差異性，充分利用北斗地球靜止軌道衛(wèi)星（GEO）和傾斜地球同步軌道衛(wèi)星（IGSO）高軌道衛(wèi)星的特殊性，本文提出一種新的組合選星方法，選取衛(wèi)星數(shù)較少且Position Dilution of Precision（PDOP）最小的北斗/GPS組合，分別對比分析北斗系統(tǒng)、GPS系統(tǒng)及其組合系統(tǒng)在樓頂開放環(huán)境和樓間惡劣環(huán)境下的定位效果。實(shí)驗結(jié)果表明：北斗比GPS有更加穩(wěn)定的定位效果，依據(jù)本文組合選星方法，利用少量衛(wèi)星即可獲得較好的定位精度。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗系統(tǒng)；GPS；組合定位；PDOP；樓間惡劣環(huán)境

來源出版物：遙感學(xué)報, 2014, 18(5): 1087-1097

多GNSS融合的北斗衛(wèi)星精密定軌

劉偉平，郝金明，李建文，等

摘要：提供高精度的精密軌道產(chǎn)品對北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的推廣應(yīng)用具有重要意義。本文給出一種基于模糊度固定的北斗衛(wèi)星多系統(tǒng)融合非差精密定軌方法，重點(diǎn)推導(dǎo)并論述模糊度固定的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，結(jié)合實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)，對其精密定軌效果進(jìn)行了分析。初步分析結(jié)果表明：利用本文方法,北斗GEO、IGSO、MEO衛(wèi)星三維定軌精度分別達(dá)到1.263 m、0.214 m、0.134 m，3類衛(wèi)星徑向定軌精度平均優(yōu)于10 cm，IGSO和MEO已經(jīng)基本優(yōu)于5 cm；模糊度固定以后，北斗衛(wèi)星三維定軌精度平均提高了21.8%，軌道切向精度改善最為明顯，其中又以GEO衛(wèi)星改進(jìn)最大。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；模糊度固定；非差精密定軌；多系統(tǒng)融合；激光觀測數(shù)據(jù)

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2014, 43(11): 1132-1138

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)及其于民航導(dǎo)航的應(yīng)用

王艷紅，趙文智，楊明

摘要：衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航是未來航行系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，在我國對民航星基導(dǎo)航的學(xué)術(shù)研究較少情況下，介紹北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，從我國民航導(dǎo)航的角度分析了民航導(dǎo)航對北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的需要；對北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在民航導(dǎo)航中的應(yīng)用做了初步的探析，結(jié)論表明北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在區(qū)域?qū)Ш健⑦M(jìn)離場RNP、進(jìn)近著陸導(dǎo)航三方面對民航導(dǎo)航的變革有重要意義；結(jié)合歐美國家在發(fā)展全球衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)中所遇到的問題，給出我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)民航應(yīng)用的緊迫性和前瞻性啟發(fā)。

關(guān)鍵詞：航空運(yùn)輸；衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航；綜合探析；民航導(dǎo)航；北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：計算機(jī)測量與控制, 2014, 22(2): 496-498

北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)與GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位精度的對比分析

王閱兵，游新兆，金紅林，等

摘要：基于架設(shè)在山東榮成、云南下關(guān)、寧夏鹽池、河北唐山和河南鄭州的UNICORECOMM UR370型北斗接收機(jī)接收到的北斗和GPS信號，利用武漢大學(xué)自主研發(fā)的PANDA軟件，對比分析了北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)與GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位精度。結(jié)果顯示，北斗導(dǎo)航精密單點(diǎn)定位精度在水平方向為1～2 cm，垂直方向為3～4 cm；GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位精度在水平為亞cm級，垂直方向約為1～2 cm。雖然北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的精密單點(diǎn)定位精度要低于GPS 50%，但已經(jīng)能應(yīng)用在定位精度要求幾個cm或更低精度的領(lǐng)域。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；GPS；精密單點(diǎn)定位；PANDA；地殼形變

來源出版物：大地測量與地球動力學(xué), 2014, 34(4):110-116

BDS/GPS/GLONASS組合的雙頻單歷元相對定位性能對比分析

汪亮，李子申，袁洪，等

摘要：隨著我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS）的建成與運(yùn)行，目前具備獨(dú)立服務(wù)能力的系統(tǒng)包括GPS，GLONASS和BDS，多系統(tǒng)組合已成為GNSS導(dǎo)航定位發(fā)展的必然趨勢?；趥尉嗷蜉d波相位的相對定位是目前利用GNSS實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度定位的主要技術(shù)手段之一。本文重點(diǎn)分析對比了BDS/GPS/GLONASS單系統(tǒng)、雙系統(tǒng)以及三系統(tǒng)組合共7種模式下雙頻偽距和單歷元載波相位相對定位性能。結(jié)果表明：1）BDS/GPS/GLONASS組合偽距和單歷元載波相位相對定位時，三系統(tǒng)觀測值誤差比分別設(shè)為1∶1∶2和1∶1∶1較合適；2）BDS/GPS組合的性能要優(yōu)于GPS/GLONASS以及BDS/GLONASS組合，BDS/GPS/GLONASS三系統(tǒng)組合較雙系統(tǒng)組合可進(jìn)一步改善定位性能；3）短基線條件下（＜20 km），BDS/GPS/GLONASS組合偽距和單歷元載波相位相對定位精度較單BDS，GPS，GLONASS系統(tǒng)分別提高了48.4%，31.7%，65.7%和6.1%，12.5%，39.4%。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗；BDS/GPS/GLONASS；相對定位；單歷元RTK

來源出版物：科學(xué)通報, 2015, 60(9): 857-868

北斗/GPS組合偽距單點(diǎn)定位性能測試和分析

唐衛(wèi)明，徐坤，金蕾，等

摘要：討論了北斗/GPS偽距單點(diǎn)定位聯(lián)合解算的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并根據(jù)北京、武漢兩地的北斗/GPS雙系統(tǒng)實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)，在多種模擬遮擋環(huán)境下將北斗/GPS聯(lián)合解算結(jié)果與北斗、GPS單系統(tǒng)在可見衛(wèi)星數(shù)、PDOP值、定位精度、定位可用性等方面進(jìn)行了對比分析。結(jié)果表明，相對于單系統(tǒng)偽距單點(diǎn)定位，北斗/GPS組合定位大大增加了可見衛(wèi)星數(shù)，減小了PDOP值，并在觀測條件較差的環(huán)境下有效地改善了定位精度，顯著提高了系統(tǒng)定位可用性。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；GPS；偽距單點(diǎn)定位；聯(lián)合解算；可用性

來源出版物：武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報：信息科學(xué)版, 2015, 40(4):529-533

北斗區(qū)域?qū)Ш较到y(tǒng)的PPP精度分析

朱永興，馮來平，賈小林，等

摘要：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的開放運(yùn)行為其在高精度領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用提供了可能，系統(tǒng)精密單點(diǎn)定位性能受到了極大關(guān)注。本文首先介紹了北斗區(qū)域?qū)Ш较到y(tǒng)的星座和BDS/GPS跟蹤網(wǎng)，分析了基于國內(nèi)布站定軌的北斗衛(wèi)星精密軌道和鐘差精度。在此基礎(chǔ)上研究了北斗區(qū)域?qū)Ш较到y(tǒng)靜態(tài)、動態(tài)精密單點(diǎn)定位精度，并與GPS定位結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。實(shí)測算例表明：北斗精密單點(diǎn)定位可以實(shí)現(xiàn)靜態(tài)厘米級、動態(tài)分米級的定位精度，達(dá)到目前GPS精密單點(diǎn)定位水平。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；BDS/GPS跟蹤網(wǎng)；精密定軌；精密單點(diǎn)定位；精度分析

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2015, 44(4): 377-383

GNSS互操作若干問題

楊元喜，陸明泉，韓春好

摘要：GNSS兼容與互操作是國際衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)議題，也是用戶實(shí)現(xiàn)多系統(tǒng)融合導(dǎo)航必須具備的條件。本文首先介紹了兼容與互操作的基本概念；簡要分析了多GNSS系統(tǒng)互操作的基本趨勢及GNSS4大核心系統(tǒng)信號互操作的現(xiàn)狀；分析了現(xiàn)有北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BDS）在信號互操作方面存在的問題，指出其對用戶接收機(jī)制造商和多GNSS用戶的影響；分析了坐標(biāo)基準(zhǔn)和坐標(biāo)框架在互操作方面存在的問題及其可能帶來的影響，指出坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)、維持甚至更新策略帶來的誤差都可能給多GNSS互操作及導(dǎo)航定位結(jié)果帶來影響；討論了時間基準(zhǔn)互操作存在的問題，以及可能的解決措施。最后歸納了本文的主要結(jié)論。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗；兼容與互操作；頻率；坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)；時間基準(zhǔn)

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2016, 45(3): 253-259

北斗在極區(qū)導(dǎo)航定位性能分析

楊元喜，徐君毅

摘要：北極蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的資源，冰川融化使得夏季北極地區(qū)的航行成為可能，北極地區(qū)戰(zhàn)略地位凸顯。為了保障北極地區(qū)活動的安全性，精確導(dǎo)航定位是重要基礎(chǔ)保障，本文分析了我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前星座及未來全球星座在極區(qū)的可用性。詳細(xì)分析了利用北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在極區(qū)進(jìn)行導(dǎo)航、定位服務(wù)的基本性能，分析其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，并提出了可能的應(yīng)對方法。

關(guān)鍵詞：北極；GNSS；北斗；極區(qū)導(dǎo)航

來源出版物：武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報：信息科學(xué)版, 2016, 41(1):15-20

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的毫米級精度變形監(jiān)測算法與實(shí)現(xiàn)

肖玉鋼，姜衛(wèi)平，陳華，等

摘要：研究了北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, BDS）毫米級精度變形監(jiān)測算法。首先改進(jìn)了TurboEdit方法，以能夠探測到1周的小周跳；針對BDS星座結(jié)構(gòu)給出更為高效的獨(dú)立雙差觀測值搜索方法；對于模糊度固定，采用決策函數(shù)和序貫?zāi)：裙潭ㄏ嘟Y(jié)合的方法。在此基礎(chǔ)上，研制了BDS變形監(jiān)測軟件。最后，利用變形監(jiān)測試驗平臺的實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)，從星座分布、解算精度等方面分析了BDS在變形監(jiān)測中應(yīng)用的可行性。結(jié)果表明，目前在試驗區(qū)域內(nèi)BDS與GPS在衛(wèi)星幾何分布等方面基本相當(dāng)。BDS的短基線解算精度略低于GPS，但仍可達(dá)到平面1 mm以內(nèi)、高程2 mm以內(nèi)的精度水平。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；變形監(jiān)測；軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)；精度分析

來源出版物：測繪學(xué)報, 2016, 45(1): 16-21

基于衛(wèi)星共視的遠(yuǎn)程時間頻率校準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)

陳瑞瓊，劉婭，李孝輝

摘要：隨著北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的投入運(yùn)行，基于北斗衛(wèi)星的遠(yuǎn)程時間頻率比對成為可能。國家授時中心基于北斗衛(wèi)星共視時間比對方法，搭建了一套遠(yuǎn)程時間頻率校準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng),由遠(yuǎn)程時間比對基準(zhǔn)終端、遠(yuǎn)程時間比對校準(zhǔn)終端和數(shù)據(jù)分析處理中心組成，可在遠(yuǎn)程恢復(fù)出UTC（NTSC）的時間頻率信號。遠(yuǎn)程時間比對基準(zhǔn)終端測量UTC（NTSC）與北斗衛(wèi)星鐘的鐘差；遠(yuǎn)程時間比對校準(zhǔn)終端測量本地原子鐘與北斗衛(wèi)星鐘的鐘差，并在本地駕馭生成與UTC（NTSC）同步的時頻信號；數(shù)據(jù)分析處理中心處理來自遠(yuǎn)程時間比對基準(zhǔn)終端和遠(yuǎn)程時間比對校準(zhǔn)終端的數(shù)據(jù)。該系統(tǒng)摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的不連續(xù)觀測方法，以10 min作為1個觀測周期，實(shí)現(xiàn)了時間頻率的連續(xù)比對。試驗結(jié)果表明，該系統(tǒng)配送UTC（NTSC）的不確定度為3.74 ns，配送信號的頻率天穩(wěn)定度達(dá)到1.97×10－14。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星；共視；遠(yuǎn)程時間校準(zhǔn)

來源出版物：電子測量與儀器學(xué)報, 2016, 30(1): 38-44

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)用于東北地區(qū)高精度變形監(jiān)測性能分析

郭睿，胡小工，唐波，等

摘要：截至2015年1月，我國北斗區(qū)域衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)已正式運(yùn)行滿2年。目前北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的星座組網(wǎng)尚未完成，只可為亞太地區(qū)特別是低緯度地區(qū)提供較好的服務(wù)，即服務(wù)拓展到南北緯55°，東經(jīng)55°至180°。由于我國東北地區(qū)所處緯度較高，可能會受到北斗星座不完善的影響。為了分析我國北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在東北地區(qū)高精度變形監(jiān)測中的監(jiān)測性能，本文在哈爾濱地區(qū)搭建了北斗變形監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)采集平臺并研制了北斗高精度變形監(jiān)測軟件。通過對連續(xù)10 d的實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理，測試評估了北斗在變形監(jiān)測中的數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量與精度。試驗結(jié)果表明，東北地區(qū)短基線變形監(jiān)測條件下，北斗變形監(jiān)測多個測段對應(yīng)基線N、E分量重復(fù)性優(yōu)于7 mm，U分量重復(fù)性優(yōu)于1 cm。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；東北地區(qū)；高精度；變形監(jiān)測；數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量

來源出版物：測繪通報, 2016, (4): 33-37

北斗新一代試驗衛(wèi)星星鐘及軌道精度初步分析

陳金平，胡小工，唐成盼

摘要：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)新一代試驗衛(wèi)星星座由2顆高軌傾斜地球同步軌道衛(wèi)星和3顆中軌地球軌道衛(wèi)星組成，2016年2月全部發(fā)射入軌，其任務(wù)是驗證北斗系統(tǒng)從目前區(qū)域?qū)Ш蕉ㄎ皇跁r服務(wù)走向全球服務(wù)的新技術(shù)體制設(shè)計及指標(biāo)性能。導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星星載原子鐘是最重要載荷之一,負(fù)責(zé)星上時間頻率基準(zhǔn)信號維持和產(chǎn)生，本文利用星地雙向時頻傳遞設(shè)備觀測的星地鐘差數(shù)據(jù)，評估了試驗星配置的新型高精度銣鐘和被動型氫鐘的實(shí)際性能,定量比較了相對于北斗區(qū)域系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星鐘的性能提升。結(jié)果表明新一代試驗星與北斗區(qū)域系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星鐘差預(yù)報精度相比較有較大提高，地球傾斜靜止衛(wèi)星（Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit, IGSO）短期預(yù)報誤差從0.65 ns減小到0.30 ns，中軌道衛(wèi)星（Medium Orbit, MEO）短期預(yù)報誤差從0.78 ns減小到0.32 ns，IGSO/MEO衛(wèi)星中期預(yù)報誤差均從2.50 ns減小到約1.50 ns。星間鏈路（Inter-Satellite Link，ISL）是北斗全球系統(tǒng)最重要的技術(shù)體制設(shè)計之一，本文評估了試驗衛(wèi)星實(shí)現(xiàn)的星間偽距測量對提升空間信號精度，即軌道和鐘差的貢獻(xiàn)，得到在地面監(jiān)測網(wǎng)無法連續(xù)覆蓋到的境外弧段，高精度星間鏈路測量對軌道確定和鐘差測定精度的提升尤為明顯。加入星間偽距測量，MEO衛(wèi)星重新入境時鐘差預(yù)報誤差由3 ns減小至1 ns以內(nèi)。采用星地星間聯(lián)合定軌方法估計的衛(wèi)星軌道徑向重疊弧段互差優(yōu)于0.1 m，三維位置重疊互差優(yōu)于0.5 m，預(yù)報24 h徑向重疊弧段互差優(yōu)于0.2 m，三維位置重疊互差優(yōu)于1 m，均較區(qū)域監(jiān)測網(wǎng)L波段定軌結(jié)果有較大提升。為解決多星定軌處理時衛(wèi)星鐘差與軌道高度耦合問題，本文提出了衛(wèi)星鐘差半約束模式定軌處理方法。用戶等效距離誤差分析結(jié)果表明采用衛(wèi)星鐘差半約束的定軌模式，衛(wèi)星軌道預(yù)報4 h用戶等效距離誤差由1.04 m減小至0.82 m。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；星載原子鐘；星間鏈路；衛(wèi)星鐘差；衛(wèi)星定軌；空間信號精度；星地雙向時頻傳遞

來源出版物：中國科學(xué)：物理學(xué) 力學(xué) 天文學(xué), 2016,46(11): 119502

GPS/北斗組合衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)快速選星算法

劉帥，趙國榮，高超，等

摘要：為實(shí)現(xiàn)GPS/北斗組合衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的快速選星，提出一種基于幾何布局的快速選星算法。根據(jù)最優(yōu)選星方案的衛(wèi)星分布特點(diǎn)，利用衛(wèi)星高度角和方位角信息實(shí)現(xiàn)衛(wèi)星的區(qū)域劃分，應(yīng)用代價函數(shù)法對中仰角區(qū)域的衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行篩選，得到最終的選星方案。與最優(yōu)選星算法相比,該算法計算量明顯減??；仿真結(jié)果表明，該算法能將幾何精度因子（GDOP）控制在小于2.5的范圍內(nèi)，具有較好的選星效果。綜合考慮算法復(fù)雜度和選星效果，基于幾何分布的快速選星算法能夠滿足航空航天等對精度和實(shí)時性要求較高的領(lǐng)域的需求。

關(guān)鍵詞：組合導(dǎo)航；選星算法；幾何布局；代價函數(shù)；北斗導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)

來源出版物：電光與控制, 2017, 24(3): 32-35

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)服務(wù)精度評估

王威，胡英男

摘要：精度是北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System，BDS）服務(wù)指標(biāo)體系的重要內(nèi)容。給出了北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)精度指標(biāo)的含義及精度指標(biāo)的評估方法，利用實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)分析了北斗系統(tǒng)實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)的精度指標(biāo)，并將其與GPS系統(tǒng)實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)的精度指標(biāo)作比較分析。DOP（幾何精度因子）值由衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)空間星座分布決定，是影響用戶定位授時精度的重要因素，比較了北斗與GPS在中國區(qū)域DOP值分布的差異。GPS系統(tǒng)PDOP（定位幾何精度因子）分布均勻，隨用戶經(jīng)度和緯度變化不大，在1.0-2.0之間。而受混合星座影響，北斗系統(tǒng)PDOP分布隨著測站經(jīng)度和緯度變化較大，變化范圍為1.5-5.0；且隨測站緯度增加而變大，由中心經(jīng)度（東經(jīng)118°）向兩側(cè)不斷變大。對于影響用戶等效距離誤差的空間信號精度進(jìn)行了比較分析。利用IG（國際GNSS服務(wù)組織）提供的事后精密軌道、激光跟蹤數(shù)據(jù)和北斗雙向時頻傳遞測量的衛(wèi)星鐘差評估了北斗基本導(dǎo)航電文的精度。結(jié)果表明：北斗IGSO（傾斜地球同步軌道）衛(wèi)星和MEO（中軌道）衛(wèi)星軌道徑向誤差約為0.5 m，大于GPS衛(wèi)星軌道小于0.2 m的徑向誤差。北斗GEO（地球同步軌道）衛(wèi)星激光殘差約為65 cm，IGSO衛(wèi)星和MEO衛(wèi)星激光殘差約為50 cm。受衛(wèi)星鐘差數(shù)據(jù)齡期影響，MEO衛(wèi)星鐘差參數(shù)誤差明顯大于IGSO衛(wèi)星和GEO衛(wèi)星，約為0.80 m。最后，采用MGEX（多GNSS系統(tǒng)試驗項目）多模接收機(jī)進(jìn)行了定位試驗，分析了北斗系統(tǒng)和GPS在定位精度上的差異。結(jié)果表明：受星座構(gòu)型影響，北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)定位精度與GPS系統(tǒng)定位精度相比有所差異，但滿足水平定位精度優(yōu)于10 m、高程定位精度優(yōu)于10 m的設(shè)計要求，雙系統(tǒng)組合定位精度好于單一系統(tǒng)定位精度。

關(guān)鍵詞：天體測量與天體力學(xué)；空間飛行器；歷書；方法；數(shù)據(jù)分析

來源出版物：天文學(xué)報, 2017, 58(2): 1-10

北斗衛(wèi)星全球激光測距觀測及數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用

張忠萍，程志恩，張海峰，等

摘要：衛(wèi)星軌道精確測定是衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)提供導(dǎo)航服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)。北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)是我國自主研發(fā)的新一代衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，衛(wèi)星上均裝載了激光反射器，以厘米或毫米級精度衛(wèi)星激光測距作為北斗衛(wèi)星精密測軌與微波測量系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立外部標(biāo)校手段。為增強(qiáng)北斗衛(wèi)星的激光觀測能力，上海激光測距站在白天光束監(jiān)視、望遠(yuǎn)鏡精跟蹤、噪聲濾波等方面進(jìn)行了性能改進(jìn)，在國際激光聯(lián)測臺站中首先實(shí)現(xiàn)同步軌道衛(wèi)星白天激光觀測；基于國際激光聯(lián)測機(jī)制，組織國際激光測距站開展北斗衛(wèi)星全球激光觀測實(shí)驗，獲取了28個臺站對北斗衛(wèi)星的激光觀測數(shù)據(jù)，彌補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)臺站地域局限性，為國內(nèi)衛(wèi)星獲取國外臺站觀測數(shù)據(jù)提供了途徑。利用全球臺站激光觀測數(shù)據(jù)開展了北斗衛(wèi)星激光獨(dú)立定軌、廣播星歷精度檢核等研究，并將結(jié)果應(yīng)用于北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)性能評估。

關(guān)鍵詞：測量；衛(wèi)星激光測距；激光數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用；全球激光聯(lián)測；北斗衛(wèi)星；激光反射器

來源出版物：中國激光, 2017, 44(4): 0404004

北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)安全和完好性監(jiān)測現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展

莊釗文，王飛雪，歐鋼，等

摘要：隨著導(dǎo)航現(xiàn)代化概念研究的深化，安全和完好性已成為全球?qū)Ш叫l(wèi)星系統(tǒng)（GNSS）至關(guān)重要的性能指標(biāo)。本文從導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)角度討論了系統(tǒng)安全的內(nèi)涵及組成，以及系統(tǒng)完好性監(jiān)測的必要性和監(jiān)測評估方法。結(jié)合北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)建設(shè)，著重介紹了在信號傳輸體制設(shè)計、頻率規(guī)劃與協(xié)調(diào)、抗干擾體系建設(shè)、星間鏈路和完好性監(jiān)測方面取得的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)突破和研究成果。最后，討論了衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航發(fā)展趨勢。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；系統(tǒng)安全；完好性監(jiān)測；導(dǎo)航戰(zhàn)；信號傳輸體制；抗干擾體系；星間鏈路

來源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報, 2017, 35(10): 13-18

基于北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的遠(yuǎn)距離海洋工程高精度定位技術(shù)

劉宏，萬立健，陸亞英

摘要：隨著遠(yuǎn)距離海洋工程項目的不斷展開，對北斗高精度的定位需求越來越迫切，而遠(yuǎn)海地區(qū)常規(guī)地基增強(qiáng)建設(shè)及差分傳輸方式無法實(shí)施。為解決遠(yuǎn)海北斗高精度定位的難題，本文采用北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（BDS）的短報文功能進(jìn)行精密單點(diǎn)定位誤差改正數(shù)的播發(fā)，向觀測用北斗衛(wèi)星終端發(fā)送精度較高的衛(wèi)星鐘誤差、星歷誤差改正值，實(shí)現(xiàn)了北斗衛(wèi)星改正信息的遠(yuǎn)程傳輸，傳輸距離被大大拓展，不再受地域的限制，并大大提高了北斗系統(tǒng)定位精度，為北斗技術(shù)在海洋工程中的應(yīng)用拓展了空間。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星；差分播發(fā)；遠(yuǎn)距離；海洋工程；高精度定位

來源出版物：測繪通報, 2017, (5): 62-66

引入國家基準(zhǔn)站的北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星精密定軌

韓德強(qiáng)，黨亞民，王虎，等

摘要：衛(wèi)星精密軌道的確定是北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)位置與服務(wù)的核心技術(shù)之一，而國家基準(zhǔn)站是影響衛(wèi)星軌道精度的一個重要因素。本文基于中國測繪科學(xué)研究院國際GNSS監(jiān)測與評估中心自主開發(fā)的軟件計算國家基準(zhǔn)站和MGEX站對北斗衛(wèi)星精密定軌的影響。得出結(jié)果：加上國家基準(zhǔn)站后GEO衛(wèi)星軌道精度平均能達(dá)到2.0 m，比沒有國家基準(zhǔn)站時提高約14%，在GEO切向方向改善最為明顯，大約提高30%。IGSO和MEO衛(wèi)星也有所提高。加上國家基準(zhǔn)站后，三類衛(wèi)星的軌道重復(fù)弧段的徑向精度優(yōu)于5 cm。有了國家基準(zhǔn)站數(shù)據(jù)BDS精密軌道會有明顯的改善。國家基準(zhǔn)站的建立使我國北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星的服務(wù)能力有很大提高。

關(guān)鍵詞：國家基準(zhǔn)站；北斗；精密軌道

來源出版物：測繪通報, 2017, (8): 1-6

Multipath analysis of code measurements for BeiDou geostationary satellites

Wang, Guangxing; de Jong, Kees; Zhao, Qile

Abstract:Having non-negligible impact on the code range observables, multipath delay is one of the error sources that limit GNSS positioning accuracy. Due to the relatively stationary geometry, multipath effects for signals from geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites are even more difficult to mitigate by merely increasing the observing periods or averaging over multiple epochs. To investigate the characteristics of code, multipath effects for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) GEO satellites,a linear combination of observations reflecting code multipath was employed and BDS multipath time series over long periods were analyzed with the Fourier transform,correlation and wavelet transform. The amplitudes of GEO multipath series vary from ＜ 1.0 m to around 2.0 m, and the periods of the dominant daily repeating components fall between 86130 and 86280 s. The low-frequency components were extracted, and most cross-correlation coefficients between the low-frequency components of two consecutive days are larger than 0.7. When the lowfrequency components of the first day are subtracted from the multipath time series of the second day, a decrease of more than 25 % is found in terms of the code standard deviations. By correcting the observables with lowfrequency multipath of the previous day, the precisions of code-only single-point positioning using ionosphere-free linear combination of BDS first and second or first and third frequencies can be improved. Precision improvements in north, east and up components for two stations in Perth,Australia were shown to be 0.2, 0.5 and 0.4 m, and 0.3, 0 and 0.5 m, respectively.

Keywords:multipath; BDS; GEO; single-point positioning;low frequency

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2015, 19(1): 129-139

Combined BDS, galileo, qzss and GPS single-frequency RTK

Odolinski, Robert; Teunissen, Peter J. G; Odijk, Dennis

Abstract:We will focus on single-frequency singlebaseline real-time kinematic (RTK) combining four Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) satellite systems. We will combine observations from the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), European Galileo,American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). To further strengthen the underlying model, attention will be given to overlapping frequencies between the systems. If one can calibrate the inter-system biases, a common pivot satellite between the respective systems can be used to parameterize double-differenced ambiguities. The LAMBDA method is used for ambiguity resolution. The instantaneous (singleepoch) single-frequency RTK performance is evaluated by a formal as well as an empirical analysis, consisting of ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), bootstrapped and integer least-squares success rates and positioning precisions. The time-to-correct-fix in some particular cases when instantaneous RTK is not possible will also be analyzed. To simulate conditions with obstructed satellite visibility or when low-elevation multipath is present,various elevation cut-off angles between 10 and 40A degrees will be used. Four days of real data are collected in Perth, Western Australia. It will be shown that the foursystem RTK model allows for improved integer ambiguity resolution and positioning performance over the single,dual or triple-systems, particularly for higher cut-off angles.

Keywords:Inter-system biases (ISBs); Real-time kinematic (RTK); Multi-global navigation satellite system(GNSS); integer ambiguity resolution; LAMBDA

來源出版物：GPS Solutions, 2015, 19(1): 151-163

Analysis on the long-term dynamical evolution of the inclined geosynchronous orbits in the Chinese BeiDou navigation system

Zhao, Chang-Yin; Zhang, Ming-Jiang;Wang, Hong-Bo; et al.

Abstract:Five inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO)satellites with the inclination of about 55 degrees in the Chinese BeiDou navigation system have been put in orbit until now. The Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) has defined a geosynchronous orbit(GEO) protected region and recommended that the GEO satellite should be maneuvered to a disposal orbit high enough at end-of-mission to remain above the GEO protected region. The recommended disposal altitude is at least 235 km + (1000. C-R . A/M) higher than the perigee altitude of the GEO satellite, where C-R and A/M are radiation pressure coefficient and area-to-mass ratio respectively. Whether this recommendation is also adequate for the disposal of these IGSO satellites in the Chinese BeiDou navigation system at end-of-mission? And if not, is there any other possible strategy to do? In view of these considerations, the long-term dynamical evolution of these IGSO satellites is investigated by both theoretical analysis and numerical computation methods in this paper.Some qualitative orbital evolution characteristics and quantitative result of variation ranges of the semi-major axis a, the inclination i and the eccentricity e are presented respectively. Based on these results, a possible mitigation strategy to reduce the orbital lifetime of the IGSO satellites after end-of-mission is proposed.

Keywords:long-term dynamical evolution; inclined geosynchronous orbit; Chinese BeiDou navigation system;mitigation strategy

來源出版物：Advances in Space Research, 2015, 56(3):377-387

Precise point positioning with quad-constellations:GPS, BeiDou, GLONASS and Galileo

Cai, Changsheng; Gao, Yang; Pan, Lin

Abstract: Multi-constellation GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) first became feasible back to 2007 but with only two constellations, namely GPS and GLONASS.With the availability of more satellites and precise orbit and clock products from BeiDou and Galileo, it is possible now to investigate PPP with four constellations, namely GPS, BeiDou, GLONASS and Galileo. This research aims at investigating the quad-constellation PPP for position determination and analyzing its positioning performance. A quad-constellation PPP model is developed to simultaneously process the observations from all the four GNSS systems. The developed model is also applicable to the PPP processing with observations from single, dual or triple constellations. The analysis on PPP accuracy and convergence time is conducted based on data processing results from both static and kinematic tests of single-constellation and multi-constellations. The three-hour static positioning results indicate that the BeiDou-only PPP accuracy is worse than the GPS-only PPP.The RMSs of position errors for BeiDou-only PPP are 5.2 cm, 2.7 cm and 8.3 cm in east, north and up directions while the ones for GPS-only PPP are 3.9 cm, 1.6 cm and 5.7 cm. The GPS/BeiDou PPP improves the positioning accuracy by 28%, 6% and 7% and reduces the convergence time by 26%, 13% and 14% over the GPS-only PPP in three coordinate components, respectively. The GPS/GLONASS PPP achieves slightly better performance than the GPS/BeiDou PPP. The triple-constellation PPP further increases the positioning accuracy and decreases the convergence time over the dual-constellation PPP. The improvement of positioning performance is not significant after adding Galileo due to currently limited number of satellites. Similar to the static positioning, the quadconstellation kinematic PPP also significantly improves the positioning performance in contrast with singleconstellation and dual-constellations. The time varying characteristics of the time differences between the four systems are also investigated. The results indicate that the system time differences of GPS with BeiDou, GLONASS and Galileo are very stable over time with STD values of better than 1.1 ns.

Keywords:quad-constellation;precise point positioning;convergence time; positioning accuracy

來源出版物：Advances in Space Research, 2015, 56(1):133-143

Multiangle BSAR imaging based on BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system: Experiments and preliminary results

Zeng, Tao; Ao, Dongyang; Hu, Cheng; et al.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the multiangle imaging results for bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BSAR) based on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS-BSAR). Due to the shortcoming of GNSS-BSAR images, a multiangle observation and data processing strategy based on BeiDou-2 navigation satellites was put forward to improve the quality of images and the value of system application.Twenty-six BSAR experiments were conducted and analyzed in different configurations. Furthermore, a regionbased fusion algorithm using region-of-interest (ROI)segmentation was proposed to generate a high-quality fusion image. Based on the fusion image, typical targets such as water area, vegetation area, and artificial targets were compared and interpreted among single/multipleangle images. The results reveal that the multiangle imaging method was a good technique to enhance image information, which might extend the applications of GNSS-BSAR.

Keywords:bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BSAR);global navigation satellite system (GNSS); image fusion;image interpretation; multiangle

來源出版物：IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2015, 53(10): 5760-5773

Estimation of differential code biases for Beidou navigation system using multi-GNSS observations:How stable are the differential satellite and receiver code biases?

Xue, Junchen; Song, Shuli; Zhu, Wenyao; et al.

Abstract:Differential code biases (DCBs) are important parameters that must be estimated accurately and reliably for high-precision GNSS applications. For optimal operational service performance of the Beidou navigation system (BDS), continuous monitoring and constant quality assessment of the BDS satellite DCBs are crucial. In this study, a global ionospheric model was constructed based on a dual system BDS/GPS combination. Daily BDS DCBs were estimated together with the total electron content from 23 months’ multi-GNSS observations. The stability of the resulting BDS DCB estimates was analyzed in detail. It was found that over a long period, the standard deviations(STDs) for all satellite B1-B2 DCBs were within 0.3 ns(average: 0.19 ns) and for all satellite B1-B3 DCBs, the STDs were within 0.36 ns (average: 0.22 ns). For BDS receivers, the STDs were greater than for the satellites,with most values 2 ns. The DCBs of different receiver families are different. Comparison of the statistics of the short-term stability of satellite DCBs over different time intervals revealed that the difference in STD between 28-and 7-day intervals was small, with a maximum not exceeding 0.06 ns. In almost all cases, the difference in BDS satellite DCBs between two consecutive days was 0.8 ns. The main conclusion is that because of the stability of the BDS DCBs, they only require occasional estimation or calibration. Furthermore, the 30-day averaged satellite DCBs can be used reliably for the most demanding BDS applications.

Keywords:differential code bias; GNSS; Beidou navigation system; global ionospheric model

來源出版物：Journal of Geodesy, 2016, 90(4): 309-321

BDS/GPS Dual Systems Positioning Based on the Modified SR-UKF Algorithm

Kong, JaeHyok; Mao, Xuchu; Li, Shaoyuan

Abstract:The Global Navigation Satellite System can provide all-day three-dimensional position and speed information. Currently, only using the single navigation system cannot satisfy the requirements of the system’s reliability and integrity. In order to improve the reliability and stability of the satellite navigation system, the positioning method by BDS and GPS navigation system is presented, the measurement model and the state model are described. Furthermore, the modified square-root Unscented Kalman Filter (SR-UKF) algorithm is employed in BDS and GPS conditions, and analysis of single system/multi-system positioning has been carried out,respectively. The experimental results are compared with the traditional estimation results, which show that the proposed method can perform highly-precise positioning.Especially when the number of satellites is not adequate enough, the proposed method combine BDS and GPS systems to achieve a higher positioning precision.

Keywords:Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS);positioning algorithm; modified square-root Unscented Kalman filter (modified SR-UKF); BeiDou navigation System (BDS)

來源出版物：Sensors, 2016, 16(5): 35

Integrated solution for anomalous driving detection based on BeiDou/GPS/IMU measurements

Sun, Rui; Han, Ke; Hu, Jun

Abstract:There has been an increasing role played by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications in recent decades.In particular, centimeter/decimetre positioning accuracy is required for some safety related applications, such as lane control, collision avoidance, and intelligent speed assistance. Lane-level Anomalous driving detection underpins these safety-related ITS applications. The two major issues associated with such detection are (1)accessing high accuracy vehicle positioning and dynamic parameters; and (2) extraction of irregular driving patterns from such information. This paper introduces a new integrated framework for detecting lane-level anomalous driving, by combining Global Positioning Systems (GPS),BeiDou, and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with advanced algorithms. Specifically, we use Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) to perform data fusion with different positioning sources. The detection of different types of Anomalous driving is achieved based on the application of a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with a newly introduced velocity-based indicator. The framework proposed in this paper yield significantly improved accuracy in terms of positioning and Anomalous driving detection compared to state-of-the-art, while offering an economically viable solution for performing these tasks.

來源出版物：Transportation Research Part C-Emerging Technologies, 2016, 69: 193-207

GNSS multi-carrier fast partial ambiguity resolution strategy tested with real BDS/GPS dual- and triple-frequency observations

He H; Li J; Yang Y; et al.

Abstract:The regional constellation of BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) has been officially in operation since December 27, 2012, and real-time kinematic positioning using BDS and GPS multi-frequency observations is feasible. A heavy computational problem arises when resolving ambiguities in the case of multi-system with multi-frequency observations. A multi-carrier fast partial ambiguity resolution strategy is developed with the property that the extra-wide-lane and wide-lane ambiguities in the multi-frequency case can be resolved reliably in advance. Consequently, the technique resolves ambiguities sequentially instead of the usual batch ambiguity resolution (AR) mode so as to improve the computational efficiency of AR significantly. The strategy is demonstrated with real BDS/GPS dual- and triplefrequency observations. The results have shown that the probability of correct AR by the proposed method is comparable to that of the batch AR. Experimentally, the new method is about 2.5 times as fast as the batch AR in the dual-frequency case, 3 times in the mixed dual and triplefrequency case and 3.5 times in the triple-frequency case.

Keywords:BeiDou; Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO);Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP); Precise Orbit Determination(POD)

來源出版物：Advances in Space Research, 2016, 57(1):234-244

Applications of two-way satellite time and frequency transfer in the BeiDou navigation satellite system

Zhou, ShanShi; Hu, XiaoGong; Liu, Li; et al.

Abstract:A two-way satellite time and frequency transfer(TWSTFT) device equipped in the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) can calculate clock error between satellite and ground master clock. TWSTFT is a real-time method with high accuracy because most system errors such as orbital error, station position error, and tropospheric and ionospheric delay error can be eliminated by calculating the two-way pseudorange difference.Another method, the multi-satellite precision orbit determination (MPOD) method, can be applied to estimate satellite clock errors. By comparison with MPOD clock estimations, this paper discusses the applications of the BDS TWSTFT clock observations in satellite clock measurement, satellite clock prediction, navigation system time monitor, and satellite clock performance assessment in orbit. The results show that with TWSTFT clock observations, the accuracy of satellite clock prediction is higher than MPOD. Five continuous weeks of comparisons with three international GNSS Service (IGS) analysis centers (ACs) show that the reference time difference between BeiDou time (BDT) and golbal positoning system(GPS) time (GPST) realized IGS ACs is in the tens of nanoseconds. Applying the TWSTFT clock error observations may obtain more accurate satellite clock performance evaluation in the 104s interval because the accuracy of the MPOD clock estimation is not sufficiently high. By comparing the BDS and GPS satellite clock performance, we found that the BDS clock stability at the 103s interval is approximately 10-12, which is similar to the GPS IIR.

Keywords:BDS; TWSTFT; satellite clock; prediction accuracy; system reference time; Allan variance

來源出版物：Science China-Physics Mechanics &Astronomy, 2016, 59(10): 109511

Performance evaluation of single-frequency point positioning with GPS, GLONASS,BeiDou and Galileo

Pan, L; Cai, C; Santerre, R; et al.

Abstract:The single point positioning (SPP) mode has been widely used in many fields such as vehicle navigation,Geographic Information System and land surveying. For a long period, the SPP technology mainly relies on GPS system. With the recent revitalisation of the GLONASS constellation and two newly emerging constellations of BeiDou and Galileo, it is now feasible to investigate the performance of quad-constellation integrated SPP (QISPP)with GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo measurements.As a satellite-based positioning technology, the QISPP is expected to improve the accuracy and availability of positioning solutions due to the increased number of visible satellites and the improved satellite sky distribution.In this study, a QISPP model is presented to simultaneously process observations from all four Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations. Datasets collected at 47 globally distributed Multi-GNSS Experiment(MGEX) stations on two consecutive days and a kinematic experimental dataset are employed to fully assess the QISPP performance in terms of positioning accuracy and availability. Given that most navigation users are using single-frequency receivers, only the observations on a single frequency are utilised. The results indicate that the QISPP improves the positioning accuracy by an average of 16%, 13% and 12% using the MGEX datasets, and 43%, 31% and 51% using the kinematic experimental dataset over the GPS-only case in the east, north and up components, respectively. The availability of the QISPP solutions remains 100% even for a mask elevation angle of 40 degrees, whereas it is only 37% for the GPS-only case.All these results are achieved using geodetic-type receivers and they are possibly optimistic for users who use navigation-type receivers.

Keywords:single point positioning; GPS; GLONASS;BeiDou; Galileo

來源出版物：Survey Review, 2017, 49(354): 197-205

Sea level change from BeiDou Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (BDS-R): First results and evaluation

Jin, Shuanggen; Qian, Xiaodong; Wu, X; et al.

Abstract:Sea level changes affect human living environments, particularly ocean coasts. The tide gauges(TG) can measure sea level change, while it is the relative variations with respect to the land. Recently, GPSReflectometry (GPS-R) has been demonstrated to measure sea level change as an altimetry. With the rapid development of China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), it may provide a new possible opportunity to monitor sea level changes with three frequencies (L2, L6 and L7). In this paper, BDS-Reflectometry (BDS-R) is the first time used to estimate the sea level changes based on Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data and triple-frequency phase and code combinations, which are compared to tide gauge observations. Results show that sea level changes from BDS SNR and phase combination have a good agreement with correlation coefficients of 0.83-0.91 and RMSEs of less than 0.6 m, while BDS code combination is not as good as others. Furthermore, a new negative linear model between phase and code peak frequencies and tide gauge observations is further obtained and analyzed, which improves the results from three-frequency phase and code combinations with the RMSE of about 10 cm and 18 cm.

來源出版物：Global and Planetary Change, 2017, 1149:20-25

The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS):Achievements, prospects and challenges

Montenbruck, Oliver; Steigenberger, Peter;Prange, Lars; et al.

Abstract:Over the past five years, the International GNSS Service (IGS) has made continuous efforts to extend its service from GPS and GLONASS to the variety of newly established global and regional navigation satellite systems.This report summarizes the achievements and progress made in this period by the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment(MGEX). The status and tracking capabilities of the IGS monitoring station network are presented and the multi-GNSS products derived from this resource are discussed. The achieved performance is assessed and related to the current level of space segment and user equipment characterization. While the performance of orbit and clock products for BeiDou, Galileo, and QZSS still lags behind the legacy GPS and GLONASS products,continued progress has been made since launch of the MGEX project and already enables use of the new constellations for precise point positioning, atmospheric research and other applications. Directions for further research are identified to fully integrate the new constellations into routine GNSS processing. Furthermore,the active support of GNSS providers is encouraged to assist the scientific community in the generation of fully competitive products for the new constellations.

Keywords:IGS; MGEX; BeiDou; Galileo; QZSS; Orbit and clock

來源出版物：Advances in Space Research, 2017, 59(7):1671-1697

BeiDou Signal Acquisition with Neumann-Hoffman Code Modulation in a Degraded Channel

Zhao, Lin; Liu, Aimeng; Ding, Jicheng; et al.

Abstract:With the modernization of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), secondary codes, also known as the Neumann-Hoffman (NH) codes, are modulated on the satellite signal to obtain a better positioning performance.However, this leads to an attenuation of the acquisition sensitivity of classic integration algorithms because of the frequent bit transitions that refer to the NH codes. Taking weak BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) signals as objects, the present study analyzes the side effect of NH codes on acquisition in detail and derives a straightforward formula, which indicates that bit transitions decrease the frequency accuracy. To meet the requirement of carriertracking loop initialization, a frequency recalculation algorithm is proposed based on verified fast Fourier transform (FFT) to mitigate the effect, meanwhile, the starting point of NH codes is found. Then, a differential correction is utilized to improve the acquisition accuracy of code phase. Monte Carlo simulations and real BDS data tests demonstrate that the new structure is superior to the conventional algorithms both in detection probability and frequency accuracy in a degraded channel.

Keywords:BeiDou; acquisition; bit transition; differential coherent integration

來源出版物：Sensors, 2017, 17(2): 323

Kinematic Precise Point Positioning Using Multi-Constellation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Observations

Yu, Xidong; Gao, Jingxiang

Abstract:Multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are expected to enhance the capability of precise point positioning (PPP) by improving the positioning accuracy and reducing the convergence time because more satellites will be available. This paper discusses the performance of multi-constellation kinematic PPP based on a multi-constellation kinematic PPP model,Kalman filter and stochastic models. The experimental dataset was collected from the receivers on a vehicle and processed using self-developed software. A comparison of the multi-constellation kinematic PPP and real-time kinematic (RTK) results revealed that the availability,positioning accuracy and convergence performance of the multi-constellation kinematic PPP were all better than those of both global positioning system (GPS)-based PPP and dual-constellation PPP. Multi-constellation kinematic PPP can provide a positioning service with centimetre-level accuracy for dynamic users.

Keywords:multi-constellation; PPP; convergence time;positioning accuracy

來源出版物：ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2017, 6(1): 6

Improving the ionospheric delay correction of satellite-based augmentation systems in equatorial regions

Huang, Z.; Yuan, H

In 2005, China designed and constructed independent satellite systems ‘Beidou II’, which indicated the start of a new area in Chinese space-based positioning,navigation and timing systems. It is necessary and important to investigate the performance of ionospheric delay correction in the region of China. In this paper, a new algorithm of satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS)ionospheric delay correction is proposed and tested using observational data at 18 GPS stations. The data are used during periods from January 4 to 23, 2000. The computing results show that precision is high for user stations in the higher mid-latitudes with the average root mean square(RMS) of around 0.4 m. The precision is relatively lower for the lower latitude, which is more prominent for the equatorial region from latitude 20 degrees N to 25 degrees N and from longitude 100 degrees E to 120 degrees E.Quite a few prediction errors surpass 2 m, and the worst case reaches a maximum of 3 in.

Beidou; GPS; satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS); the ionospheric delay; IRI model

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Improving the ionospheric delay correction of satellite-based augmentation systems in equatorial regions Huang, Z Advances in Space Research, 2007, 39(10):1552-1558 2 The performance comparison between GPS and Chen, He-Chin Journal of the Chinese Institute of Beidou-2/compass: A perspective from Asia Engineers, 2009, 32(5): 679-689 3 BeiDou navigation satellite system and its time scales Han, Chunhao Metrologia, 2011, 48(4): 213-218 4 Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-2 regional Montenbruck,GPS Solutions, 2013, 17(2): 211-222 navigation satellite system Oliver 5 BeiDou inter-satellite-type bias evaluation and calibration for Nadarajah,Sensors, 2013, 13(7): 9435-9463 mixed receiver attitude determination Nandakumaran

國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)電子科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位技術(shù)工程研究中心】

（摘自《科技導(dǎo)報》2017年10期）

衛(wèi)夏雯