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Module 9 Units 3—4 單元點撥

2017-11-03 02:56:15吳濤
中學(xué)課程輔導(dǎo)高考版·學(xué)生版 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:原句真題省略

吳濤

一、重點詞匯

1. random adj. 課文原句:These flags are more than just pieces of cloth sewn together at random with thread.這些旗幟不僅僅是隨意用線縫在一起的幾塊布。(P.34, L.1)

【點撥】 random adj. “隨機的,任意的,胡亂的”;n.“隨意”;adv.“胡亂地”,如:

Replace some part of the file with random data.用隨機數(shù)據(jù)替換該文件的某些部分。

【拓展】 at random“隨機,隨意”。介詞at構(gòu)成的詞組有:at peace在和平狀態(tài)中;at a low cost以低成本;at large“在逃,沒捉住”;at best“至多,充其量”;at length“詳細(xì)的”;at ease“無拘無束的”;at intervals“在間歇時間”。

【高考真題回放】 An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _______ a long lost antique Greek vase.(2013湖北卷30)

A. at random B. by chance

C. in turn D. on occasion

【解析】 B??疾樵~組的辨義。by chance偶然地,意外地;at random任意地,隨便地;in turn轉(zhuǎn)而,反過來,依次;on occasion有時,間或;此處是指一個藝術(shù)家偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個古希臘花瓶,所以選B。解題的關(guān)鍵在于正確理解和把握固定詞組的多個含義。

2. symbolize vt. 課文原句:Red symbolizes the bravery, revolution, strength and blood of the French,which were all needed to change the country.(P.34, L.11)紅色象征著法國人民的勇敢、革命精神、力量和鮮血,所以這些都是改造這個國家所必需的。

【點撥】 symbolize vt.“象征,作為……的象征;代表”,如:

The dove symbolizes peace. 鴿子象征和平。

Pride is symbolized as a peacock. 驕傲是用孔雀來象征的。

【拓展】 symbol n.“象征;標(biāo)志;符號;記號;代表人物”,如:chemical symbols化學(xué)符號

Red is the symbol of revolution. 紅色是革命的象征。

【高考真題回放】 She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful _______ in last year's election.(2014江蘇卷27)

A. symbol B. portrait

C. identity D. statue

【解析】 A。本題考查的是名詞的詞義辨析。symbol象征;標(biāo)志;符號;記號;代表人物;portrait肖像;identity身份;statue雕像,塑像;句意:雖然兩年前就已遭軟禁,她在去年的選舉中仍然是勢力強大的代表人物。故A正確。

3. submit vt. 課文原句:At this, the Americans demanded separation from Britain, and, on 4 July 1776, they declared that they would no longer submit to British rule.(P.35, L.27) 在這樣的境況下,美洲人要求從英國獨立,1776年7月4日,美洲人宣布他們不再屈從于英國統(tǒng)治。

【點撥】 submit vt. (1) “使服從;使受到(to)”,如:submit oneself to discipline遵守紀(jì)律

(2) “呈送;提交;提出”,如:All important problems must be submitted to the Party committee for discussion.一切重要的問題都必須提交黨委討論。

(3) “認(rèn)為,以為”,如:I submit that the judge was wrong.我認(rèn)為這判決是錯誤的。

【拓展】 submission n.;有關(guān)動詞+介詞to的詞組有:be / get / become used to習(xí)慣于;pay attention to注意;stick to堅持;object to反對;contribute to貢獻;subscribe to同意,訂閱;correspond to與……一致;refer to參考,提及,談及;turn to sb. for help向某人求助;appeal to吸引,呼吁;apply to申請;cater to滿足,迎合;adapt to適應(yīng);adjust to調(diào)整,適應(yīng);point to指向;get to到達;add to增添。

【真題回放】 He _______ himself to a search by the guards before entering the government building.(2015蘇州期中)

A. objected B. submittedendprint

C. compromised D. identified

【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:進入政府大樓之前,他很順從地讓保安搜身。object to反對;submit to屈服,順從;compromise with sb. 向某人妥協(xié);identify辨認(rèn),辨別。

4. substitute v. & n. 課文原句:In 1921, ..., and the Irish substituted a new flag for the old one.(P.37) 1921年,……愛爾蘭人用一面新的旗幟替代了舊的。

【點撥】 substitute在句中做及物動詞“替代,替換”,常見用法:

(1) substitute for 對……替換,如:Nothing could substitute for mother's milk.什么也替換不了母乳。

(2) be no substitute for sth. 對……無法替代,如:Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.維生素片無法替代健康飲品。

(3) substitute sth. / sb. for sth. / sb. 用……來取代……,如:It's okay to substitute vegetable oil for butter.用植物油代替黃油也一樣。

【拓展】 substitute fabric代用布;substitute fuel替代燃料;diamond substitute鉆石替代品; substitute player替補隊員;substitute as作為……的替代

【真題回放】 Faced with economic slowdown, some companies are planning to use robots to _______ human workers to reduce their labour costs.(2016南通一模)

A. compensate B. substitute

C. symbolize D. discriminate

【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:面臨經(jīng)濟下滑,一些公司打算用機器人來取代人工以降低勞力成本費用。compensate彌補;substitute代替;symbolize象征;discriminate區(qū)別,歧視。

5. rate n. & v.課文原句:However, after the French and Indian War, the British raised the tax rates in America to a high level in order to pay for the conflict.(P.34, L.23)但是,在法英戰(zhàn)爭之后,英國政府為支付戰(zhàn)爭費用,大幅度提高了美洲的稅率。

【點撥】 rate (1) n. 比率,速度,等級,如:

We have to quicken up our rate of work ahead of time.為了提前完成工作,我們就得加快工作速度。

(2) v. 評估,劃分等級,認(rèn)為,如:

We rate her performance one of the best we've ever seen.我們認(rèn)為她的表演是我們見過的最佳表演之一。

【真題回放】 According to the survey conducted recently, reading books does not _______ highly among the Chinese as a leisure activity.( 2015南通期中)

A. attain B. rate

C. reward D. reflect

【解析】 B。本題考查動詞用法。句意:根據(jù)最近開展的調(diào)查,讀書作為一種休閑方式在國人中排名并不高。attain獲得;rate劃分等級;reward獎賞;reflect反映。

6. compromise vi. & n. 課文原句:When the Americans objected to this, the British would not compromise, but increased control over their American colonies instead, taking away many of their rights, and stationing soldiers there in order to make sure that the Americans would obey them.(P.34, L.24)當(dāng)美洲人對此表示反對時,英國人不但沒有讓步,反而加強了對美洲殖民地的控制,剝奪了美洲人的許多權(quán)利,同時在美洲駐軍以確保美洲人服從英國統(tǒng)治。

【點撥】 compromise vi. & n. 妥協(xié),折中,和解,如:He admitted that he was unwilling to compromise.他坦誠他不愿意讓步。Compromise makes for success in negotiations.妥協(xié)有助于談判的成功。

【拓展】 reach / arrive at / come to a compromise on... 就……達成妥協(xié);make a compromise / compromise with 與……妥協(xié);compromise with sb. on / over / about sth. 與某人就某事和解;compromise between...and... 在……和……之間妥協(xié),如:We can make some concession on minor details, but we can't compromise on fundamentals.在一些細(xì)節(jié)上我們可以作些讓步,但在基本原則上我們是不會妥協(xié)的。endprint

【真題回放】 It's really important for parents to reach a _______ between what they want and what their kids desire. (2014蘇州模擬)

A. communication B. conclusion

C. compromise D. consensus

【解析】 C。本題考查名詞詞義辨析。句意:父母在自己所要求的和孩子的愿望之間取得折中非常重要。Reach a compromise between...and...在……和……之間妥協(xié);communication交流;conclusion結(jié)論;consensus共識。

7. bound adj.課文原句:If you expect different places to have the same food as you are accustomed to at home, then you are bound to be disappointed.(P.41)如果你期望在不同的地方能夠吃到在家里習(xí)慣了的食物,那么你一定會很失望。

【點撥】 bound在此是形容詞,(1) 一定會,很可能會”,如:Just wars are bound to triumph over wars of aggression. 正義戰(zhàn)爭必然要戰(zhàn)勝侵略戰(zhàn)爭。

(2) 被束縛,如:bound by ice冰封的

(3) 有義務(wù)的,如:be bound to carry out the plan有執(zhí)行這個計劃的義務(wù)

(4) 裝訂的,如:a bound volume of China Daily《中國日報》合訂本

【拓展】 常用詞組:be bound up with與……有密切關(guān)系;be bound up in忙于,熱心于;be bound to do sth.一定會……;be bound (by sth.) to do sth.被某事所束縛去做某事

【真題回放】 Children are _______ to meet with setbacks as they grow up, so their parents don't have to worry about it. (2014泰州模擬)

A. consistent B. arbitrary

C. fragile D. bound

【解析】 D。本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意:孩子在成長的過程中注定會遇到挫折,所以父母不必?fù)?dān)心。consistent一致的;arbitrary獨斷專行的;fragile易碎的;bound注定,必定。

8. so conj. 課文原句:It is the most common colour in nature, so it is often used to represent natural growth, the environment and ecology.(P.46, L.29)它是自然界中最常見的顏色,因此常被用來代表自然生長、環(huán)境和生態(tài)。

【點撥】 so (1) adv.(表示方式、方法、情況等)這樣,那樣,如:Is that so?是那樣的嗎?

[代替上下文的形容詞、名詞或動詞]“同樣,也;對,不錯”,如:

—It's warmer today. —So it is. ——今天暖一些了。——是的。

[口語]非常,極,很,如:I'm so glad that you've come!你來了,我真太高興了!

(2) conj. 因此,所以,結(jié)果是;為的是,以便,使得(=so that),如:

It was late, so we went home. 天晚了,所以我們就回家去了。

Speak clearly, so they may understand you.說得清楚些,使得他們聽懂你的意思。

(3) pron.(用作expect, hope, say一類動詞的賓語)這樣,如此,如:I expect so.我看是這樣。

(用在or后)左右,上下,如:I read only a page or so.我只看了一頁左右。

【拓展】 常用詞組:and so on等等;so as to為的是;so long as只要;so that結(jié)果是;so...that...如此……以致……;So long![口語]再見!So what?[口語]那又怎么樣呢?

【高考真題回放】 —Peter, please send us postcards _______ we'll know where you have visited.

—No problem.(2017北京卷22)

A. but B. or

C. for D. so

【解析】 D??疾檫B詞。上半句句意:Peter,請給我們寄明信片,這樣我們就會知道你們?nèi)ツ挠斡[過。前后因果關(guān)系,用so。

9. strike vt. 課文原句:In the dream, a stone flew at the statue and struck it on the feet.(P.50, L.20)在夢中,一塊石頭飛向塑像,砸在了它的腳上。

【點撥】 strike (struck, struck) vt. 打,擊,撞;侵襲,襲擊;給……印象;(光)照在……上,如:He was struck by a heavy blow. 他受到重重的一擊。endprint

Sun strikes him, warming him sleepy. 太陽照在他身上,暖洋洋的令其昏昏欲睡。

His car directly struck a tree. 他的汽車一頭撞到了樹上。

He quickly struck a match to light her cigarette.他匆忙擦了一根火柴為她點燃了香煙。

【拓展】 strike n. & v. 罷工。常用短語:go on strike 舉行罷工;be on strike 在罷工;vi. 敲幾點鐘;固定表達法:It strikes sb. that...=It occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想起……,如:

It strikes me that he is hard to deal with.在我看來,他可是個難以對付的家伙。

The workers went on strike for higher wages.工人們舉行了罷工要求增加工資。

【真題回放】 I heard the clock _______ eight when I woke up this morning.(2014南通暑期檢測)

A.beating B. striking

C. hitting D. knocking

【解析】 B。本題考查動詞詞義辨析。句意:當(dāng)我早上醒來的時候8點的鐘聲正好敲響。beat反復(fù)擊打,打敗;strike鐘敲幾點;hit打,撞擊;knock敲門,撞上。

二、短語、句型和語法

1. 課文原句:Today, every independent country has a flag that gives it a unique identity.(P.34, L.1)今天,每一個獨立的國家都有一面賦予該國獨一無二的國旗。

It has long been associated with Ireland, whose national flower is green. (P.46, L.30)它很早就與愛爾蘭相聯(lián)系,該國的國花是綠色的。

課文原句:An idiom is a group of words or an expression whose meaning is not straightforward, because it often cannot be understood by looking at the meanings of its separate words. (P.50, L.1)習(xí)語是詞組或者一種表達方式,其意義不是直接明了的,因為并不能通過看孤立的單詞的意思就能明白其整體的意思。

【點撥】 第一句中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中擔(dān)任主語,不能省略,=which。第二句中whose引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,在從句中擔(dān)任定語。第三句中whose引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中擔(dān)任定語。

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who作主語指人,不能省略;that可指人也可指物,作主語不能省略,作賓語可省略;which指物,作主語不能省略,作賓語可省略;whose可指人也可指物,作定語不能省略;whom指人,作賓語可省略。

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when(指時間),where(指地點),why(指the reason); 關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)定語從句時主要用于such...as和the same as。可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有who, whose, whom, which, when, where和as。

【高考真題回放】 (1) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.(2017江蘇卷28)

A. which B. its

C. whose D. whom

【解析】 C。考查定語從句。先行詞是 “the World Food Programme”,“世界糧食項目”的目的之一是……,whose在定語從句中作定語,這里限定purposes, 故選C。

(2) The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. (2017北京卷31)

A. that B. as

C. where D. when

【解析】 A??疾殛P(guān)系詞。句意:我們在日常生活中遇到的小問題可能就是偉大發(fā)明的靈感。此句是定語從句,從句缺少賓語,先行詞是problems,用that。

(3) My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017天津卷9)

A. that B. whose

C. his D. who

【解析】 B。本句是一個非限制性定語從句,先行詞是My eldest son, 根據(jù)句意和空后名詞確定引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作定語,選項中只有whose修飾名詞作定語。故選B。

2. 課文原句:The flag, which is made up of a red band over a white one, is based on a national flag dating back to the 13th century that had nine red and white stripes.(P.35, L.39)這面國旗由上紅下白的兩條彩條組成,是以13世紀(jì)的九道紅白條的國旗為基礎(chǔ)。endprint

【點撥】 date back to 始于,追溯到,如:

In China the needle treatment dates back to ancient times. 在我國,針刺療法從古代就有了。

【拓展】 date back to=date from常用于一般現(xiàn)在時,只用于主動語態(tài)。作定語時用其-ing形式。

【真題回放】 An ancient temple _______ back to the Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed in flames last month, _______ concerns about the effective protection of cultural remains. (2015泰州一模)

A. dating; causing B. dating; caused

C. dated; causing D. dated; caused

【解析】 A。本題考查非謂語動詞。句意:追溯到北齊朝代的古廟上個月被大火燒毀,引起了人們對文化遺址有效保護的擔(dān)憂。date back to作定語修飾an ancient temple表示主動關(guān)系,用-ing形式;cause concerns about表示結(jié)果狀語,也用-ing形式。選A正確。

3. 課文原句:In other words, its meaning can be very different from the apparent meanings of its components.(P.50, L.3)換言之,習(xí)語的含義與其組成單詞的字面意思可能完全不同。

【點撥】 in other words 換言之,也就是說,如:In other words, our aim is to avoid losing.也就是說,我們的目標(biāo)是要避免失敗。

【拓展】 in a word總之,一句話,簡言之;find the words用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言表達;keep one's word信守諾言;word for word逐字逐句;have a word with sb.與某人交談;have words with sb.與某人吵架;be at a loss for words說不出話來;word of mouth口口相傳,口碑

【高考真題回放】 Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. _______ , it could just put you in debt. (2014江西卷25)

A. In other words B. All in all

C. As a result D. On the other hand

【解析】 D。考查介詞短語辨析。A換句話說;B總的說來;C結(jié)果是;D另一方面;句意:自己做生意也許是獲得經(jīng)濟獨立的一個很好的方法,另一方面,它也可能讓你負(fù)債。根據(jù)句意說明這是一件事情的兩個方面,所以D項符合上下文。

4. 課文原句:The proverb ‘don't count your chickens until they're hatched means ‘don't count on something going well until it happens.(P.57)“蛋尚未孵出,勿先數(shù)蛋”意思為“別高興得太早”。

【點撥】 count on / upon 依靠,依賴;期待,指望,如:count on self-reliance依靠自力更生

【拓展】 count v. 重要,列入總數(shù),包括;beyond count 不計其數(shù);count for little 簡直無足輕重;count for much 關(guān)系重大;count for nothing 毫無價值;count against sb. 認(rèn)為對某人不利;count down 倒計時;count...in 把……計算在內(nèi);count...out 把……排除在外,如:Every second counts. 分秒必爭。

【高考真題回放】 The whole team _______ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down. (2015江蘇卷29)

A. wait on B. focus on

C. count on D. call on

【解析】 C??疾閯釉~短語辨析。句意:全隊都依賴克里斯蒂亞諾·羅納爾多,他很少讓大家失望的。wait on伺候;focus on專注于;count on依靠;call on號召,拜訪。

5. 課文原句:The officials travelled westwards to Central Asia and arrived in what is today Afghanistan. (P.62, L.12)官員們西行至中亞,到達了今天阿富汗的地方。

【點撥】 arrive in后面接的是賓語從句,從句中缺少主語用what。

【拓展】 在名詞性從句中,從句缺少主語或賓語時用what; 不缺少任何句子成分用that(可省略); 有不確定的含義用whether; 從句中缺少狀語時用when,where,why,how,且句子多含有疑問的含義。介詞賓語從句不能用if引導(dǎo)。

【高考真題回放】 We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of _______ it used to charge.(2017江蘇卷26)endprint

A. that B. which

C. what D. how

【解析】 C。考查同位語和賓語從句。 “half of _______ it used to charge”是$20的同位語,即原來價格的一半即現(xiàn)在的$20;另外,of后跟名詞或名詞短語構(gòu)成介賓短語,所以,這里是賓語從句;賓語從句中的charge后面缺少賓語,所以用what來引導(dǎo)賓語從句,并充當(dāng)賓語從句的賓語,故選C。

6. 課文原句:On both sides of the courtyard are a number of different halls for praying and chanting, receiving guests and rooms where the monks live. (P.63, L.34)庭院兩旁有許多供祈禱、頌經(jīng)和接待香客的各種殿堂,還有僧人居住的地方。

課文原句:In the south-east corner towers the Qiyun Pagoda, a 13-storey building, which is the first know Buddhist pagoda in China. (P.63, L.36)在東南角矗立著齊云塔,塔高13層,是所知的中國第一座佛塔。

【點撥】 這兩句為倒裝句。當(dāng)句首狀語是表示地點的介詞短語或表示方向的副詞(here, there, up, down, now, then, in, out, off, away)時完全倒裝。但主語如果為人稱代詞時,則不能倒裝。如:

Here comes the bus.汽車開過來了。

Here you are.這個給你。

【拓展】 部分倒裝是指(1)so, nor, neither位于句首,且表示“也或也不”之意時;(2)虛擬語氣中if省略;(3)否定詞作狀語位于句首;(4)not until,not only位于句首;(5)only+狀語位于句首;(6)在so...that, such...that等結(jié)構(gòu)中,so, such部分位于句首。

【高考真題回放】 Not until recently _______ the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas. (2016江蘇卷34)

A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged

C. did they encourage D. they encouraged

【解析】 C。該題考查部分倒裝。句意:直到最近他們才鼓勵在農(nóng)村地區(qū)開展與旅游業(yè)有關(guān)的活動。時態(tài)應(yīng)該考慮現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時。故C正確。

7. 課文原句:This new pagoda, completed in 2010, represents the friendship between the two countries and reminds people that it was from India that Buddhism came to China two thousand years ago. (P.63, L.52) 這座新塔于2010年完工,代表了兩國人民之間的友誼,并提醒人們兩千多年前佛教正是從印度傳到了中國。

【點撥】 強調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)為:(1) it+is(was)+被強調(diào)部分+that+句子其他成分。強調(diào)句可用于除謂語動詞外的句子成分,如主語、賓語、賓補、狀語等。當(dāng)被強調(diào)的主語為指人的名詞或代詞時,句中的that可改為who,其他情況只能用that。(2)強調(diào)句還可用于強調(diào)某些狀語從句,主要是時間狀語從句(尤其是until從句)和由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。

【高考真題回放】 It was when I got back to my apartment _______ I first came across my new neighbors. (2017天津卷11)

A. who B. where

C. which D. that

【解析】 D。句意:當(dāng)我回到我的公寓的時候,我第一次遇見了我的新鄰居。本句中去掉It was 和空格,句意完整,所以本句是強調(diào)句型,強調(diào)的是時間狀語,應(yīng)用that。故選D。

三、重點短語

1. at random隨機,隨意

2. date back to始于,追溯到

3. get one's way隨心所欲

4. split off from分離,脫離

5. by and by不久,過一會兒

6. every penny所有的錢,每一分錢

7. hire oneself out打工,受雇于人

8. catch on受歡迎,流行

9. count on依靠,依賴

10. be centred around / centre around圍繞,以……為中心

11. suffer from遭受

12. lead to導(dǎo)致;通向

13. remind sb. of...使某人想起……

14. stand for代表

15. the same as和……相同

16. be made up of由……組成

17. in order to do sth.為了做某事

18. along with和……一起

19. look like看上去像

20. regard...as把……看成是

21. think about想起,考慮

22. be associated with=be connected with和……有聯(lián)系

23. at the same time同時

24. in addition另外

25. take caution注意,小心

26. refer to提及到,指的是

27. make a profit創(chuàng)造利潤

28. in some cases在一些情況下

29. in honour of為慶祝,為紀(jì)念

30. wake up醒來,把……叫醒

31. no longer不再

32. not only...but (also)不但……而且

33. give lectures on...作關(guān)于……講座/演講endprint

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